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Secularization II
?s
• Subtraction thesis
• Sociological reality
• Modern malaise
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Approaches
• History - they agree
• Weber - ideas generate
• Marx - economics generate– struggle– Sensorium, sensual, materialism
Marcel GauchetThe Disenchantement of the World
A Political History of Religion• Primeaval religion
• State
• Monotheism
• Christianity
• Religion Dies
Marcel Gauchet
• Problems?– Primeaval?– Essences give possibilities?
Charles TaylorA Secular Age
• Secularity 1,2,3
• Generated within theology - like Weber
• Social Imaginary
Charles TaylorA Secular Age
• Immanent Frame
• Buffered Self
• Disenchantment
• Mobilization
• Nova Effect
Taylor
• Problems - Western, others?
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Joseph LoughWeber and the Persistence of Religion
a very strange thing, abounding in metaphysical subtleties and theological niceties. So far as it is a use value, there is nothing mysterious about it… But as soon as it emerges as a commodity, it changes into a thing which transcends sensousness…” Marx – Capital
“Value suddenly presents itself as a self-moving substance which passes through
a process of its own, and for which commodities and money are mere
forms”
Marx Capital
Lough
• 1300s first isolated value - from its material form and then it retreated into the sublime interior
• Virgin Mary• Wounds of Jesus• Eucharist• Money• Time
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Garafalo Ascension of Christ 1510-20
Lough - Consequences
• From 900- 1450 less than 1/2 million died for state
• 1500s increase 40 fold - 8 million
• 1700s 18 million
• 1800s 48 million
• 1900s 188 million
Lough Consequences
• .6% of population in 1700s• 1+% in 1800s• 4.5% in 1900s• “the intimate relationship between contemporary
spirituality and the value form of the commodity has formed a substance more toxic than any other in history”
• But historical, not unchanging• problems?
What is Religion?
Talal Asad
Is secularism a colonial imposition, an entire worldview that gives precedence to the material over the spiritual, a modern culture of alienation and unrestrained pleasure? Or is it necessary to universal humanism, a rational principle that calls for the suppression… of religious passion so that a dangerous source of intolerance and delusion can be controlled and political unity, peace and progress secured?” Asad Genealogies, 21
Belief?
• Include? Exclude? Why? By Whom? With what consequences?
Belief
• Christian History - Reformation - Gauchet
• Locke’s Toleration– Autonomous minds– What of seduction and coercion of the market?– Other forms of collectivity? Mutual Aid,
conformity
Tomoko MasuzawaThe Invention of World Religions
• 4 parts -Christian, Jew Mohammaden and others• Now Bunch of “World Religions”• Toleration?• Universals?• Comparative Philology - Indo-European roots• Belief?
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Other Models: Sensorium
• Changing Sensorium
• Ritual as Repressive?
• Belief a freeing?
Moderate Islam and US imperialism today
Sum Up
• What generates modernity?
• How are capitalism, theology and politics related?
• What is the form of modern religiosity and its possibilities?
• Sort of Weberian // Gauchet--Taylor
• Sort of Marxist// Lough--Asad--Masuzawa