Section I: Factors Leading to Section I: Factors Leading to War War

(Pages 610-617)(Pages 610-617)

Section I: Factors Leading to Section I: Factors Leading to War War

(Pages 610-617)(Pages 610-617) This section is about:This section is about: How conflicting national How conflicting national

interests led to a interests led to a buildup of tensions in buildup of tensions in Europe.Europe.

How countries formed How countries formed alliances to achieve a alliances to achieve a fragile balance of fragile balance of power.power.

How the assassination How the assassination of the Austrian archduke of the Austrian archduke touched off the touched off the outbreak of war.outbreak of war.

There’s a very dramatic picture on pages 610-611 of your book.

How does the painting show the drama of fighting in WWI?

Let’s read the overview of this Chapter on page 610.

And the timeline: it doesn’t span too many years. Why?

Factors Leading to WarFactors Leading to WarEurope on the Eve of WarEurope on the Eve of War

Look at the Main Ideas Look at the Main Ideas on page 612.on page 612.

The second one (B) is The second one (B) is what probably causes what probably causes the others.the others.

One of the most One of the most important military important military leaders in Europe at this leaders in Europe at this time was Alfred von time was Alfred von Schlieffen.Schlieffen.

As he was dying, he As he was dying, he said: “It must come to a said: “It must come to a fight.” fight.”

He was predicting WWI. He was predicting WWI.

Conflicting National Conflicting National InterestsInterests

The last three decades of The last three decades of the 1800’s was pretty the 1800’s was pretty peaceful.peaceful.

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution had taken place and had taken place and countries were focusing countries were focusing on building up their own on building up their own economies.economies.

Social conditions had Social conditions had improved, better improved, better healthcare and nutrition, healthcare and nutrition, higher populations of higher populations of healthier, happier people.healthier, happier people.

But there were 4 factors But there were 4 factors starting to change all starting to change all that: imperialism, that: imperialism, nationalism, militarism, nationalism, militarism, and alliances.and alliances.

A Push for A Push for Nationalism Nationalism

Ideas of nationalism Ideas of nationalism were strong – both in were strong – both in France and Germany.France and Germany.

They had some lands They had some lands they had argued about they had argued about and neither one really and neither one really trusted the other.trusted the other.

There was also an There was also an attempt to unite all the attempt to unite all the Slavic peoples living on Slavic peoples living on the Balkan peninsula the Balkan peninsula (and Russia – with a lot (and Russia – with a lot of Slavic people) would of Slavic people) would back these people up. back these people up. They called this Pan-They called this Pan-Slavism.Slavism.

There were two other There were two other empires empires involved………….involved………….

Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary also had also had many Slavic people (and many Slavic people (and Serbians in “Bosnia), who Serbians in “Bosnia), who wanted to be free of the wanted to be free of the empire.empire.

In 1912, some of the In 1912, some of the Balkan states attacked the Balkan states attacked the Ottoman Empire.Ottoman Empire.

At the time this area was At the time this area was called “the powder keg of called “the powder keg of Europe.”Europe.”

The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire had had it’s own problems.it’s own problems.

There were 2 million There were 2 million Christian Armenians living Christian Armenians living there.there.

Russia encouraged them to Russia encouraged them to try and get their own try and get their own independence.independence.

When the C.A.’s had their When the C.A.’s had their taxes raised, they started a taxes raised, they started a HUGE revolt.HUGE revolt.

Something big was ready Something big was ready to happen.to happen.

Marching Toward WarMarching Toward War The Germans had beaten France The Germans had beaten France

in a war in 1871 and Germany in a war in 1871 and Germany was starting to build up their was starting to build up their military again. military again.

The Russians were worried the The Russians were worried the Germans were getting too close Germans were getting too close of ties with Austria-Hungary.of ties with Austria-Hungary.

Britain was worried Germany Britain was worried Germany would threaten their would threaten their power/dominance.power/dominance.

An arms race began in Europe – An arms race began in Europe – with each county trying to be the with each county trying to be the strongeststrongest

Countries were feeling that if Countries were feeling that if force might be the only way to force might be the only way to settle their problems, they settle their problems, they needed to be prepared.needed to be prepared.

Guns, cannons, and modern Guns, cannons, and modern weapons were being made all weapons were being made all over Europe.over Europe.

Countries also began preparing Countries also began preparing their soldiers to their soldiers to mobilizemobilize..

(called into active duty and serve in the army)

Forming AlliancesForming Alliances

In 1871, Germany had In 1871, Germany had united all it’s “states” into united all it’s “states” into one large “confederation.”one large “confederation.”

This made them much This made them much stronger - and other stronger - and other European nations had a European nations had a plan.plan.

They agreed to form They agreed to form alliances and help each alliances and help each other out if one of the other out if one of the others was attacked.others was attacked.

They thought this would They thought this would ensure peace, but it ensure peace, but it actually encourages war – actually encourages war – and bigger war.and bigger war.

Many countries might get Many countries might get involved in a simple involved in a simple disagreement.disagreement.

The Triple AllianceThe Triple Alliance Otto Von Bismarck (German Otto Von Bismarck (German

chancellor) wanted to keep chancellor) wanted to keep France and Russia from France and Russia from forming an alliance (they forming an alliance (they were on both sides of him).were on both sides of him).

He set up an alliance with He set up an alliance with Austria-Hungary and two Austria-Hungary and two years later with Russia (called years later with Russia (called the Three Emperors League).the Three Emperors League).

Germany then formed an Germany then formed an alliance with A.H. and Italy alliance with A.H. and Italy (called the Triple Alliance).(called the Triple Alliance).

But now France was all alone.But now France was all alone. Bismarck thought Russia and Bismarck thought Russia and

A.H. might not get along with A.H. might not get along with each other, so he had to each other, so he had to choose one to be allied with.choose one to be allied with.

It was: A.H. (better army It was: A.H. (better army than Russia).than Russia).

France and RussiaFrance and Russia

If Germany didn’t want If Germany didn’t want to be friends with to be friends with Russia, France would Russia, France would be. be.

And, France and Great And, France and Great Britain even decided to Britain even decided to be friendly with each be friendly with each other and formed the other and formed the “Entente Cordial”“Entente Cordial”

Great Britain and Russia Great Britain and Russia formed an formed an ententeentente and and the three eventually the three eventually called themselves “the called themselves “the Triple Entente.”Triple Entente.”

An agreement between countries to work together

War Breaks War Breaks OutOut

Serbia wanted to start it’s Serbia wanted to start it’s own country.own country.

They wanted the territories They wanted the territories of Bosnia and Herzegovina of Bosnia and Herzegovina (controlled by the (controlled by the Ottomans and by A.H.).Ottomans and by A.H.).

Great Britain didn’t Great Britain didn’t completely trust Russia completely trust Russia with the Balkans (Triple with the Balkans (Triple Entente friend).Entente friend).

The knew Russia still The knew Russia still wanted a way to get to the wanted a way to get to the Mediterranean Sea.Mediterranean Sea.

An Assassination in Sarajevo An Assassination in Sarajevo

In 1914, the heir to the throne In 1914, the heir to the throne of Austria was murdered in the of Austria was murdered in the Balkans.Balkans.

Archduke Franz FerdinandArchduke Franz Ferdinand of of Austria was visiting Bosnia and Austria was visiting Bosnia and was killed by a Serbian was killed by a Serbian nationalist who was a member nationalist who was a member of “the Black Hand.”of “the Black Hand.”

This group wanted the A.H.’s This group wanted the A.H.’s out of Bosnia and thought this out of Bosnia and thought this would scare them out.would scare them out.

But A.H. saw this as a chance But A.H. saw this as a chance to get involved in the Balkans.to get involved in the Balkans.

They gave an They gave an ultimatumultimatum to to Serbia.Serbia.

Serbia wouldn’t agree to all the Serbia wouldn’t agree to all the demands and war was demands and war was declared on July 28declared on July 28thth, 1914., 1914.

(a final set of demands)

Alliances Spread ConflictAlliances Spread Conflict Because of all the alliance at Because of all the alliance at

the time, they all had to get the time, they all had to get involved and back each other involved and back each other up.up.

The Triple Entente became The Triple Entente became known as the Allied Powers known as the Allied Powers (Great Britain, France, and (Great Britain, France, and Russia + Italy, Japan…..).Russia + Italy, Japan…..).

The The Triple AllianceTriple Alliance became became known as the Central Powers known as the Central Powers (Germany, Austria Hungary, (Germany, Austria Hungary, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire………….)Empire………….)

The U.S. didn’t get involved. The U.S. didn’t get involved. This was a European war.This was a European war.

Many people (and the leaders Many people (and the leaders of both sides) thought this of both sides) thought this would be a short war (it would be a short war (it wasn’t).wasn’t).

War and SocietyWar and Society

This was a war that This was a war that involved everyone (not just involved everyone (not just soldiers).soldiers).

Average people had to Average people had to make great sacrifices.make great sacrifices.

Posters, cartoons, Posters, cartoons, marching songs, and marching songs, and editorials encouraged editorials encouraged people to help the effort.people to help the effort.

Artists and writers were Artists and writers were even involved – many even involved – many showing the brutality and showing the brutality and senselessness of war in senselessness of war in ways never seen before. ways never seen before.

WWI Artist Otto Dix