Section1 TB METEO

7/28/2019 Section1 TB METEO

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CAE NLS-AMSTERDAM

METEOROLOGIE/

Meteorology

Onno Hungerink en Tijmen de Boer

(senior aviation forecasters)

In aviation: MET

Met office

Met people


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Purpose of study:

Understand the atmosphere and its hazards

Basic knowledge to make better decisions

Better understanding weather: Flightsafety

Better understanding weather: Flight economics

In all aviation operations, not only in the air, weather is

involved!

i.e. One of the major input parameters on ATC operations on

Schiphol is the Weather (wx)


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Flightsafety

Table showing weather related/influenced accidents UK


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What is Meteorology?

MeteorosEverything that soares or glidesin the air The word Meteorology is first used byAristoteles.

Everything that deals with atmosphere and

weather, so also climate.

The met* is occupied with the physical,

dynamical and chemical state of the

atmosphere.


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Kinds of Meteorology:

Synoptical* Meteorology

The weatherchart, forecasts and warnings.

Physical Meteorology

What is the speed of a falling hailstone* or how and how

fast grows a raindrop?

Dynamical Meteorology *

Get horizontal and vertical movements in formulas and

start computing Computers

Climatology

How high shall we built that dike?

How much snow will fall on that flat roof ..and how

often?


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Kinds of Meteorology:

Different classification:

General MeteorologyRadio/televisionthe general public

General forecasts and warnings

Mostly one day to more days ahead, few details.

Maritime MeteorologyGale warnings, sea state and swell, wateropzet* etc.

Aviation Meteorology

Special forecasts and warnings for Pilots

Much detail, relative short term.


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The atmosphereThe air is a mix of several gases:

Stikstof (nitrogen) 78 % (by volume)

Zuurstof (oxygen) 21 %

Argon(argon) 0,9 %

Kooldioxide (carbon dioxide)0,03 % Neon (neon) 0,002 %

Waterdamp (watervapour) 0 to 4%

Sporengassen (trace gasses), zoals Helium, Krypton,,Waterstof, Ozon*,


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CO2 Increase since 1750

260

280

300

320

340

360

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Tijd --->

CO2in

ppm

Now 370


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THE ATMOSPHERE

DEFINITIONS

TEMPERATURE

PRESSURE

LAYERS


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There are a few more or less horizontal layers,which height and thichness are depending on

Temperature

Every layer is called a sphere (Sfeer).

Two spheres are seperated by a pause (pauze)

A pause is characterized by different T-

behavior.

A pause is called to the lower sphere.

Classification of the atmosphere


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Classification of the atmosphere

From earth surface (SFC) up:

Troposphere 0 - 13 km Tropopause 13 km*

Stratosphere 13 - 50 km

Stratopause 50 km Mesosphere 50 - 80 km

Mesopause 80 km Thermosphere 80 km

Thermopause ca. 500 km Exosphere ca. 500 km - ca. 1000 km Space


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Some characteristics of the TROPOSPHERE

The biggist part of the mass of the atmosphere is in the

lower troposphere.

Tot de tropopauze neemt de temperatuur mettoenemende hoogte gemiddeld af met 2 0C/1000 ft (0,60C/100 m)

Bijna alle weer speelt zich in de troposfeer af


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The atmosphere

NB:

What is T doing?


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Tropopauze:

Lowest level of the atmospere at which thevertical lapse rate decreases to less then, or equal

to 0,6 C/1000ft over a distance of at least 2 km.

latidude height temperature

equator 16 km -80 C

mid latitude 11 km -50 C

Poles 8 km -40 C


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VERANDERING VAN DE TROPOPAUZEHOOGTE

MET DE SEIZOENEN


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HOOGTEVERSCHILLEN VAN DE TROPOPAUZE IN DE

VERSCHILLENDE KLIMAATGORDELS


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50 090

5

10

15

20

kmBreaks in tropopause

The tropopause has a leaf like constructionMainly caused by airmasses, cold and warm.*

latitude


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Melting point Boiling point

Celsius(C) 0 100

Fahrenheit(F) 32 212

Kelvin(K) 273 373

Temperature:

In aviation units in degrees Celsius (C)

In science in Kelvin (K)*

Conversion from Cesius to Fahrenheit:9

32

5

FC


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2.3 transfer of heat

Electromagnetic radiation


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4TE Stefan Boltzmann law

T

2897max Wien displacement law

C d t i ithi

b d d b t


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Conduct ionoccurs within a body and between

bodies in actual contact with each other.

Convect ioninvolves motion of mass, which

carries the heat, from one region of space toanother.

Radiationis heat transfer by electromagnetic

radiation, with no need for matter to be present

in the space between the bodies.Latent heat

The liberation of latent heat plays also a role in

heat transfer.

If rising air reaches its condensation level

condensation occurs and latent heat is

liberated, compensating partly the consumed

energy for expansion.


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Radiation


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A B

winter

(90/-52,5/)-23,5=14/

C D

zomer

(90/-52,5/)+23,5/=61/

2

1


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june decembe

r

Circling earth around the sun

Annual variation of temperature


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Diurnal variation of the temperature

0 6 12 14 18 24

temperature

Solar radiation

Terrestrial radiation

minimum

maximum


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3.ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

1

5

10

1013hpa

500hpa

200hpakm.

700hpa

900hpa

The pressure of the atmosphere at any point is the weight of

the air which lies vertically above unit area centred at thepoint.


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- 1 hectopascal = 1 hPa= 100 Pascal

1 hPa= 100 N /m2

- Anarode barometer

- isobar: line connecting points of equal pressure

- RT

p

= atmosperic density(kg/m3)

R= Reynolds constant

T= temperaure(K)

- Near the surface: 1hPa 27ft

- Near 500hPa level: 1hPa 48ft

-pressure reduces more rapidly w ith increasing

height in co ld air than in warm air.


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Internat ional Standard A tmosphere (ISA)

Mean sea level (MSL): -pressure= 1013.25 hPa

-temperature= 15C=288K

-density= 1.225kg/m3

Tropopause: -height: 11km

-temperature: -56.5C

From MSL to 11km: -vertical lapse rate of the temperature: decrease of 6.5C

per km (-2C/1000ft)

From 11km up to 20km: -constant temperature = -56.5C

From 20km up to 32km: -increasing temperature with height of about 1C/1000m

(0.3C/1000ft)


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Standard temperature in degree Celsius for a given flight

level

).(1000

2feetFLinTT groundFL

Eq.: Tground = 15 C

TFL100 = 1520 = -5 C


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Pressure

(hPa)

Height

(FL)

Temperature

(C)

Density

(kg/m3)

1013,25 msl +15 1.225

850 FL050 +5 1.063

700 FL100 -5 0.908

500 FL180 -21 0.692

400 FL240 -33 0.577

300 FL300 -45 0.457

250 FL340 -52 0.395

200 FL390 -56.5 0.322

150 FL450 -56.5 0.241

Standard pressure levels, equivalent standard flight

levels, temperatures and density


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Altimetry

The pressure altimeter is an instrument for measuring

pressure, i.e. an aneroid barometer with its scale

graduated to read height in feet instead of pressure.

Aircraft altimeters are calibrated for ISA-values so that all

altimeters will read the same altitude for the samepressure.

The alt imeter measures the dis tancebetween the

aircraft and a certain reference level.


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Correction for pressure variation

-If the flight is towards an area of higher pressure, the altimeter

underreads

-If the flight is towards an area of lower pressure, the altimeter

overreads.

- When flying with winds from port (links) in the n-ern

hemisphere, the altimeter tends to overread.

- When flying with winds from starboard (right) in the n-ernhemisphere, the altimeter tends to underread.

HIGH TO LOW, LOOK OUT BELOW

LOW TO HIGH, LOOK AT THE SKY


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Correction for temperature variation

- If the atmosphere is colder than the standard atmosphere, the

altimeter will read too high (the aircraft will be lower than the

indicated altitude).

- If the atmosphere is warmer than the standard atmosphere,

the altimeter will read too low.

increase (decrease) of 3C increase (decrease) of 1% of the height

i.c. temperature FL300 3 C higher ISA truth height 30.300 ft.


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