Ying-Cheng Zhang, Yu-Qi Zhou, Bing Yan, Jun Shi, Li-Juan Xiu, Yu-Wei Sun, Xuan Liu, Zhi-Feng Qin, Pin-Kang Wei, Yong-Jin Li, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, ChinaBing Yan, Department of Oncology, Hainan branch of PLA General Hospital, Sanya 572013, Hainan Province, ChinaAuthor contributions: Zhang YC, Zhou YQ and Yan B contributed equally to this work; Zhang YC, Zhou YQ, Yan B, Shi J, Sun YW, Qin ZF and Wei PK contributed to research design; Zhang YC, Yan B and Li YJ analyzed data; Zhou YQ, Xiu LJ and Liu X conducted paper revisions; and Zhang YC, Zhou YQ, Yan B and Li YJ wrote the paper.Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81173403.Ethics approval: The study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University.Informed consent: Informed written consent was obtained from the study participant.Conflict-of-interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Correspondence to: Yong-Jin Li, PhD, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai 200003, China. [email protected]: +86-21-81885476Fax: +86-21-63520020Received: October 30, 2014Peer-review started: October 31, 2014First decision: November 14, 2014Revised: November 29, 2014Accepted: January 16, 2015Article in press: January 16, 2015
Published online: April 14, 2015
AbstractTherapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) refers to a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplasms that develop in patients following extensive exposure to either cytotoxic agents or radiation. The development of t-AML has been reported following treatment of cancers ranging from hematological malignancies to solid tumors; however, to our knowledge, t-AML has never been reported following treatment of gastric cancer. In this study, we report the development of t-acute promyelocytic leukemia in a cT4N1M0 gastric cancer patient after an approximate 44 mo latency period following treatment with 4 cycles of oxaliplatin (OXP) (85 mg/m2 on day 1) plus capecitabine (1250 mg/m2 orally twice daily on days 1-14) in combination with recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor treatment. Karyotype analysis of the patient revealed 46,XY,t(15;17)(q22;q21)[15]/46,idem,-9,+add(9)(p22)[2]/46,XY[3], which, according to previous studies, includes some “favorable” genetic abnormalities. The patient was then treated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA, 25 mg/m2/d) plus arsenic trioxide (ATO, 10 mg/d) and attained complete remission. Our case illuminated the role of certain cytotoxic agents in the induction of t-AML following gastric cancer treatment. We recommend instituting a mandatory additional evaluation for patients undergoing these therapies in the future.
Core tip: In the current study, t-acute promyelocytic leukemia (t-APL) was likely induced by treatment with
CASE REPORT
Secondary acute promyelocytic leukemia following chemotherapy for gastric cancer: A case report
Ying-Cheng Zhang, Yu-Qi Zhou, Bing Yan, Jun Shi, Li-Juan Xiu, Yu-Wei Sun, Xuan Liu, Zhi-Feng Qin, Pin-Kang Wei, Yong-Jin Li
Zhang YC et al . Secondary acute promyelocytic leukemia in gastric cancer
oxaliplatin, capecitabine and recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. The gastric cancer patient, classified as clinical stage cT4N1M0, had a rare karyotype: 46,XY,t(15;17)(q22;q21)[15]/46,idem,-9,+add(9)(p22)[2]/46,XY[3]. This case demonstrates that certain cytotoxic agents can induce t-APL in gastric cancer. We recommend mandatory additional evaluation for patients undergoing this treatment regimen.
Zhang YC, Zhou YQ, Yan B, Shi J, Xiu LJ, Sun YW, Liu X, Qin ZF, Wei PK, Li YJ. Secondary acute promyelocytic leukemia following chemotherapy for gastric cancer: A case report. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21(14): 4402-4407 Available from: URL: http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v21/i14/4402.htm DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i14.4402
INTRODUCTIONTherapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) refers to a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplasms that develop in patients following extensive exposure to either cytotoxic agents or radiation[1]. In the past few decades, survival rates for cancer patients have improved, resulting in an increased risk of t-AML[2]. However, it is worth noting that while t-AML shares common phenotypic features with de novo AML, t-AML is relatively resistant to conventional therapies for leukemia. Additionally, t-AML has an overall poor prognosis with a median life expectancy of 8-10 mo following diagnosis[3].
While the underlying cause of t-AML remains to be elucidated, the development of t-AML has been confirmed to correlate with certain cytotoxic drugs. According to previous reports, alkylating agents (busulfan, carboplatin), topoisomerase-2 inhibitors (doxorubicin, mitoxantrone), antimetabolites (5-fluorouracil, fludarabine), antimicrotubule agents (docetaxel, paclitaxel) and growth factors (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; G-CSF) associate with the development of t-AML, although often with a varying latency period[4-6]. Interestingly, the chemical structure and dosage of these agents greatly affect the t-AML profile. For example, treatment with an alkylating agent usually results in a common subtype of t-AML, which is observed in approximately 75% of patients after 5-7 years of exposure. This subtype is often characterized by the loss of all or part of chromosomes 5 or 7[7]. Contrastingly, treatment with topoisomerase Ⅱ inhibitors often result in gene rearrangements involving 21q22 with a latency ranging from 1-3 years[7].
Recently, a relatively distinct subgroup of t-AML was reported as “good” leukemia. This “good” leukemia refers to acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) characterized with inv(16)/t(15;17) or more rarely t(8;21)[8]. To our knowledge, t-acute promyelocytic
leukemia (t-APL) has yet to be reported following treatment of gastric cancer.
CASE REPORTA 68-year-old man, diagnosed with gastric cardia cancer, was referred to Shanghai Changzheng Hospital (Shanghai, China) in March 2007 (Figure 1A, B). Post-operative analysis confirmed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with penetrating invasion of the gastric wall. One out of the 29 regional lymph nodes was positive for cancer cell infiltration (Figure 1C, D). According to the TNM/UICC staging system, the patient classified as cT4N1M0 (ⅢC). The patient then underwent 4 cycles of chemotherapy with oxaliplatin (OXP) (85 mg/m2 on day 1) and capecitabine (1250 mg/m2 orally twice daily on days 1-14) until August 2007. Treatment ended when the patient developed violent emesis. In the subsequent visit, the patient had recovered well, with no additional complications. On April 15, 2011, the patient suddenly presented fatigue and high fever (39.2 ℃). A blood examination indicated pancytopenia. The patient was treated with recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (rHu-G-CSF), followed by a bone marrow biopsy. Peripheral smear analysis revealed an abnormal increase in the amount of myeloblasts and promyelocytes (91.5%), with leukemic hiatus (Figure 2A, B). Chromosome-based analysis revealed structural rearrangements involving chromosomes 9, 15 and 17. The patient’s karyotype was 46,XY,t(15;17)(q22;q21)[15]/46, idem,-9,+add(9)(p22)[2]/46, XY[3]. Additionally, the Bcr1 subtype of the promyelocytic leukemia/retinoic acid receptor-alpha (PML/RARα) fusion gene was positive, whereas the Bcr2 and Bcr3 subtypes of the PML/RARα fusion were negative (Figure 3). According to WHO-based classification, these results verified the diagnosis as t-AML (M3a, which is also referred as t-APL). Routine blood examination indicated the following: red blood cells at 2.35 × 1012/L, white blood cells at 1.8 × 109/L, absolute neutrophil count at 0.67 × 109/L, hemoglobin at 75 g/L, and platelets at 81 g/L. The patient then underwent induction therapy with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA, 25 mg/m2 per day) plus arsenic trioxide (ATO, 10 mg/d). Other supportive therapies were provided when necessary; these therapies included platelet and fresh frozen plasma transfusions as well as antibiotic administration. The patient presented complete remission (CR) in June 2011, and thus far, no other complications have been recorded.
DISCUSSIONAs a relatively distinct subgroup of t-AML, t-APL is usually characterized with excellent prognosis. Regarding t-APL development, epirubicin and mitoxantron represent the most commonly implicated cytotoxic drugs[9]. In the current study, we investigate
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the occurrence of t-APL in gastric cancer, which was likely induced by OXP and capecitabine treatment. The patient was finally cured with a treatment regimen of ATRA plus ATO. To our knowledge, this study represents the first report of t-APL diagnosed following treatment of gastric cancer (Table 1).
While the underlying cause of t-AML remains to be fully elucidated, we have established the importance of DNA damage, which includes methylation and intra- and inter-strand DNA cross links[10]. Platinum-based agents kill cancer cells through the formation of DNA
adducts; these adducts lead to the formation of intra- and inter-strand DNA cross links that ultimately disrupt the processes of DNA replication and transcription[11]. Previous studies have reported an association of cisplatin and carboplatin treatment with the onset of therapy-related leukemia (TRL); however, the role of OXP in TRL was overlooked. As shown in Table 1, t-AML was diagnosed in 3 of the 6 reports regarding OXP-related TRL. Furthermore, only 1 report of OXP-related TRL was confirmed as t-APL[12-17]. In Merrouche et al[12], a female patient was treated with LVFU2,
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A B
C D
Figure 1 Upper abdomen computed tomography scan. A: Plain computed tomography (CT) indicated a localized, irregularly-shaped mass in the stomach; however, no obvious lymph node metastasis was observed; B: Contrast-enhanced CT scan revealed inhomogeneous enhancement of the gastric wall lesion; C, D. Biopsy results pathologically confirmed the diagnosis of a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Microscopic examination revealed obvious atypical nuclei and large, bizarre, multinucleated cell mitosis. Generally, the normal structure of gastric gland was lost. (Hematoxylin and eosin staining, C: Magnification × 100; D: Magnification × 400).
BA
Figure 2 Peripheral blood smear, bone marrow biopsy and immunohistochemistry results revealed that the total number of primitive cells plus immature leukemia cells account up to 91.5% (2% + 89.5%) of the total cell population. Leukemic hiatus was detected, which supports the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (M3a, APL). (Hematoxylin and eosin staining, A: Magnification × 10; B: Magnification × 400).
Zhang YC et al . Secondary acute promyelocytic leukemia in gastric cancer
irinotecan and OXP 12 mo prior to t-APL diagnosis. The karyotype examination indicated (46,XX,add(6)(p23),-13,add(14)(p11),-16,add(17)(q?),-21,+3mar), which differed from the commonly reported t(15;17)(q22;q21) translocation[12]. Furthermore, Carneiro et al[13] reported a study of a female patient, first treated by FOLFOX-4 (OXP plus 5-fluorouracil [5-FU]) followed by FOLFOX-6 plus bevacizumab. Importantly, 28 mo prior to t-AML development, her karyotype revealed trisomy 8, loss of chromosomes 3 and 11, as well as partial deletions in chromosomes 5, 7, 20 and 21[13]. In Damodaran et al[15], a male patient with esophageal cancer received OXP plus capecitabine, with additional radiation treatment 29 mo prior to the emergence of t-AML. His karyotype was 47,X,der(Y)t(Y;3)(q12;q21),+8(21). Merlin et al[14] reported t-ALL diagnosis in a female patient 12 mo
after administration of FOLFOX-4. Unfortunately, the corresponding karyotype analysis was not performed in this study[14]. In colorectal cancer, 2 cases of therapy-related chronic myeloid leukemia (t-CML) following OXP treatment tested positive for Philadelphia chromosome[16,17]. In Buxhofer-Ausch et al[16], a male patient was treated by cetuximab, OXP, irinotecan and capecitabine 18 mo prior to t-CML diagnosis. Contrastingly, in Kadikoylu et al[17], a male patient was administered with capecitabine, 5-FU, irinotecan and OXP 12 mo prior to detection of t-CML.
However, the aforementioned case studies involved complex chemotherapy schedules, which complicate the process of defining the tumorigenic potential of a single drug. As shown in Table 1, capecitabine-induced t-AML was previously reported in 2 studies[18,19]. Furthermore, Rashidi et al[20] reported a case involving
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1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 X Y
Figure 3 Chromosomal analysis via karyotype revealed 46 chromosomes with abnormities present in chromosomes 9, 15, and 17. Unbalanced translocation occurred in chromosomes 15 and 17. 46,XY,t (15;17)(q22;q21)[15]/46,idem,-9,+add(9)(p?22)[2]/46,XY[3].
Zhang YC et al . Secondary acute promyelocytic leukemia in gastric cancer
Table 1 Reports of therapy-related leukemia development following oxaliplatin and/or capecitabine-containing chemotherapy
Ref. Patient, age (yr)/gender
Primary cancer Chemotherapy regimen TRLs Karyotype
Merrouche et al[12] 65/female Colon LVFU2, Irinotecan, OXP APL 46,XX,add(6)(p23),-13,add(14)(p11),-16,add(17)(q?),-21,+3 mar
Carneiro et al[13] 56/female Cecum FOLFOX-4, FOLFOX-6 AML Partial deletions of chromosomes 5, 7, 20, and 21, as well as trisomy 8 and loss of chromosomes 3
and 1Merlin et al[14] 65/female Colorectal FOLFOX-4 ALL Not availableDamodaran et al[15] 63/male Esophagus Capecitabine, OXP AML 47,X,der(Y)t(Y;3)(q12;q21),+8(21)Buxhofer-Ausch et al[16] 56/male Colon Capecitabine, 5-FU, Irinotecan, OXP CML Positive for Philadelphia chromosomeKadikoylu et al[17] 66/male Rectum Cetuximab, OXP, Irinotecan,
CapecitabineCML Positive for Philadelphia chromosome
Shapiro et al[18] 63/female Cecum Capecitabine MLL t(6;11) with breakpoint 11q23Tansley et al[19] 66/male Colon Capecitabine AML Not availableRashidi et al[20] 58/male Rectum Capecitabine, Radiation APL 46,XY, t(15;17)(q24;q21)
capecitabine-induced t-APL with a karyotype of 46,XY,t(15;17)(q24;q21). Surprisingly, treatment with G-CSF was correlated with the development of TRL[21]. The results from these studies make it difficult to determine which agent is imperative in the development of TRL. Additionally, these studies highlight the considerable variation in the average time between treatment and onset of TRL. In our study, the patient was treated by OXP plus capecitabine and G-CSF, with a 44 mo latency period prior to onset of t-APL. The karyotype analysis of our patient presented 46,XY,t(15;17)(q22;q21)[15]/46,idem,-9,+add(9)(p22)[2]/46,XY[3], which was unlike previous studies. Balanced chromosome translocations were observed, although at low frequency, in t(15;17)(q22;q11). This genetic abnormality is often associated with treatments involving topoisomerase-2 inhibitors[22,23]; however, in an uncommon occurrence, balanced chromosome translocations were observed in our patient who was treated with OXP, capecitabine and G-CSF.
The prognosis of t-AML is thought to be worse than de novo AML, with a reported 5-year survival rate of less than 10%[24]. In Kayser et al[25], patients with t-AML were characterized with significantly inferior 4-year relapse-free survival (24.5% vs 39.5%) and 4-year overall survival (25.5% vs 37.9%) than de novo AML. Interestingly, karyotype variation provides key insight on the final outcome of t-AML patients[26]. As reported by Kern et al[27], patients with a favorable karyotype were characterized with a significantly higher median survival time (26.7 mo) compared to patients with an unfavorable karyotype (5.6 mo). However, in t-APL, these parameters are distinct from that of t-AML. t-APL patients with t(15;17)/PML-RARα have a complete remission rate of 63.6% compared to de novo APL (92.5%). Accordingly, the overall survival in t-APL is inferior to de novo APL (51% vs 84%)[28]. In our case, the patient partially displayed a favorable karyotype (t(15;17)/PML-RARα) and attained complete remission. However, further study is required to elucidate the function of other chromosomal abnormalities (for example, chromosome 9) in this outcome.
Our study presents the novel case of t-AML/t-APL following treatment of gastric cancer. We suggest establishing an additional evaluation process for patients undergoing treatment with certain cytotoxic therapies. For patients with t-APL, our case emphasized the importance of certain “favorable” genetic abnormalities. While standard treatment protocol is likely to yield a favorable outcome for patients, additional studies are required to elucidate the underlying process of t-APL development.
COMMENTSCase characteristicsA 68-year-old man was diagnosed with gastric cardia cancer and was classified as cT4N1M0 (or ⅢC), according to the TNM/UICC staging system.
Clinical diagnosisAfter surgery, post-operative examination of the patient confirmed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with penetrating invasion of the gastric wall. Out of 29 regional lymph nodes, 1 tested positive for cancer cell infiltrate.Differential diagnosisBased on clinical symptoms, imageological examination and post-operative pathological analysis, the patient diagnosis was definitive.Laboratory diagnosisRoutine hematological examination indicated the following: red blood cells (2.35 × 1012/L), white blood cells (1.8 × 109/L), absolute neutrophil count (0.67 × 109/L), hemoglobin (75 g/L), and platelets (81 g/L).Imaging analysisComputed tomography scan indicated a localized, irregularly-shaped mass in the stomach. No obvious lymph node metastasis was observed.Pathological diagnosisPost-operative pathological examination confirmed gastric cancer. Bone marrow biopsy indicated acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemic hiatus was diagnosed as the total number of primitive cells plus immature leukemia cells accounted for 91.5% (2% + 89.5%) of the total cell population.TreatmentOxaliplatin, capecitabine and recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor was administered for the treatment of gastric cancer. All-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide was delivered to treat t-acute promyelocytic leukemia (t-APL).Related reportsIn the literature, development of t-AML is rarely associated with treatment regimens involving oxaliplatin, capecitabine and recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. The role of these cytotoxic agents in t-AML development remains unclear.Term explanation Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) refers to a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplasms that develops in patients who were extensively exposed to cytotoxic agents or radiation during prior treatment. Experience and lessonsThis case study elucidated that specific cytotoxic agents induce t-APL in gastric cancer patients. We recommend additional evaluation and follow-up for patients undergoing these therapies in the future. Peer-reviewThis case report adds some information to the current literature. The case report and the discussion are well-written. They successfully managed a case of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia. This case report provides an important update on therapy-related acute myeloid leukemias and presents an interesting patients who after diagnosis including karyotype analysis and treatment entered complete remission. The report is well illustrated and the authors well summarized current literature.
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P- Reviewer: Iizuka T, Ozkan OV, Tarnawski A S- Editor: Ma YJ L- Editor: A E- Editor: Liu XM
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