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Team CTime ManagementAlexandria Velez, Elizabeth, Patricia,
Patricia, & Samuel
There is a problem in time management in the doctoral community. Despite attending introductory and orientation courses, time management issues are occurring. This problem has negatively impacted the doctoral students because of stress, poor organization, and productivity challenges. One possible cause of this problem is the rigorous and multiple demands of the doctoral degree. Potential qualitative evidence found through research investigations may produce causes of ineffective time management and strategies to remedy the situation.
Problem Statement
PAPES Model
Based on the Ladder of Inference Model (Argris, 1990; Senge et al., 1994) and the Attitude Choice Model (Ritter-Williams, 2007)
Replicable – Remain same size but different application
Generalizable – Completely away from current field of interest
Scalable – Same industry but different size of organization
Flexible – Built into any organization for current interest
Responsibilities of the Model
Headquarters: Atlanta, GA Type of Business: package delivery Package delivery or parcel delivery is the shipping of packages
(parcels) or high value mail as single shipments. Employees: 398,300 Worldwide (324,000 U.S.; 74,300 International) Daily Delivery Volume: 15.6 million packages and documents Daily U.S. Air Volume: 2.2 million packages and documents Daily International Volume: 2.3 million packages and documents Service Area: More than 220 countries and territories; every address in
North America and Europe Customers: 8.5 million daily (1.1 million pick-up, 7.4 million delivery) Facilities: 823 facilities in more than 120 countries
United Parcel Service
Headquarters: New York, NY Type of Business: website development and hosting This organization develops websites for other organizations such as
NYTimes, HGTV, Sotheby’s International Real Estate, and Hearst. Employees: 107 total (60+ in New York, USA, 20+ in Chennai, India,
20+ in Brasov, Romania) Clients: 60+ Service area: Global
Gabriels Technology Solutions
Headquarters: California, U.S. Type of Business: technology company This organization produces computer hardware, computer software,
consumer electronics, and distributes digital media. Employees: 60,400 (as of 2011) Retail stores: 367 Industry: computer hardware, computer software, consumer electronics,
digital distribution Product lists: Mac, iPod, iPhone, iPad, Apple TV, Mac OS X, iLife,
iWork, iOS Service list: Apple Store, Apple Store online, App Store, iTunes Store,
iBooks, iCloud
Apple, Inc.
Headquarters: Phoenix, AZ Type of Business: educational This organization establishes degrees and certifications for students. Students: 600,000 (as of 2010) Service area: Online and campus in USA Doctoral degree program concentration:
Doctor of Management in Organizational Leadership in Information Systems and Technology
University of Phoenix: Information Technology Program
Situation: Completing an essay homework assignment
Influences: The course requires that the homework
assignment is to be completed within one week
Day 1: Review the course requirements
Day 1: Research course materials
Consequences:
Day 2: Ask professor questions for the assignment
Day 2: Research external materials
Day 3: Create an outline and draft
Day 3: Run through Write Point and Plagiarism
checker
Intervention:
If the draft is acceptable, finish writing paper.
If draft is not, go back to Consequences #1.
Results:
Better Time Management: Once the draft is finished,
the result is a finished essay.
Situation: Creating a website in 6 months.
Influences: The client requests a brand new design to be completed within a month
Gabriels negotiates time and costs with clients to three months and $4 million to build a new website design
Gabriels communicates with all applicable teams (such as developers, system operations, and data processing) for two weeks
Gabriels develops design and prepares any new technology for the hosting servers for one month
Consequences:
Teams collaborate with managers for further feedback
Teams produce web product on test server
The clients evaluate the design for quality assurance on a test server
Intervention:
If the product is approved, the test server gets published by appropriate teams
If the product is not approved, go back to Consequences #1.
Results:
Better Time Management: Once the product is approved, the result is a successful completion of the product and the product goes public.
University of Phoenix: Information Technology Course Gabriels Technology Solutions
Using the PAPES Model: Replicable
Situation: Trailer from Harrisburg Hub late to Annapolis
Delivery Center
Influences: 100 packages in the trailer, scheduled to arrive
at 930am
Package Car Drivers depart at 9am
20 package in trailer Guarantee 12noon delivery
Preload shift ends at 9am
Consequences:
Hold all drivers, center start late
Hold preload longer
Use Part Time drivers and how many needed
Intervention:
Next Day Air car leaves at 7:00pm
Drivers must be in building by cutoff
Results:
Better Time Management: The Next Day Air car
leaves on time for next day delivery guarantees
Situation: Creating a website in three months.
Influences: The client requests a brand new design to be completed within three months
Gabriels negotiates time and costs with clients to three months and $4 million to build a new website design
Gabriels communicates with all applicable teams (such as developers, system operations, and data processing) for two weeks
Gabriels develops design and prepares any new technology for the hosting servers for one month
Consequences:
Teams collaborate with managers for further feedback
Teams produce web product on test server
The clients evaluate the design for quality assurance on a test server
Intervention:
If the product is approved, the test server gets published by appropriate teams
If the product is not approved, go back to Consequences #1.
Results:
Better Time Management: Once the product is approved, the result is a successful completion of the product and the product goes public.
United Parcel Service Gabriels Technology Solutions
Using the PAPES Model: Generalizable
Situation: Create an Operating System security patch
within 3 months.
Influences:
Test for stability
Test for compatibility
Test for security
Consequences:
Teams collaborate with managers for further feedback
Teams produce beta
Teams derive feedback from quality assurance
Intervention:
If the product is approved, the software patch gets published.
If the product is not approved, go back to Consequences #1.
Results:
Better Time Management: Once the product is
approved, the result is a successful completion of the
product and the product goes public.
Situation: Creating a website in 6 months.
Influences: The client requests a brand new design to be completed within a month
Gabriels negotiates time and costs with clients to three months and $4 million to build a new website design
Gabriels communicates with all applicable teams (such as developers, system operations, and data processing) for two weeks
Gabriels develops design and prepares any new technology for the hosting servers for one month
Consequences:
Teams collaborate with managers for further feedback
Teams produce web product on test server
The clients evaluate the design for quality assurance on a test server
Intervention:
If the product is approved, the test server gets published by appropriate teams
If the product is not approved, go back to Consequences #1.
Results:
Better Time Management: Once the product is approved, the result is a successful completion of the product and the product goes public.
Apple, Inc. Gabriels Technology Solutions
Using the PAPES Model: Scalable
Situation: Add website legal policies by the end of the day.
Influences: Client communicates and provides content.
Managers assign task to front-end web development member.
Consequences: Developer forgets task
Developer has higher priorities
Developer works on task
Intervention: If developer is not on task or does not respond, manager checks status of progress
If developer is on task, manager submits to client for review
Results: Better Time Management: Once the page is approved, the result is a successful completion of the page and the page
goes public.
Using the PAPES Model: FlexibleGabriels Technology Solutions
This is the PAPES model. This model emphasizes the flow of time management in the doctoral community. There are six levels of the PAPES model:1. Situation. This is the event situation of this model.2. Influence. This discusses the outside influences that
may contribute to the event.3. Consequences. There can be several consequences to
each event and influence.4. Intervention. 5. Results.6. The affects of the results.
PAPES Model
Data or experiences are observable. We can analyze processes within the organization to
determine time management deficiencies. Beliefs and assumptions are obtainable.
We can compare time management efficiencies within and outside of our industry.
Interventions can be implemented. Results can be measured for time management
improvements Reflective analysis occurs to determine if
desirable outcome is reached Undesirable results loops back around
PAPES Model Concepts
PAPES Model Reflects PRAXISHow the model promotes reflective praxis
Praxis means “theory plus action” Kemmis, S.
(2010)
Praxis relates the parts to the whole
It is the purpose of putting theoretical
knowledge to practice
Change is continuous
Change is our only constant
Change is progress
Change in present and future interventions
The lives of today's doctoral students are complex. "Family concerns, employment, finances, community issues, demands from friends, responsibility as a parent, and responsibility to aging parents are some of the demands on today's doctoral students" (Smith et al., 2006, p.22).
"The importance of reserving chunks of time for reflection, and the difficulty of doing so, have been themes in time management writing for decades" (Dean & Webb, 2011).
Empirical Evidence
Decreased stress (allows leader to have more energy, better attitude)
Improved organization (leads to increased productivity)
Less chaotic environment (leadership sets the tone for the company, and it is contagious)
Allows balance (time available for family or outside interests)
Allows for a structured but flexible approach to each day (leaders have better control over their day, which encourages calmness and stability, and minimizes reactivity)
Benefits of effective time management: Leadership
Interpersonal relationships suffer under the effects of stress
Community requires time to be established Allows community to devote time to issues
that need to be addressed Allows community to devote time to
maintaining and furthering community
Benefits of effective time management: Community building
Dean, D., & Webb, C. (2011). Recovering from information overload. Mckinsey Quarterly, (1), 80-88.
Smith, R. L., Maroney, K., Nelson, K. W., Abel, A. L., & Abel, H. S. (2006). Doctoral programs: Changing high rates of attrition.Journal Of Humanistic Counseling, Education & Development, 45(1), 17-31.
van der Meer, J., Jansen, E., & Torenbeek, M. (2010). It's almost a mindset that teachers need to change: First year students need to be inducted into time management. Studies in Higher Education, 35(7), 777-791. doi:10.1080/03075070903383211
Kemmis, S. (2010). Research for Praxis. Knowing doing. Pedogogy, Culture & Society. 18(1), p. 9-27.
Macan, T. (1994). Time Management: Test of a Process Model. Journal of Applied Psychology. 79(3), p. 381-391.
References
Comments? Questions?