Section III: Cities and the Section III: Cities and the Middle Class Middle Class (Pages 520-524) (Pages 520-524) This section is about: This section is about: How the Industrial How the Industrial Revolution and Revolution and increased immigration increased immigration resulted in rapid urban resulted in rapid urban growth in Europe and growth in Europe and the United States. the United States. The harsh conditions of The harsh conditions of urban life and the urban life and the relationship between relationship between the growth of cities, the growth of cities, which became cultural which became cultural centers, and the growth centers, and the growth of the middle class. of the middle class.
Transcript
Section III: Cities and the Middle Section III: Cities and the Middle Class Class
(Pages 520-524)(Pages 520-524)
Section III: Cities and the Middle Section III: Cities and the Middle Class Class
(Pages 520-524)(Pages 520-524) This section is about:This section is about: How the Industrial How the Industrial
Revolution and increased Revolution and increased immigration resulted in immigration resulted in rapid urban growth in rapid urban growth in Europe and the United Europe and the United States.States.
The harsh conditions of The harsh conditions of urban life and the urban life and the relationship between the relationship between the growth of cities, which growth of cities, which became cultural centers, became cultural centers, and the growth of the and the growth of the middle class. middle class.
We’re still on what happened in Europe and the United Sates during/because of the Industrial Revolution.
Look at the “Active Reading” on the top right of page 520.
The chart on the top right of page 521 is interesting.
There are two pictures on pages 522 and 523. Which picture would most of us have probably been in?
Name Population
1 London, United Kingdom 6,480,000
2 New York, United States 4,242,000
3 Paris, France 3,330,000
4 Berlin, Germany 2,707,000
5 Chicago, United States 1,717,000
6 Vienna, Austria 1,698,000
7 Tokyo, Japan 1,497,000
8 St. Petersburg, Russia 1,439,000
9 Manchester, United Kingdom 1,435,000
10 Philadelphia, United States 1,418,000
The Growth of CitiesThe Growth of CitiesCities and the Industrial RevolutionCities and the Industrial Revolution
Mostly due to trade: cities Mostly due to trade: cities grew a lot in the 1800grew a lot in the 1800’’s – s – during the Industrial during the Industrial Revolution.Revolution.
Factories were originally Factories were originally near water sources – and near water sources – and people like living near water, people like living near water, so you can almost pick so you can almost pick where a big city will spring where a big city will spring up.up.
In 1800. Europe only had 2 In 1800. Europe only had 2 cities (London and Paris) cities (London and Paris) with over 500,000 people.with over 500,000 people.
By 1900, London had 6 By 1900, London had 6 million, Paris and Berlin had million, Paris and Berlin had 3 million. Glasgow, Moscow, 3 million. Glasgow, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Saint Petersburg, and Vienna all had over a million.Vienna all had over a million.
UrbanizationUrbanization also happened also happened in the United States.in the United States.
(People moving from rural to urban areas)
Immigration to the United Immigration to the United StatesStates
In the U.S., this is the time In the U.S., this is the time the Midwest and the West the Midwest and the West started to grow (right before started to grow (right before and after the Civil War).and after the Civil War).
Immigration was also a big Immigration was also a big factor in the U.S.factor in the U.S.
18301830’’s: 600,000 immigrantss: 600,000 immigrants 18501850’’s: 2.6 million (mostly s: 2.6 million (mostly
British, German, and Irish).British, German, and Irish). Many had left their old lands Many had left their old lands
for political, religious, or for political, religious, or financial reasons.financial reasons.
For most, cities seemed like For most, cities seemed like the place to settle (jobs and the place to settle (jobs and housing).housing).
Immigration and CitiesImmigration and Cities
Most immigrants were poor – so Most immigrants were poor – so they lived in cities and worked at they lived in cities and worked at low-skill jobs (and cities had low-skill jobs (and cities had jobs).jobs).
Each immigrant group brought Each immigrant group brought their culture. their culture.
Many settled in the same Many settled in the same neighborhoods.neighborhoods.
From 1850-1940: 32 million From 1850-1940: 32 million immigrants. immigrants.
There were time period for There were time period for different groups, depending on different groups, depending on what was happening where they what was happening where they came from.came from.
Most at this time were from Most at this time were from Europe – and first came through Europe – and first came through Ellis Island (right near the Statue Ellis Island (right near the Statue of Liberty – given to us by the of Liberty – given to us by the French in 1855 as a symbol of French in 1855 as a symbol of freedom, hope, and opportunity). freedom, hope, and opportunity).
Conditions of Urban LifeConditions of Urban Life
Public SpacesPublic Spaces Cities in the 1800Cities in the 1800’’s were a lots were a lot different than today:different than today:Most streets were unpaved.Most streets were unpaved.Lots of horses and wagons.Lots of horses and wagons.No motorized vehicles.No motorized vehicles.Little or no sanitation.Little or no sanitation.In the late 1800In the late 1800’’s, they started s, they started getting police departments.getting police departments.Fire Departments were mostly Fire Departments were mostly volunteers (and most buildings volunteers (and most buildings were made of wood and were were made of wood and were close together).close together).No garbage pick-up.No garbage pick-up.Polluted water.Polluted water.A lack of lighting.A lack of lighting.
City LifeCity Life
But there were opportunities.But there were opportunities. Because immigrants didnBecause immigrants didn’’t all t all
speak the language, they took speak the language, they took jobs where they wouldnjobs where they wouldn’’t have t have to communicate as much to communicate as much (laborers) – paving streets, (laborers) – paving streets, building bridges, working in building bridges, working in factories.factories.
But these jobs donBut these jobs don’’t pay much.t pay much. Many lived in Many lived in tenementstenements – with – with
plumbing, heating, water, or plumbing, heating, water, or sometimes even windows.sometimes even windows.
There were always threats of There were always threats of diseases and violence.diseases and violence.
(run down apartment buildings)
The Rise of the Middle ClassThe Rise of the Middle Class
One important result of the One important result of the Industrial Revolution times is Industrial Revolution times is the expansion of the middle the expansion of the middle class. class.
If you did work hard, you had a If you did work hard, you had a chance to get ahead (not chance to get ahead (not wealthy, but at least better off). wealthy, but at least better off). If you were in the middle class If you were in the middle class already (doctor, engineer, store already (doctor, engineer, store owner, merchant, artisan, owner, merchant, artisan, professional), you could move professional), you could move up a little, too.up a little, too.
This time period (1840-1900) is This time period (1840-1900) is also called the Victorian Age also called the Victorian Age (Queen Victoria in England).(Queen Victoria in England).
People were supposed to be People were supposed to be trying to become a little more trying to become a little more respectful, cultured, ambitious, respectful, cultured, ambitious, etc…).etc…).
Middle Class Middle Class Way of LifeWay of Life
In the Victorian Age:In the Victorian Age: Families often lived in Families often lived in
single family hoses or single family hoses or more attractive apartment more attractive apartment buildings.buildings.
There were strict rules for There were strict rules for how to act in various social how to act in various social situations.situations.
Parents were strict.Parents were strict. Children were supposed to Children were supposed to
be be ““seen, but not heard.seen, but not heard.”” If you did something bad, it If you did something bad, it
was a reflection on the was a reflection on the whole family.whole family.
………………………………....
There started to be a There started to be a gap between the middle gap between the middle class and the working class and the working class.class.
Working class worked as Working class worked as laborers (doing physical laborers (doing physical work), in factories or work), in factories or sometimes did work for sometimes did work for the middle class (like the middle class (like being a maid).being a maid).
During/after the I.R., During/after the I.R., there also started to be there also started to be a separation on where a separation on where people lived. people lived.
……………………………………
In middle class families, In middle class families, husbands began to be husbands began to be ““the the providerprovider”” for the family. for the family.
Women would stay at home Women would stay at home and take on a domestic role.and take on a domestic role.
Before the I.R., women Before the I.R., women might have been working might have been working right alongside their right alongside their husbands (or even their husbands (or even their kids). kids).
Laws were also starting to Laws were also starting to be passed that said that be passed that said that kids should get protection kids should get protection from dangerous jobs and from dangerous jobs and should be in school.should be in school.
Poorer families still worked.Poorer families still worked. And there did start to be a And there did start to be a
class of VERY wealthy class of VERY wealthy industrialists, bankers, and industrialists, bankers, and merchants.merchants.
Cities as Centers of CultureCities as Centers of Culture Cities did have Cities did have ““entertainmententertainment”” and culture. and culture.
There were lectures and There were lectures and symphony performances.symphony performances.
Libraries and museums Libraries and museums were founded (later 1800were founded (later 1800 ’’s).s).
Beautiful parks were Beautiful parks were designed and built (Central designed and built (Central Park in NYC – 1857) with Park in NYC – 1857) with fresh air and health fresh air and health benefits.benefits.
Music halls and theaters for Music halls and theaters for concerts and plays.concerts and plays.
There were some VERY There were some VERY wealthy peopled that helped wealthy peopled that helped found or sponsor many of found or sponsor many of these.these.
……………………………………..
Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie (steel(steel): ): gave $60 million to 2500 gave $60 million to 2500 libraries and opened libraries and opened Carnegie Hall in NYC.Carnegie Hall in NYC.
John RockefellerJohn Rockefeller ( (oil):oil): gave gave away about $80 million away about $80 million and helped found the and helped found the University of Chicago and University of Chicago and some medical centers.some medical centers.
Cornelius VanderbiltCornelius Vanderbilt ((railroadsrailroads) helped start ) helped start Stanford and Vanderbilt Stanford and Vanderbilt Universities.Universities.
Many others (J.P. Morgan – Many others (J.P. Morgan – banking and Jay Gould - banking and Jay Gould - railroads) contributed as railroads) contributed as much as they could.much as they could.
