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Section 37-1
Capillary
Connective tissue
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle
Endothelium
Endothelium
Valve
Venule
Endothelium
Arteriole
VeinArtery
The Three Types of Blood Vessels
Section 37-1
Capillaries of head and arms
Capillaries of abdominal organs and legs
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary veinCapillaries of
right lung
Superior vena cava
Aorta Pulmonary artery
Capillaries of left lung
Figure 37-2 The Circulatory System
Section 37-1
Right Ventricle
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Inferior Vena CavaVein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium
Tricuspid ValvePrevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium after it has entered the right ventricle
Pulmonary ValvePrevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has entered the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary VeinsBring oxygen-rich blood from each of the lungs to the left atrium
Superior Vena CavaLarge vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium
AortaBrings oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
Pulmonary ArteriesBring oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
Aortic ValvePrevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after it has entered the aorta
Mitral ValvePrevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium after it has entered the left ventricle
Left Ventricle
Septum
Figure 37-3 The Structures of the Heart
Break in Capillary Wall
Blood vessels injured.
Clumping of Platelets
Platelets clump at the site and release thromboplastin. Thromboplastin converts prothrombin into thrombin..
Clot Forms
Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which causes a clot. The clot prevents further loss of blood..
Figure 37-10 Blood Clotting
Section 37-2
Superior vena cava
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Heart
Thoracic duct
Spleen
Lymph vessels
Figure 37-11 The Lymphatic System
Air inhaled
Diaphragm
Rib cage rises
Air exhaled
Diaphragm
Rib cage lowers
Inhalation Exhalation
Section 37-3Figure 37-15 The Mechanics of Breathing
Air inhaled
Diaphragm
Rib cage rises
Air exhaled
Diaphragm
Rib cage lowers
Inhalation Exhalation
Section 37-3Figure 37-15 The Mechanics of
Breathing
What three things are required to be a respiratory surface?
1.THIN2.MOIST
3.In contact with exchanging material
Respiration• Respiration- is an organisms’ ability to create energy. (ATP)
Respiration
Aerobic RespirationAnaerobic
Respiration
Alcoholic
Fermentation
Lactic Acid
Fermentation
The path Oxygen must travel along Your Respiratory System
Nose (nasal cavity) Pharynx Larynx Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchiolesalveoli
pleuradiaphragm
Human Respiration• Involves the process of cellular
respiration and gas exchange a) cellular respiration:
glucose + O2 H2O + CO2 + 36 ATP’s b) gas exchange: **exchange of gases between the
internal and external environment with the use of lungs
(I) Human Respiratory System
• Composed of a network of passageways which permits air
to flow from the external environment and into the
lungs• Kept open By cartilaginous
rings
Nasal CavityStructure Function
Lined with:
• cilia
• mucus membrane
• hairs
•Olfactory Nerve endings
The cilia and mucus:
1. Filters air
2. Warms air
3. Moistens air
(Warmed air diffuses easier!!!)
PharynxStructure Function
*Known as the throat region
*It is an area in which both air and food pass through
LarynxStructureStructure FunctionFunction
*Also called the Adam’s apple
*or voice box
*2 pairs of vibrating
membranes
*Humans use the larynx as a voice box which contains vocal cords that vibrate and produce sound as air passes through
EpiglottisStructureStructure FunctionFunction
*A cartilaginous/ muscular flap
*Covers the trachea when swallowing food
TracheaStructureStructure FunctionFunction
*AKA: windpipe
**Kept open by rings of cartilage
**Lined with a ciliated mucus membrane
Breathing tube
(One cigarette paralyzes the cilia for 20 minutes)
Bronchi (bronchus = singular)
StructureStructure FunctionFunction
*Trachea divides into two major divisions known as bronchi
**also contain cartilage rings
***The bronchi subdivide many times forming smaller tubules known as bronchioles
*Two tubes air leading to the lungs
BronchiolesBronchiolesStructureStructure FunctionFunction
*Lack cartilage rings
**Tiny bronchioles subdivide and terminate (end) with structures known as alveolialveoli
*Smallest air tubes within the lungs
Lung:
Above: Normal city dwellers lung. Note black specks throughout indicative of carbon deposits from pollution.
Smokers lung with cancer. White area on top is the cancer, this is what killed the person.
Alveoli Alveoli (s. alveolus)(s. alveolus)
StructureStructure FunctionFunction*thin, (like capillaries)
*moist
*surrounded by capillaries
*gas exchange between the lung and the blood
**increase surface area for gas exchange
***O2 diffuses into the blood from the alveoli and CO2 and water diffuse out of the blood and into the alveoli
Lung Capacity Lab (Vital capacity):My actual lung Capacity=My actual lung Capacity=4100cm34100cm3
(2) lungs measurements:(2) lungs measurements: 17cm x 6cm x 10cm = 17cm x 6cm x 10cm = 2400 cm32400 cm3 41%41%
Balloon value= Balloon value= 3100cm3 3100cm3
Calculated Vital CapacityCalculated Vital CapacityMy height 66’’x 2.54cm=167.64My height 66’’x 2.54cm=167.64167.64 x 29 = 167.64 x 29 = 4861.56 cm34861.56 cm3Height x factors = capacityHeight x factors = capacity
(II) Breathing Process• Lungs are highly elastic (stretchable)
• Breathing is controlled by the medulla
• Movement of the diaphragm and ribcage causes pressure change in the chest cavity which moves air into and out of the lungs
• The breathing rate is controlled by the concentration of CO2 in the blood
• Inhalation- breathe in
• Exhalation- breathe out
When you breath you are inhaling and exhaling….
• Inhalation = O2
(oxygen) enters the body system
• Exhalation =CO2
(carbon dioxide) is passed out of the body
Air inhaled
Diaphragm
Rib cage rises
Air exhaled
Diaphragm
Rib cage lowers
Inhalation Exhalation
The Mechanics of Breathing
Air inhaled
Diaphragm
Rib cage rises
Air exhaled
Diaphragm
Rib cage lowers
Inhalation Exhalation
The Mechanics of Breathing
(IV) Gas Exchange1. In the blood, hemoglobin binds
with oxygen from the alveoli to form oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
2. Carbon dioxide is carried primarily in the plasma of the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
--Bronchitis-Emphysema-Bronchitis
-Asthma Many respiratory diseases are
cause by abrasive agents: Asbestos
-Cigarettes
Asbestos
•Asbestos fibers enter the body via inhalation or ingestion. •Many factors determine how exposure to asbestos will affect health and how severely. •These factors include:
•How many fibers entered the body •How long the exposure to asbestos occurred •Whether or not the asbestos was inhaled or swallowed.
•Inhalation of asbestos fibers can result in mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis, and impaired blood flow to the lungs due to enlargement of the heart.
CigarettesCigarettes
• 4000 chemicals and toxins in one puff on a cigarettes
• 50 cancer causing agents
• Tar, Nicotine, Ammonia, Formaldehyde, Arsenic (Rat poison)
http://www.medbroadcast.com/video_ani/view_video_ani.html
•Some other poisons in tobacco smoke that are inhaled by both smokers and passive smokers include:
•nitrogen oxides, •hydrogen cyanide,(rat poison)•arsenic (white ant poison), •ammonia (floor cleaner), •phenol (paints), naphthalene (mothballs), •cadmium (car batteries), •urethane, •Acetone (paint stripper),•carbon monoxide (car exhaust), •DDT (insecticide) and•butane (lighter fuel).
Bronchitis• Inflammation of the membrane of the bronchial
tubes
• Bronchitis is caused by viruses (common cold viruses, influenza virus, adenovirus) bacteria – ( Bordatella pertussis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae,
Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae) or by other infectious organisms
Asthma
• An aggravated/allergic Reaction
• Constriction of the bronchial tubes
http://www.medbroadcast.com/video_ani/
•Don't panic •Breathe deep, slow and easy •Rest •Take your prescribed asthma medication •Call for help •Get to a doctor
•Cigarette smoke •Cockroaches •Dust mites •Mold •Pets and animals
•Pollen •Cold air •Exercise •Stress •Respiratory infections
Asthma Asthma
Emphysema*Disease in which the walls of the alveoli
breakdown, **Decreasing surface area for gas Decreasing surface area for gas
exchangeexchange ***shortness of breath, difficulty
breathing, and decreased lung capacity*****Caused by:
Pneumonia
• The alveoli become filled with fluid, preventing gas exchange
between the alveoli and the capillaries
What is C.F.?
Babies are born with (Cystic Fibrosis) CF when they inherit faulty genes from both their parents. CF is a disease in which
the secretions from various glands are thick and sticky instead of being watery and free flowing. The lungs and
digestive system are particularly affected. A build up of thick mucus in the lungs reduces the ability to clear bacteria
leading to cycles of infection and inflammation which damage the delicate lung tissues.
Lung function is progressively lost and respiratory failure is the major cause of death in CF patients. The lower intestine can also become blocked by a build up of mucus, but the major digestive problem concerns the pancreas.