I the Holy Roman Empire

A After Charlamagne’s death 1) His empire dissolved into a number of separate states

B Otto 1 1) Worked closely with the church 2) Appointed bishops to top Gov.. jobs 3) Sent an army into Italy to help the Pope

C Conflict begins

1) Emperors were mad over the appointment of government officials.

II Conflict between Popes and Emperors

A Pope Gregory VII 1)He was a reforming and controversial Pope 2) He banned lay investiture- therefore only the Pope had the right to appoint and install bishops

B Emperor Henry IV 1)Henry argued that bishops held their lands as royal fiefs 2)The two men exchanged insulting notes, which fueled the feud

• C the struggle intensifies1) Gregory excommunicated Henry in 1076 2)The Pope headed north to elect a new emperor 3)Henry was soon forced to make peace with the Pope, and presented himself to Gregory as a repentant sinner. 4)Gregory knew that Henry was just trying to regain his throne, but as a priest had to forgive him. 5)Henry took revenge on Gregory by sending and army into Rome, & forcing Gregory into exile.• D Concordat of worms1) After 50 years of arguing, both sides accepted the treaty known as the Concordat of worms2) In it, they agreed that the Church had sole power to elect Church officials.

III the struggle form Italy A Frederick Barabossa

1) Also called Frederick I, or Red Beard 2) He fought for years to bring the cities of northern Italy under his control 3) The Pope, along with the Lombard league, defeated his armies. 4) arranged the marriage of his son, Henry, and Constance

B Frederick II 1) The son of Henry and Constance 2) An able, arrogant leader 3) He tried, and failed, to seize the cities of Northern Italy

C Effects on Germany and Italy 1) German noble became more independent 2) Southern Italy faced years of upheaval 3) a local uprising against French rule in Sicily led to 200 years of chaos as French and Spanish rivals battled for power 4) The region was left in ruins

IV The Height of Church Power A Pope Innocent the Third

1)embodied the triumph of the church 2)claimed supremacy over all other rulers 3) clashed with powerful leaders of his day 4) excommunicated the King of England because he didn’t agree with his appointment of an arch bishop 5)also excommunicated France when Phillip II tried to annul his marriage

B The Crusade 1) In 1209 Innocent and Phillip II launched a brutal crusade against the Albigensians 2) Tens f thousands were slaughtered in this crusade 3) After Innocent’s death, Popes continued to press their claim to supremacy 4) The Papacy entered a period of decline after engineering the election of a French Pope

IThe World in 1050

A Islam had given rise to a new civilization that stretched from Spain to India.

B China’s culture had flourished and influenced neighboring peoples under the control of the Tang and Song dynasties.

C The Mayas had cleared rain forests and built cities with towering temples across the Atlantic.

D Near Western Europe the Byzantine empire was generally prosperous and united.

In 1050 as Western Europe was emerging from a period of isolation, civilizations were going elsewhere.

II The Crusades A Motives• By 1096, thousands of knights were on their way to the Holy Land.• Many knights hoped to win health and land.• Urban hoped to increase his power in Europe and perhaps heal the schism,

between the Roman and Byzantine churches

B Victories and Defeats• Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099.• They capped their victory with a massacre of Muslim and Jewish

residents of the city.• The crusaders divided their captured lands into four small states.• By 1187, Jerusalem had fallen to the able Muslim leader Salah al-Din.• During the Fourth Crusade, the Crusaders were diverted from fighting

Muslims to fighting Christians.• By 1291, Muslims captured the last Christian outpost, the port city of

Acre

Alexius I, the Byzantine emperor, asked Pope Urban II for Christian knights to help him fight the Turks.

III Effects of the Crusades on Europe

Feudal monarchs won new rights to levy or collect taxes in order to support the Crusaders.

In the Middle East, both Christians and Muslims committed appalling atrocities in the name of religion.A Economic

Expansion• The Crusaders introduced fabrics, spices, and perfumes from the Middle East to Europe.

• Merchants in Venice built large fleets to carry crusaders to the Holy Land to carry on trade.

• The Crusaders further encouraged the growth of a money economy.B Increased Power for Monarchs

C The Church• Enthusiasm for the Crusades brought papal power to its greatest

height.D A Wider Worldview• Contacts with the Muslim world led Christians to realize that

millions of people lived in regions they had never known existed.

IV The Reconquista in Spain

With the support of the Inquisition, a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy, Isabella launched a brutal crusade against Jews and Muslims

A Christian Advances

The crusading spirit flourished in Spain where Christian warriors had been battling Muslims for centuries.

B Ferdinand and Isabella

• Efforts by Christian warriors to expel the Muslims began in the 700s.

• Their first real success did not come, however, until 1085, when they recaptured the city of Toledo.

• By 1300, Christians controlled the entire Iberian Peninsula.

• In 1469, Isabella of Castile married Ferinand of Aragon.• Isabella was determined to bring religious as well as political unity to

Spain.

I Medieval Literature A Epics- long narrative poems. B Vernacular - everyday

languages of ordinary people. C The Canterbury Tales by

Geoffrey Chaucer. This follows an English band of pilgrims.

II Medieval Learning A Students studied: arithmetic,

geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric and logic.

B Women could not attend universities.

C Muslims scholars translated the works of Greek scholars to Arabic.

III Medieval Arts A Romanesque churches looked like

fortresses with thick walls and towers. B Sculptors portrayed scenes from the

Bible and other religious themes in Churches.

C Illumination- the artistic decoration in books.

D Flying Buttresses-stone supports that stood outside the church.

I. The Black Death 1.      Reached beyond Italy to Spain and France. (1348)

A    A Global Epidemic 1.      Sickness was bubonic plague. 2.      In the premodern world, rats infested ships, towns, and even

the homes of the rich and powerful. 3.      “India was depopulated.”

B     Social Upheaval 1.      In Europe, the plague brought terror and bewilderment. 2.      Normal life broke down! 3.      Boccaccio, An Italian poet, described the social decay that he

witnessed in Florence. C    Economic Effects

1.      Production declined and survivors demanded higher wages. 2.      As the cost of labor soared, inflation, or rising prices, broke

out too. 3.      Plague spread both death and social unrest.

II. Upheaval in the Church1.      The late middle ages brought spiritual crisis, scandal,

and division to the Roman Catholic Church. A Divisions within the Catholic Church 1. The church was unable to provide the strong leadership

needed in desperate time. 2. Reformers tried to end the “captivity” 3. In 1378, reformers elected their own pope to rule from

Rome. B New Heresies 1. Popular preachers challenged its power. 2. John Wycliffe, An oxford professor, insisted that the bible,

not the church, was the source of all Christian truth

III.               The hundred year’s war1.      England and France fought a series of conflicts, known

as the hundred years’ war. A Causes 1. English rulers had battled for centuries to hold onto the

French lands of their Norman ancestors. 2. War erupted anew between these rival powers. 3.Once fighting started, economic rivalry and a growing

sense of National pride made it hard for either side to give up the struggle.

B) English Victories 1. English won a string of victories at Crecy in 1346, Poiters

10 years later and Agincourt in 1415. 2.Owned much of their success to the longbow wielded by

English archers. 3. English Victories took a heavy toll on French Morale.

C    Joan of Arc and French victory

1. In 1429, A 17-year-old peasant woman, Joan of Arc, appeared at the court of Charles VII, the uncrowned king of France.

2. She told Charles that God had sent her to save France.

3. Joan inspired the battered and despairing French troops to fight anew.

D     Effects1.      The Hundred Years’ War set France and

England on different paths.2.The Hundred Years’ War brought many

changes to the late medieval world.3. Feudal society was changing.