Securing Paradise by Vernadette Vicuña Gonzalez

7/30/2019 Securing Paradise by Vernadette Vicua Gonzalez

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Tourism and

Militarism in Hawaii

and the Philippines

Vernadette Vicua Gonzalez

paradisesecurinG


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next Wave

New DirectioNs iN womeNs stuDies

A series edited by Inderpal Grewal,

Caren Kaplan, and Robyn Wiegman


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203 Du nivsi Pss

is sv

Pin in ni as ia n ai- a

Dsin b Ha Hns

Ts in Wian b Tsn nain ss, n.

Liba Cnss Caain-in-Pubiain Daa

nzaz, Vna Viua, 973

uin aais : uis an iiais in Haaii an

Piiins / Vna Viua nzaz.as . ( av)

nus bibiaia ns an in.

ISBN 978-0-8223-5355-3 ( : a. a)

ISBN 978-0-8223-5370-6 (b. : a. a)

. TuisHaaii. 2. TuisPiiins.

3. MiiaisHaaii. 4. MiiaisPiiins.

. Ti. . is: av.

G55.U6G625 203

338.4795992320300097


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contentS

AckNowledGmeNtS v

Introduction Military-touriSM PartnerShiPS

in haWaii and the PhiliPPineS 1

Chapter One ManifeSt deStinationS and the Work

of troPical fictionS 21

Chapter Two Scenic highWayS, MaSculinity,Modernity, and Mobility 49

Chapter Three neoliberation and u.S.-PhiliPPineS

circuitS of Sacrifice and gratitude 83

Chapter Four reMeMbering Pearl harbor,

reinforcing vigilance 115

Chapter Five the Machine in the garden:

helicoPter airMobilitieS, aerial fieldS of viSion,

and Surrogate troPicS 147

Chapter Six Playing Soldier and going native

in Subic freePortS Jungle tour 181

Conclusion inSecuritieS, touriSM, and terror 215

NoteS 225

BIBlIoGrAphy 253

INdex 271


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acknoWledgMentS

This book represents a deade o researh that was, rom the

binnin, su b inua nsi n-

tors and olleaues, the unstintin enouraement o amily

an ins, an i unin a vai sus. T

enouraement, steadast ommitment to this projet, and

warm ompanionship I have reeived have made the labor

o this book truly ollaborative. Durin my raduate studies

at Uc Berkeley, I had the wonderul ortune o havin as myinua uis Js Dav ava, Eain Ki, an Can

Kaplan. Their patiene and inisive questions pushed my dis-

sain in an ni n iin n a i as .

I owe Caren Kaplan speial thanks or reommendin this

manusript to Duke niversity Press. She has been a model

o riorous sholarship and eminist teahin whose mentor-

si as ninu insi. M s iin u i -

aua suns Ka Y, J O, vn L, anMii un vi iiqu, isain, an na

iai. Ea abains i issa a an Rbn

Maai Riuz av insi qusins in is b

and introdued me to the kind o sholarly work that I like

in. Mii un, in aiin in iab in-

ua su, as s nab an ain ins

as an i vn as au

nz as si in u. H ninus sv as a u-sn, an nsi as a au is unsuass.


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Acknowledgments

s nu-a siin a . Lan nivsi, Maa

Kn-ass as sauns ains, assisin juni au i

undin and intelletual ommunity ormation. In Hawaii, whih has

been home or the last seven years, I have been most ortunate in the

iia an inua insis a av b nuu anunsettled my thinkin in the best o ways. My olleaues in the Ameri-

an Studies department are the best ones I ould ask or. In partiular,

Mari Yoshihara, Theo Gonzalves, Robert Perkinson, and David E. Stan-

na as a insia sa. Ti u an

warmth helped me throuh various staes o this projet. I espeially

an Davi E. anna in u i aiv as iv i

to do researh and write. I thank Mari Yoshihara and the raduate stu-

ns u jin an-iin s ns n bsa. av as a ivi in i aua suns

av au s u: M Ws, na Kai, Miu La,

. C , Eiza an, Ki C, Yu Jun L, Ru Ca,

an ana aaani. s u in in sn.

M iin ui as an bsi v as, an u

i an as bav i a u v

rouh early drats: Ty Kawika Tenan, Katharina Heyer, Rod Labrador,

Lisa Faan sa, an an ani MDua. sia ana i aazin n is b b b in s an

as, sia in s, n sus i an i

was espeially preious: Pensri Ho, or askin the riht questions even

n is s un, an , vn in s is, u

always mak th tim; Hokulani ikau or sharin insihts that sharnd

my thinkin, and bein a wonderul riend with whom to share hild-

a, ssi, , an ains abu s uss; an Jnna Ea,

bin su a nus au an in i ba, a-in i inib anin ai, an ain bs a

a v. Wiin u as nv bn s u un i i u,

susainin su, unisin iiqu, an in s a an

a. an sa b ab a is b.

a un au (an una) av as s n-

us an inisiv sugsins us a b sn. a

vn a b ab an b na. an Punzaan saa

and Cynthia Enloe, I owe you dinner and drinks, at the very least, or


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Acknowledgments

u au, nuain, an iia invnins in is b u

vaius sas. u ias a is b b

in v a, an aia i u u ns v

the entire proess. Thanks also oes to Sarita See, or sharin detailed

ns n anusi an bin a suiv au aa,an Vin Raa, s nuain s n

n s.

Over the ourse o writin this book, Ive relied upon the expertise

an assisan an . a au ainisaiv assis-

ans in i, av as a u buauai az

aaia an av, n a, bn sa uan bins an

rinds: Jahlzah Eskw, Joy Shridan, Sandy Enoki, and sially Lori

nn Mina. Ji Kaazu Mas as bn ibaian sasa , an a aiua inb sa assisan abv

an bn a u. as an Wa Cu, uas

n Mania nivsis ian Hisia Cin; sa a

Haaiian an Pai in a Uh Mnas Hain Liba; an

Maia Ena Caiza, as Piiin in.

T sa is b as an ninna ni

States to Hawaii and the Philippines, and I am deeply indebted to the

ollowin people who have supported my researh, extended their hos-pitality, and made doin my job truly a privilee: Osar Campomanes

an Kiia Kuua sis a n Mania ain in a visiin

sa an ain i a ; a Dvis; En anaa,

a i Knnn Ra ; F. ini Js an Tsia

Js; Dan a an E a; Cnia Fanin; Laua Lns;

Ruth Hsu; Kath Sands; Karen Kosasa; Bill Chapman; Dennis Oawa;

Dan Riuz; an su iasu. u ai vsin a-

ter 3 appeared as Tourin Military Masulinities: .S.-Philippines Cir-uis ai an aiu in Ci an aaan inMilitarized

Currents: Toward a Decolonized Future in Asia and the Pacifc (200), an

u i an nivsi Minnsa Pss, su iasu,

an Ki Lujan Caa inuin an ai vsin in

a vu.

T sa unin is b as a vai sus:

the Ford Foundation, in the orm o a predissertation ellowship; and

aulty researh rants rom St. Lawrene niversity and the niver-


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Acknowledgments

si Haaii a Mna Rsa Cuni. u i an Ha

MArthur or all his help and support with shepherdin rant applia-

ins u Rsa Cuni.

T Kn Wiss, sa as bn s nuain

and sympatheti o editors, I owe speial thanks. He took this projetun is in an i uiin. as an nu

a a Du nivsi Pss, sia Ja s an Cisin Da-

lin, or their patiene, support, and amazin proessionalism; Heather

Hns, v sin; an Jssia Ran, ui is

b u as sas. Yu av a ss s as

i an is aain!

Fina, ai an ins an n s vin a

av bn u in a is i. M aiu s u sia Jan an i nsn, s suiv an vin in-as, an

ans, Vivian an Ens nzaz, av n

a vn n i iv is. T av sn s u i

-sv in ain ai s u i. Tan u

viin i a ius su an a in. F

au, nz, as n u i is b, an as bn

s ain an unsanin in, is a n b

is th on wll writ tothr. You hav bn th bst o a omanions.Tan u bin unsanin i u vn i s is a s

i. a, n an na a u a, a iia

sn. u s bi sis. Tis ns Evan, sis

aun an aas ins a is u ian an absu

inisnsab in i. Yu v an su av a is a ssib.


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Introduction

Military-touriSM

PartnerShiPS in haWaiiand the PhiliPPineS

Joe is an identity that is almost automatially attributed to

un i n a ain a in Piiins, ass

n a ian sis. T insisn ai

H, J!in i ss, a as, a bai

a sa aa a a inuua uniain,

vs a n is .. iia uain in isansa sabis J as a ua u. Js is iiaizs

his status as a visitor: his praties o leisure (and by exten-

sion, those o ivilians) were seured by the labor o his mili-

a us. s sbi an aia vin is

..-Piiin ana abains, J as uis an s-

dier embodies the masulinized mobilities o Amerian- style

modernity. His is the ambassadorship o military protetion

inin i asuab sian ssibiiis sabii an sui.

Js in, us, is unvn: in as assiv

iia insaains ina ansa, is

in a bas nis bin an sn

sexual trade and erosion o loal sovereinties ostered by his

presene. In Mindanao, where the .S. military has waed a

nu-n aiain aain aains Musis, J i

b as a savi vi as a vin in. M niniia nuns i J a bnin. in u n


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2

IntroductIon

Visaan isan s, anis aina uu an i-

an issina s a inan uua infuns, as insua

aiis iia uain vn as as is ini subj.

Althouh Joe was only an oasional presene in my town, the nited

Stats had an ovrsizd t on vryday li in th Cold War Philiins.s Maia La babis, ins an a a as, iz a

othr with storis o nular annihilation, and, o ours, dard ah othr

asina i an a ba i quisi H,

J! Dsi is assiains i a an iiaizain, ia as in-

vaiab u in s snais. T us, ia as saa

iba W Wa i b na Duas Mau,

is is un. M aius an ins abu is ab-

sa ia in b aia ass a aassn b sasi aivs, ssns au in u an s (b

ounded by Amerian missionaries), and a antasy lie ostered by tele-

vision and the movies. I rew up thinkin about the nited States as a

bnvn an nus sn, uaian aun.

Fin ai iain ai n u b C Wa iia-

in an us u b a sanan Piiin n, ai

v ni as an s in usa Y in 984. si

auas uua isin, n sns asn i-pressions ame rom the new experiene o travelin or leisure and not

s ai biains. M s in as a uis in

ni as as a visi Duas Mau Mia in ,

Viinia, s as sis a s. M a, a

World War II bu, brouht the whole amily to the rotunda where Ma-

u aa Jas bui. Tis i as a iia a

in a s b an Fiiins, bu as a nain

ais is in sia saus. si av a ai sinin n Maus 950 Cs ia iusin, as i sa, W

av aiv. T a as suvni n a ai

ia bu as a i-ass ian isu ai a as siu-

tanously an at o idntiation with militarizd U.S.-Philiin rlations.

n an as, is b is an ain nuin i

is an ins abu ni as a na an

f b u J. H as i a si assiv sa

vin .. iia a ai u in sia an Pai sin un ninn nu, a i in u in Piiins


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3

IntroductIon

had suh positive assoiations with the nited States? What alhemy

transorms the terror o imperial violene and Amerian postwar ou-

ain unsanins ian su, ibain, an

bnvoln? How ar allian and lov nurturd aainst and alonsid

a an ai a an anin? Wi ni asas sas an iis, s ans, ui sis, -

loitd rsours, indud dndnis, dislad oulations, and ru-

u uus, i as n s i i n-asin aa is n

reputation and with minimal inonveniene to the vast majority o its

iizns nsins.1 , vin ass .. invnins

have been absorbed into an alternative narrative o Amerian benevo-

n: n-iva Jaan as bn ans b viu nua annii-

ain, uain, an nsuin in a aiv a; aua Vina Wa is a aiua as an ni vi ai-

ais; an sia Pai Eni Cain ais u nib-

a ias Wasinn, D.C., in in i ab s as

si is Pai Cnu.

ains an in an i is susain iai, -

nomi, and military intervention in Asia and the Pai, Securing Para-

dise hihlihts imainative and aetive interventions as loi o power.

Js ub subjivi as uis an si sus s anauaiz an vn bsu ssaiz as vin. s a uis

insistin on a reister o human onnetion and empathyhe invited

siai, a an inain in, bunin bua

ass is issin. n binnin i J an iniains an

ins vs, asiz n aunii s aa-

ns, bu i anuau. Ta subjiv auizs u as i-

ably and onvininly as oial oliis sugsts that rathr than workin

in siin, i uua nanns i in-ainsis . n s, is b is ins in un-

sanin is ins n as as as nsiusnss bu as

ssnia ns a aisn sa. Ti ansissin juvni ii-

zns sis aa asu, v, an iniain in nas

an in abain i ain, a, an ainain.

Securing Paradise s ainsi bn uis an ii-

tarism in Hawaii and the Philippines, the historial and present-day

is ni as. Wi sis s a ian ii-tary installations today, Hawaii and th Philiins rrsnt th rst and


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4

IntroductIon

most sustaind mrian military ouations in sia and th Pai: thy

ain inins ian inain in in. Tis b in-

as s an us .. iia in s sis a

oundational to tourist itinraris and imainations, as wll as how th d-

sis an nis n uis a na ian iiainan in sia an Pai. n i ins, i-

an iiais is an bvius sn, bu uisi is suuin

ias an ais bii an nsuinis the an

to militarisms laims to seurity. The two ores work toether to pro-

u n suus in an ains n a a

uiniz in va i an a uia ais an abis

.. iiais in in. s an ian si an a sunbain

uis, J is uns b u a ni i -nia subjs asi bu inviab a s. His asuiniz biiis

sib ivis iia vnan an si a siin

an Fiiins in naas is a ss, ain u a ai-

ia an nuin ainsi aain.

s bs i sugss, b ain uis an iiais iin

sa anai ns, s uia i uua nsiuins an

nnis. Tis is a aiua un j a in i u-

iss n as savi vin nis, an ain-n .. iia iis in av a fibii in bs

is inss aba. Tuis an iiais a a invn

in va an an--an uins an is a an

ba i, bin a--a anains svs an a

. n sibin a iiaizain in nua a, Dnna

Haraway oints to th inidntal intrhanability o tourism and mili-

tarisms tehnoloies o ultimate mobility and peret exhane. Yet

this overlap between militarism and tourism is better haraterized asa sai an sbii nvn. is b n ans n inin-

a a nis n s na i . n sia

an Pai, nsiu s inan aaauss b

i ni as ns is a, an i nvn uus,

histories, and endered lois sugest a more mutually onstitutive re-

ainsi. Securing Paradise as isin suis in uis an

militarism beause it orerounds how tourism and militarisms mutual

work rodus th ossibilitis or mrian historial and ontmorarydominan in th rion. Th sam lois that rationaliz th unvn o-


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5

IntroductIon

nomi and ultural landsapes resultin rom unreulated tourism also

justiy the ontinuin presene o the Amerian military in the Pai:

jobs, stability, protetion, and orein exhane. As Cynthia Enloe su-

ss, Miiais an uis . . . a b in, bun as aus

an . Miiais an uis, an as sv a ,iusa sis bua an sis su .. i-

nain in in: nsa ani an vain i-

uits and modes o administrative ontrol, ideoloial rameworks, and

trritorial ouations that ar art o an mrian rojt o domination.

In the title o this book, the onept o securing is meant to invoke

multiple and intersetin ideas that are at play: the eonomi seurity

is b uiss qui an an iiaiss inusin an -

in aia; a iiaiz nin naina sui a ain in-nsi uin W. uss ba a aains ; iis

av sui inv b uis nis aains nain-sas;

invv in uaanin an assuin us an ain-

sis bn as, insiuins, an sas; an a ain in

us aquisiin, a i av isia an sn-a s-

nan i a ainsis ni as i Haaii

an Piiins. s su, suin is n n a jb isiinin

a iia bu as an aivn in an i an u asus nsu ais su as uis. T C Wa a

naturalized the massive buildup o the military-industrial omplex and,

jus as ian, bu isinins bn iia an iviian

i an iis, aiua in ni as. T iia a-

s vnais an sui a aaiz .. in

ni an iia i uin C Wa i sa-

ss i bin js uis an iiais in ian

aas ins. s a vna sa a as ban uin C Wa, in b uis uiuuais an is ua

messae o eonomi uplit personied liberalization with a human

a, snin aus iis ia b suanaina nin -

anizations suh as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund,

whih xloitd and rodud noolonial onomis whil vntriloquiz-

in snia iis.

Even as tourism appears as the soter olonial apparatus, as I dis-

uss in th rst hatr, its xtrativ lois and damain istmoloisa n ss a an in iiais us in a. Tuiss


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6

IntroductIon

anabii ivin vaus nsu uu ass bs

a i an ia C Wa abassa.1 su, u anaisi

ans suua ajusns an iain a iniz

svi inus, iaiv niins an abis aiia

n a sv W O, a i asin s a-ins u suiv an ui an vn.

n, sis iiais s bs n i as saua n-

su ais an iis uis in isaaan,

as I disuss in my hapter on heliopter tours. Folded and woven into

abi nsu uis ais, iniabii iiais

nsu uu aiais aufas i as b

a a--a a sui. Tuisi is is nsu -

an un biisabiss a ain iia, iia,and ultural order that normalizes the presene o the military, priori-

tizes its needs, and deends its entral role in denin national seu-

i.11 n is aiuains i iiais, uis is an jus a

onsumer pratie: its most enablin onditionsthat o mobility and

modernityare uaranteed by, at the very least, a raialized and en-

idea sui.

Ts ui snss securingus as ai n is

that struture militarism and tourism. Invokin the ideas o domesti,sna, an naina sa, an sabii uaan b asuin ab

and sarie, seurin takes the orm o uardianship and assumes a

heroi modern state as the protetor o weak and eminized territories

and peoples. Asymmetrial imperial relations amon the nited States,

sia, and th Pai rodu and rly on an invitation to onqust as th

neessary oil or the implied masuline thrust (disovery, paiation,

ibain, vn) ni as.1 iiais an u-

is n sin nins niz an an (siawomen) as passively there or the takin. This sexualized metaphor

a nn MCin as a n-iss n -

sib aa ba innaina ains, aius abu

iabii an, naua sus, an ; i as sns

s ais a sa u in a-i s.1 F insan, -

bus iiaiz s an ain inus is b a iainab

u anasis iiz i inin svin ns

mn in uniorm and oauthorizd by th losidd ratrnal allians o o-uin an ui sas.1 Security, n, is a in asuiniz


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7

IntroductIon

resue and protetion that is belied by the realities o state- santioned

vin aains n: nau sui na siuanus

b an in nvns iiais an uis is ain a vs

an nia bn asuin as sa an u b

un ns bis an iniz ans.1Wi us uua abs uis an iiais a

most starkly illuminated by this systematized state- level endered vio-

lene, the so-alled leitimate and sel-leitimizin orms o tourism

an iiais a n sa iia an aai nnain

are the objets o this study. These tolerated and even desired military-

uis assbas, jus as u as i iii sibins, na

more onventional amilial and state romanes that ritially reinore

aiaiz an n ains W O. Ts -ans un au iias ana si in

th transnational itinraris o war mmorialization to th insistnt radio-

aiv binnss Wsn sua uis az as i nuns

biinis in Pai.1 s iia s iiuis, uis

as su as visiin isi bas vn sunbain n ba

ar always alrady rratd throuh dsirs to idntiy with masulinitis

that hav bn mobilizd in th srvi o xtratrritorial domination.17 In

sia an Pai, s iiuiss a a n ains a avn ia bin bjs iia si.

In artiulatin securingto paradise, I want to emphasize the enera-

tive role played by masulinized and militarized desires or seurity in

Amerias broader imperial projet. Paradise is not a eneri or stati

termit speially reers to an idea o passivity and penetrability en-

n b iiais as an aibi inain, as Ea ai an

s av s ab nsa.1 T un n an aia-

ized tropis reerened by ontemporary tourist usaes o paradiseiss, assiv, isan sas i bas in b a s, bu

waters, warm sun, and welomin, sensual yet innoent nativeshave

their roots in European antasies o the New World.1 Drivin olonial

desire was the idea o a premodern and pristine paradisea virin ter-

rain ri or onomi xloitation and or masulin drams o disovry

an ain. n iia is uis in Cuba an Haaii,

Cisin i sugss a ni as aais as a aia-

iz iia bn an inns ss sia an ni -laboration and onfits ovr owr and land. In othr words, aradis is


16/33

8

IntroductIon

b n ans nauai is nju u iainaiv ab, susain

b su ni aaauss as anain an uis inusis an

iaiz siis nn, su u a an

ai vin is su, an ninua ns b

iv .1Lain aais in nus ian uisi an iiaisi

sins n sia an Pai as visib anuvs .. i-

iais a av un sa i in in, aiua in

as nu. Fusin n nnia sas Haaii an

Piiins, an i na s in ian iiaizain sia

an Pai, Securing Paradise s an anasis uiss an ii-

aiss aiuains in in b ainin jin nab

overlappin projets o olonialism, developmentalism, and neoliberal-is. us neocolonial as an uba n nn a ba

i an ia iia as, bu as a a au niais

has bn rartiulatd, mutd, and unmoord throuh disourss o no-

ibais, snis, sniais an aniis, as

as niz nuin an aaiv sugs Fiiin an aiv

Haaiian s un vasain s .. invnins

in sia an Pai. sa in is j is a usa abann

naaiv ian iia is an si jin ins sui an aais a uis an iiais auiz.

linked geograPhieS and hiStorieS of ParadiSe

Lss an as a v ni as, P P

Revolution ushered out the Maros ditatorship. My amily wathed on

visin as, a aa, uns usans Fiiins

streets to protest the irreular and raudulent results o a snap eletion.

L b i assassina sna nin quin, J.,an ba b Cai Cu, vuin n

vin uni na sussu usin Mas i. a

inib ia a Mass usan ais ss, n

o the most arrestin moments o the revolution materialized when the

Maross wr rantd sa assa and sortd rom Malaaan Pala

by our Amerian heliopters. They were taken to the .S. Air Fores

Ca i as, jus i- is n Mania. Minus a, a

952 .. n Fbua 25, 986, ai sain drh annun, TMaroses have fed the ountry. The heliopters, their fiht to Clark,


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9

IntroductIon

an bass aiia saus iuina a bi bu -

ul momenthow .S. politial and military mahinations had played

an usiz in si as Piiins. Fu,

Maroses esape routeto the Amerian base in the Philippines, then

to Guam en route to Hawaiimapped out the tropial artoraphy oian si, sin ian iiais an nis

uis ina a-fun as in sa iuis.

n sia an Pai, Haaii an Piiins a iva i-

an tropis. As sites o antastial imainins and military oupations,

a unas nsins bn ia an is s, ian

ubian ias an .. sas iia isia , an

vuisi an vin anasis uis an si. n nas

s ian iiais an uis a is s in , su as baun sis in Eu, .. uains an

with sia and th Pai ar sially about th ontrol and ouation

an. Ta, au Jaan as as ninn uiss in

in, i is uia ian sain Oinais a Pau

Lns as a ian Paiis a as ia a is

in, i an b iain, an i an an su b su.

Ra sa in s nia uss an iia bass as as

th romisd markts and rsours o sia ar th staks o ast and on-inu ian inss in aa. u i is n a uniqu ..

invention, this mutual deployment o tourism and militarism has been

ana sussu b ni as, i ninus navia

th omlx lobal/loal dialtis o jt mass tourism and U.S. xotiism

j in Pai ansi ian iia iainain, u-

ain, an .. insa ansis a u sia ai-

ans an naiv ans suin aais.

T ni as as n s n nia ass isn in Haaii an Piiins. Hv, is as in a-

ninna i av nuin n s sis iai as i-

niz is an subj is asuiniz s sui.

In ontrast to th Philiins, hld undr Sanish olonial administration

sin ninn nuis, Haaii as a svin

in a as unin sugs inna uniain an as

htin o external attempts on its autonomy. Massive population de-

ins in Haaii in aiva Euan s in i-700s produed onditions or exploitation, dispossession, and ultural


18/33

10

IntroductIon

aaain. T aiva ian Cavinis issinais in 820 a-

a sin Kin Haaiis iia aun an

ultural intrity, riminalizin Hawaiian ultural ratis and imosin

Wsn n ns si bavi. s an nsin is

a asnin uua a, s i aina aiv Haai-ians i an u isaiv anuvs a a in

an nsi in Haaii b inu, i s una-

ins aiv iia an ni s-inain.1

W Euan is a ai, an ian ni ia,

in tandem with the risin Amerian military, would sueed. nder the

v a -n ia ia, i-anin s un

a reonnaissane mission in 873 that onrmed Hawaiis desirability as

a naval port. Threatened by the resurent nationalism o the monarhyan Haaiian , an anain ia (s

issina sns) an .. av aba viua s

na b in in sin 887 an Cnsiuin. Tis

as si b visin an na iina 875 Ri-

proity Treaty, whih had allowed or the tari-ree importation o suar

ni as. T iia is an .. iiain

what was essentially a land rant to Pearl Harborparalleled the politi-

a is a i ins ai svs vn as vinis aiv n ba. Musin iia inss an

musle o the nited States, and tyin it to their apitalist interests, the

in ia s svs as n n ubian u, in

nas a (an unan) sss Kin Davi Kaaua. Tis

manuvr was not a historial aidnt; rathr, it was th ulmination o d-

as ian nin Pai a sa an is sai ass

as sia, aiua Cina. uin ian asnan in

is iia va ass Pai an sia, Haaii sv as i-an iias s in Pai, i u av un i-

liations or th lon-trm sovrinty o both Hawaii and th Philiins.

While Hawaii strugled aainst the ambitions o its missionary-

anain ia an sins .. av, Piiins a

sa n is n a vuin aains is anis nizs. T

Cai Cu a an n j nvin ininus

s i anis nia u a isin una an

ss i ua ais an nu, ain a an-nin in aji anss ua uain as nn.


19/33

11

IntroductIon

a 800s, nsins a a biin in in anis n:

b isssss an abus anss asss an an ua naiv

elite, an armed antiolonial revolution had beun. Eyein the deline

o the Spanish empire, and ueled by its own expansionist desires, the

ni as a a aains ains a-fun nia uss.Yellow journalism and jinoisti politikin suessully deployed anxi-

eties about Amerian manhood to prime a national publi toward mili-

a invnin in Cuba. T 898 aa n Maine in Cubas

Havana Hab ini a v. n a, ni as a

a aains ain an sn invain ais Cuba, Pu Ri, an

Piiins. Eiv ain nuis ani- anis bin b

Fiiin, Cuban, an Pu Rian s, .. invnin in s -

iis nsu ninuain i, abi un a in an n ainisain.

By the time the Spanish-Amerian War broke out, the penultimate

blow aainst Hawaiian sovereinty had already been struk. The 893

v Qun Liiuaani b a aiin ian businss in-

vss as su b ai su an ian asi

jus as Oau ian inss. T uba

a sa a Haaii, i a bn su s-

in and resistin the at o war aainst its internationally reonizedsvin. s s ni as ain nava us in

Pai, Haaiis iia usunss in Pai a a bas-

sador John Hay alld a slndid littl war ovrrod any linrin thial

ubs abu iai v.

One Hawaii and the Philippines were pulled into the orbit o the

ni as, i n as ba innn. Havin

an i isain anis i, ni as ban

is iia uain Piiin isans, u isa Fiiin vuinais a a i innn ain

i n siiis. T si av Piiins ius-

a un ian nains iia savv an ba abiins

as as a u b an nuin ius uniaais. bi-

a, invain ian f in Mania a inu Boston,

si a a bn insuna in v Haaiis n-

a jus v as b. Wn Piiin-ian Wa b

u, i as vi aibi sv nsiuina vqusin Haaiis saus vis--vis ni as. Dsi n-


20/33

12

IntroductIon

siab s aiv Haaiian sis b v

an annain, s a ni as ban siiis aains

ain, a bas v Haaiis annain susn

when the nited States annexed the islands without a popular reeren-

u. niab i u iia iia an -ia as ni as in in, Haaii an Pi-

iins u sa in as as a ian ain isans:

Haaii vi ian sis u an a

n suis a u b a a aain aiain in

Piiins, an Piiins u sn Fiiin ab an-

ain n Haaii, u inin iia an-

ain n as vnin ins in isans.

n is inns iv a i, iia as n n -nial apparatus at work, althouh perhaps it wielded the most deisive

. Tuis as a uua aaaus insi an biiz a

iiaiz si Haaii an Piiins. Diin iia

nun as inviab in iviiz i babai-

ans , avus nas is i nin

an inusiaiz Ws.1 Wi s av naaivs an u-

riht raist ortrayals to th mor nostali romantiization o untouhd

an unisv n i, as a i uin so th world as bakward and in nd o ulit srvd to justiy th military

j a u sn su s iis as nia uss. n-

, si an a uis n n an

the same, illuminatin how the routes o travel were mapped out and

shared by military and ivilian alike. Amerian travelers oten doubled

as a iia nnaissan. s isuss in a , a avs

and embedded journalists oten souted just ahead o or alonside the

iia, iin abu avnu bin s na in inans. Ti a av naaivs an nia ins sab-

is ia an visua s a a ia ssssins

ni as as an b ai: is a uis az, n,

shared the inlination or ownership and ontrol that dened military

iinais. T asuin iia suvs an avs, i

tehnoloized mobilities, and their will to penetrate land they viewed

as iv an in n bin ai iuina s

tourism and militarism relied on a belie o the proound overnabilityo the tropis. The 898 annexation o Hawaii, or example, reyled


21/33

13

IntroductIon

the military arument o protetin .S. interests and applied it to the

broader reion throuh the deployment o these amiliar endered and

aiaiz s. Qun Liiuaani u a ubi ains an i-

ai sug aains an ian ss a a as a ai-

an qun, a ia, an a ssssia n sbs aiv Haaiian s inaabii s-u.

Wi bas a in Cnss v nia saus Pi-

ippines, Hawaii was urther absorbed into .S. iruits, and both sites

were rapidly militarized. Investin in the development o Pearl Harbor

an Haaiian ans, ni as ban sabis a Pai

military arrison, initiatin the rst step toward the reions militariza-

in. n an i nin buai Piiin-ian

Wa, Piiins isans siia iiaiz u an u-iv a nsa usans as an sabis ai an

naval bases.4 As the infuene o the nited States rew in the reion,

i invs avi in is Pai iia aisn, avin a in-

reased military and ivilian travel in these seured territories. In the

as bn W Was an , ni as i nubs

o military personnel stationed in Hawaii, and it urther expanded its

territorial and personnel presene in the Philippines.4 This oupation

Haaii u in a a iia i a ua isans ithousands o youn, unattahd mn ndin rst and rrationJos

sss. Jus as ni as vi Haaii an Pii-

pines as eminized territories needin disipline and protetion, so too

did its soldiers expet erotiized relations with the people they disi-

in an . Fin n av naaivs, ii-

a nis aiia ua/sua anua an visua ia i-

a aais u sis is isan us u: i

n a iu sai a a av bu, sis iuain arly twntith-ntury hula tours on th ontinnt, and, latr, oular

H s s in is ui snn. Ts a ii-

a n, as ass uiss, bu a aiua suaiz visin

o the tropis-as-paradise into the Amerian national onsiousness. In

Hawaii and the Philippines, militarism jump-started the rst tourist

establishments on the islands: aterin to military and olonial person-

n, zns s an ain u, iin anasisi n

aas aiis i.Ov us Haaiis Tiia Ea (898959), an ..


22/33

14

IntroductIon

ainisain Piiins (898946), s ainsi b-

n uis an iiais as sabis. Wi us -

nialism did not always run smoothly, and there were ontraditions o

vision and poliy between the military and the settled white elite oli-

a in Haaii an av iviian s a f Pi-iins, i sa a iiais bni uains

is as uia a. Eanin siin is u-

i snssb in i an b nain i nia ans

to inlude women, overnment administrators, missionaries, medial

workers, teahers, enineers, and businesspeople, the olonial projet

un a sa , in, uain, an ni js

and onstitutd th tourists o this arly riod.51 Th military surd th

saty o th ivilians as thy undrtook ths itinraris o ulit, ollabo-ain s a uain an nia u. Liis,

.. iia un s isuss an aniss uis

iia isia vin an ai iia uain

in the islands. For example, the military took on projets suh as road

buiin abiia is ubi ains, anin iss n-

suiv niais an bii is n is buai an

un. Evn as inasin iiaiz, Haaii an

Philippines were manaed in a more benevolent ashion, refetin Pssiv Ea iis a, as as a na bi in b

the innoene o .S. imperial motivations and its benin and modern

ban niais.

Hv, u ininin ia an iia sis

iain iia basins ian-n sui in

in, i as n uni a W Wa an subsqun C Wa

a ass uis as a ba n a i iiais. Fa

i b a an abiius Jaan an is visin an sian -prosperity sphere that exluded Western infuene, and spurred by the

Jaans aa n Pa Hab in 94, ni as n in

a a a aains a in iia . T a in -

in is ui nans an ns, aniain a-nas

suh as Pearl Harbor, Nankin, Midway, Bataan, Correidor, Okinawa,

Hisia, an aasai i is vin an snina

a. Haaii (as si s in aa n .. si) an

Philippines (whih hosted a series o spetaular and siniant losses an viis aains Jaans iia) sn via ns


23/33


24/33

16

IntroductIon

ins, is isv sa b iiaiz ais a. Du-

in C Wa, unis i aisis us uin an

ai an su b sais sis, s Pai isans

is a n av invas. Tuis in aiua as a

a isa bns aiais an a uin CWa a, a vi isiina ains n uin

a aani iiin an as C Wa. T

imaes produed by tourism had siniant rhetorial infuene when

oupled with the sentimentality o Pearl Harbor, or instane, when

Haaii aain sa. n n nsins in sia

an Pai, Haaii Jas Mins iainain as a aa-

is in C Wa s, as as Piiins, ns -

niz nain-sa n b. T Piiins, in un, ninu b .. iias i bn b, bnin .. ii-

tary xnditurs, as wll as stablishin its own fdlin visitor industry.

The body o reulatory knowlede produed by tourism in Hawaii and

Piiins isav nia an W Wa uains

an C Wa iia invnins an isi anaivs

aiv nizain vns in s an sis in in.

In everyday terms, both .S. military personnel and tourists are a

aiia si in b Haaii an Piiins, an a vau th kinds o surity thy ostnsibly symboliz as wll as or th ways thir

uua bain s i a a uisi nis

an ina iiaizain. Ta, .. Pai F in Pa Hab,

s as nava an, sans ua v a Kn as

sib as n anain si uis, i as u jus

v 520 n Haaiis n. Liis, ni as

20072009 a ns invsn in is nia us ava

$6.5 billion per year, ontributin to 08 perent o the eonomy.The Philippine eonomy, meanwhile, has historially strugled, postin

s an a sian ans, an a i ss a GNp

ba i a Haaiis. Tuis, n u as anaa -

vin nis, as ag in Piiins, si s n

a un an n ainisains a bsin Piiins as

a tourist onomy.61 Comarabl Southast sian onomis suh as Vit-

nam ost ratr visitor numbrs, yt th Philiins still touts tourism as

n is ni savis. T .. iia sn in Piiinsontinues throuh Visitin Fores Areements despite its oial 992


25/33

17

IntroductIon

i Ca i as an ubi a ava Faii,

as iia bass in in. Ca a Dan

Dns sns in Haaii (as as n Mi Easn ais su as

Israel and Eypt), oial .S. military aid to the Philippines is modest

($500 iin 2002 202), i nsius a sinian iiainvsn in Eas sia an Pai. Evn i ans in iia

i a a a fibii s, ni as ninus

vs in u a sin iia bass: ua is s

n si in iia buiu a iss av assiv

aiains a an ina ains. Wi Cina assin Jaans

surprisinly robust military spendin (or its deense ores) in 2006,

and with North Koreas emerene as a partiularly troublin seurity

issu ni as, sia an Pai av ain aas ni as i.

Ta, in aia, an .. inss ain asns

suh lose protetion: the reion is a siniant omponent o Ameri-

an onomi halth. Today, sia-Pai Eonomi (Apec) onomis a-

un 60 n .. s. iia-inusia a

has run ramant is anothr rason: sin 2000, th lobal budt or mili-

a snin as inas 49 n, an ua n a bn

s-9/ iiaizain. n as as, .. iiabu as a is nas is, nsiuin bn 4050

n ba iia snin, ain $663 biin annu in

2009. The Pai Command, whih onstitutes one-th o total .S.

iia sn, nsisn is ni ian -

in, as i sa a inasin ba bu ni as

is nssa sabii is nia via in. M s-

ially, Asia and the Pai represent key tourist eonomies that rely

n ins .. a svis. Tuis is a ia -nomi enine or the reion, as well as the dominant ateway throuh

i in is iain an uns. Wi sia an Pai

na 8.4 n ni uns uis, a n

sana-bas uis n a a. Hv, iv,

Asia and the Pai brouht in international tourism reeipts totalin

$469 biin in 20, an in ninus as a isin sa

ba uis, i a j a 4.9 n in a sugis

n, u iusain ian uis as a vn-a sa sas in sia an Pai. Wiin in, Apecs


26/33

18

IntroductIon

b nis av bn u us uis as an insun

dvloin ountris du to its otntial or nratin jobs and inom.6

In partnership with the inreasin visibility o tourism eonomies and

uus in s-9/ a, in as as bn inasin iia-

iz, u in fib as a sn ninuin su-rity hallns o th rion in an ra o rsistnt onfit that rquirs

a sa sisn nan.

the archiveS of ParadiSe Secured

un sa is j in a as a uis in i ii-

tarized and touriized (or lak o a more eleant term) spaes rom

2000 to 20. While also an ethnoraphy o the everyday neotiations

bn uiss an ss an i aiains naina an in-naina ains, in is inqui a ins in siis,

in as a, iiiz in is an nis

uis an iiais. a anin uua aias an a-

is a a u iin insins iiais an u-

is. T aiv is janin aiina ia

s, su as nvs, , uibs, an av naaivs; visua

s, su as as an ; nsu inasuus, su

as buildins, hihways, and military bass; and to soial xrins, suhas us, nsains, an invisas au s

siuua s an anins u, susain, an nsu

in as iiais an uis va.1

The soioultural artiats and praties examined in this book are

na. Y i is is n a isia ain iiais-

uis assbas in Haaii an Piiins, i s an

si isia ns na in nvn ains

militarism and tourism. The oranization o the book rouhly ollows.. a js in sia an Pai a a suu .. iia-

tourism praties: paired hapters disuss dierent sites and praties

a a iai i Piiin-ian Wa, W Wa , an

Vina Wa. Ciia juasin a an ain, a-

s aba un si isis, as, an aaauss a

in the onstrution o military and touristi reimes, and how they are

fib an uab v i an sa. Tis sin sia/uua

s is b n ans nsiv, bu i s iusa ba an abain bn iiais an uis.


27/33

19

IntroductIon

Securing Paradise bins i a iia a susainin n

an aiaiz ins iiais an uis iin a isi-

al ontext o Amerian olonial domination. Chapter refets on the

ia as a si iia snain as as a ain

where eminist ounterheemoni theorizations about the relationshipbn uis an iiais an a a. Osin asuin

nia ins avin junaiss uin Piiin-ian

War with the ritial eminist tions o Filipina and Native Hawaiian

women durin the late Cold War era, I hihliht the invention o the

is b an is navnin b a. Ca 2 i-

is as nnins bn a nia as ssiv is-

sion to the Cold Wars prorams o development and modernization by

ainin ian a buiin in Piiins uin aitwntith ntury and in Hawaii durin th lat twntith ntury as thy

sa nia an iia s bii, n, an suvian.

Both xamls that I ous on hrKnnon Road in th northrn rion

Piiins, bui a ass nia i sain a-

ui, an n h-3 nsa, i nns iia bass

throuh th Koolau Mountains on Oahuillustrat how th sni hih-

a is a n ua aaaus a as asuiniz is

bii an visuai (a is, as vin an sin) in inizui iis.

Continuin the exploration o other built texts and the strutures o

eelin they produe, the next two hapters ous on military bases as

ia sas uis an iiais ina. n a 3, i

Ci san, aaan ias, an Ca

and Subi Bases in the Philippines in a iruit o military tourism that

ns n an vvin nin ian ibain v us

a nu. n i ua inanains as uis sinains WWa is an sia ni zns, s sis a squa si-

tioned within Cold War and postCold War ollaborations between the

nains, aniain n ana aians an ainsis a

n is ian bnvn an ibain. Ca 4 a-

ines how the orms o tourism enerated by the SS Arizona Memorial

and its auxiliary sites produe an insistent narrative o innoene and

sai a is uia ninu iia uain Haaii.

nin i is iia/uis a anss an na-ina sui, a visi Arizona an is an sis ais u a


28/33

20

IntroductIon

disaaran o histori U.S. military dsins on Hawaii. Std in nos-

ai isuss asuin i suin an sai, s ubi

sas sis inaia an innaina iia aaai in

s W Wa i susnin isis v, s-

ain, isnanisn, an aia vin.n bs as as, a in nis -

biiz uin Vina Wa an ins subjiviis an iai-

nains nab a. Ts as iusa inasin

slippery translations o military skills and tehnoloies to tourism and

ba aain. Ca 5 ains ubiquius i us a a

one o the most popular ways to take in the island landsape o Kauai.

iain in in bn iia vin an uis asus,

these heliopter tours enable reenatments o disovery narratives oniniz, ininiz ains i in an ana nin

masuline trauma o Vietnam. In ontrast with the modern tehnoloy

is, a 6 uss n an ininus si s as s

militarized and then subsequently repakaed or tourists at the Subi

Fs jun s. Masuiniz nins siin an uin

a in in is aiua u, as uiss a si an sis a

naiv, sin i n as in i ininus asuiniis a

ui in iuis iiais an uis.My onlusion examines both the everyday and spetaular reali-

is a su iiais an uis inia nv in

Haaii an Piiins, usin n assbas uua i

in the reion ater 9/. While the landsape o the postCold War era,

inasin ibaizain in un infun ansna-

ina aia, an vn ba a n a aa a a

s sa ivs s in sia an Pai, b Haaii

an Piiins ninu av ian s in nsiuin ian ini an . T Piiinsas s sns

Bushs war aainst trror in th ost-9/ ra, ontinus to unoially host

ian san Haaiias as nava bas in

Paisan ua v is in as buas aains ani-

is an sab ain u sas. Ta, Haaii an Pi-

iins ninu, i vain s suss, svs

as ia aaiss an i a i ans su aais in

as inasin insu .


29/33

noteS

introduction

This bk uses mdern Haaiian rhgraphy, hich uses diacrii-

cal marks r Haaiian-lanuae erms: he kina () marks a lal

sp and he kahak is a macrn indicain a ln vel sund. I d

not italicize Hawaiian words, as they are not oreign to Hawaii. When

quin direcly rm surces, hever, I have preserved he spellin

riinal surces r hisrical accuracy.

1. Lyns,American Pacifcism, 8.

2. Gerhard, Americas Pacic Cenury?3. I brr he phrase rm Isaac,American Tropics, cnras he cn-

san pull American imperial desire aains a hisriraphical ill

amnesia.

4. Williams,Marxism and Literature, and Berer, Ways o Seeing.

5. On he diferenial mbiliies ha make up empire, see Ballanyne

and Burn,Moving Subjects.

6. Haraay, The Cybr Manies, 168.

7. Enle,Maneuvers, 68.

8. Enle, Globalization and Militarism.

9. Liberalizain ih a Human Face, Wrld Turism Organizain,

.rld-urism.rg/liberalizain/menu.hm (accessed May 9,

2004). The ebsie pins u ha his prram lls he UN Mil-

lennium Develpmen Gals as ell as he Glbal Cde Ehics n

air rade and pvery alleviain he nied ains Wrld Tur-

ism Oranizain (UNwto). On he uneven ecnmic relains s-

ered beeen cunries ha send uriss, and hse less-develped

ecnmies r hm urism is a prescripin, see Kincaid, A Small

Place; ash, Turism as a Frm Imperialism; Mrh and

Mun, Tourism and Sustainability; and Brin, The Pliical Ecnmy Turism in he Third Wrld.


30/33

226

Notes to iNtroDuctioN

10. Endy, Cold War Holidays; Klein, Cold War Orientalism.

11. See Jhnsn, The Sorrows o Empire, 2324. See als Bacevich, The New American

Militarism, and Girux, War n Terrr.

12. McClinck, Imperial Leather, 26.

13. Ibid., 2126.

14. See, e.., Enle, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases; Enle, Maneuvers; Surdevan, Letthe Good Times Roll; Mn, Sex among Allies; Sakai, On Rmanic Lve and Mili-

ary Vilence; Bars, Wars Dirty Secret; Tanaka and Brnmiller,Japans Com-

ort Women; and Shibusaa,Americas Geisha Ally.

15. On the romantic overtones o security, within a discussion o the political-libidinal

ecnmies ha rame .S.-Philippine relains, see Tadiar, Fantasy-Production.

16. G. Whie, Remembering Guadalcanal; Whie and Lindsrm, The Pacifc The-

ater; Teaia, bikinis and her s/pacic n/ceans.

17. I brr he erm militourism rm Teaia, Miliarism, Turism and he aive.

18. Said, Orientalism, and Culture and Imperialism; Manderson and Jolly, Sites of Desire,

Economies o Pleasure.

19. See Srachans enealy paradise in Paradise and Plantation; and Chens ex-

plrain nainalism and urism in Take Me to My Paradise.

20. Skis The Purposes o Paradise is a deailed sudy urism plicy and imaina-

ive per in Cuba and Haaii.

21. Merrills Negotiating Paradise examines .S. urism in Lain America as a mde

culural and cnsumer expansin alnside diplmacy.

22. See, in cnras my cus n his heemnic rmain, Haua, Our Sea

Islands.

23. The gegraphical speciciy his prjec aends he call r a criical re-gionalism in Wilson, Towards an Asia/Pacic Cultural Studies. While the para-

dises invked in his bk are limied r he ms par Haaii and he Phil-

ippines r reasns ime and experise, American rpics in he Asia and he

Pacicsuch as Guam, Okinaa, Vienam, he Marshall Islands, and American

Samaand hse uside he reinsuch as Puer Ric and Cubaare als

key lcains he glbal American uris-miliary cmplex. See als Tripp,

Cnenius Divide, r a specic sudy he Krean demiliarized zne.

24. Shigematsu and Camacho, Introduction, xviii. I use the term Native Hawaiian,

r Kanaka Mali reer peple indienus Haaii. Where reerrin aive Haaiians (r her indienus peple), I use he erm aive ih an

uppercase disinuish indienus peple rm indienus hins such as

naive plans r animals. I als use naive ih a lercase n as an adjecive

r nun reer a eneral ppulain rm an area h are n necessarily in-

dienus ha area.

25. be cnused ih he recenly inauuraed Philippine Presiden Benin

yny Aquin III. iny, his aher, as an uspken criic he Marcs

reime.

26. See Diller and Scdi, Back to the Front, hich lks a he urism ar bu

cenralizes Eurpean Wrld War II sies as is bjecs inquiry.

27. Lyns,American Pacifcism.


31/33

227


28. Wilsn, Reimagining the American Pacifc, xi.

29. On population decline in Hawaii, see Stannard, Before the Horror. For an early his-

ry Haaii he 1887 Reciprciy Treay, see Osri, Dismembering Lhui.

30. Merry, Colonizing Hawaii; Silva,Aloha Betrayed.

31. The 1848 Mhele leally ransrmed he Haaiian sysem land enure rm is

radiinal cmmunal usae a privae prpery sysem, piin aive Haai-ians, h ere unamiliar ih privae prpery, aains savvy real esae devel-

pers. Asian planain rkers, h ere impred as labr, ere n alled

n land. See Kameeleihia, Native Land and Foreign Desires.

32. These recnnaissance missins had sared as early as 1840. See Ken, Hawaii,

5354.

33. .S. Senar Alber J. Beveridge, Address he Senae, Cngressinal Recrd,

Senae, 56h Cnress, 1s sessin, January 9, 1900, 70412.

34. On early Spanish colonial cultures, particularly the complex dynamics o Catholic

cnversin and ranslain in he Philippines, see Raael, Contracting Colonialism.

35. An ecnmically and gegraphically versreched Spanish empire had been

undergoing a long, slow slide since the sixteenth century, punctuated by big losses

to a revolutionary South America and Central America in the early 1820s. See also

Ile, Pasyon and Revolution.

36. Hansn, Fighting or American Manhood.

37. Silva,Aloha Betrayed.

38. Many hisrians his perid suges ha Spain, in rder n lse ace Fili-

pino insurgentswho were starting to make inroads in their revolutionary war

handed he islands ver a mre perul enemy. Prez Jr., The War o 1898,

ulines his ae r Cuba.39. Silbey,A War o Frontier and Empire, 27.

40. The Senae passed he elands Resluin in lieu a reay, hich had he

same resul. See Ken, Hawaii, 67. On he muliaceed mehds aive Haai-

ian resisance, see Silva,Aloha Betrayed.

41. Jacbsn, Barbarian Virtues.

42. Pra, Imperial Eyes.

43. See rry, The Tourist Gaze.

44. Silva,Aloha Betrayed.

45. Jhnsn, The Sorrows o Empire, 44. On Oahu, Fr Shaer, Fr Ruer, Fr Arm-srng, Fr DeRussy, Fr Kamehameha, Fr Weaver, and Scheld Barracks

ere cnsruced sn hereaer, as par a visin surrund he island ih

a rin seel. See Kajihir, The Miliarizin Haaii, 172.

46. Linn, Guardians o Empire.

47. Feeney, Alha and Allegiance, 221. See als Kajihir, The Miliarizing

Haaii.

48. On he sex indusry and Haaii miliarizain, see Bailey and Farber, The First

Strange Place.

49. Ibid., 40. On hula urs and is exic icngraphy, see Adria Imada, Aloha

America.

50. The early sex indusry ha serviced he miliary in Haaii acually impred


32/33

228


msly hie men serve he hie sldiers h served in he miliary due

he arnins rm elie, aive Haaiian, and Asian seler cmmuniies. See

Bailey and Farber, The First Strange Place.

51. On public healh campains in he Philippines, see W. Andersn, Colonial Patholo-

gies. On he clnial riins cnemprary Filipin/a nursin, see Chy, Empire

o Care. See als Edmund, Leprosy and Empire.52. See G, Inrducin.

53. Trask, in Selers Clr and Immiran Heemny, races he dubled cl-

nizain aive Haaiians: rs a he hands Eurpean and American busi-

ness cncerns, hen by Asian selers. See als Cper and Das, Land and Power

in Hawaii, hich ulines he rise he Demcraic Pary in Haaii as led by he

labr-suppred Japanese selers.

54. See Gldsne n he cnribuin American Express ravelers checks lb-

alizain and demcraizain inMaking the World Sae or Tourism. See als L-

ren, On Holiday, and Yan,Airborne Dreams, hich races he culural hisry

Pan American Airlines and is early assisance he .S. miliary. Yan idenies

he eminized rpics Haaii and he labr Japanese-speakin Asian Ameri-

can men as fih aendans as key elemens in he csmplian rainin

Japanese uriss.

55. Kim, Ends o Empire. See als Endy, Cold War Holidays, and Klein, Cold War Orien-

talism.

56. Saranilli, Seein Cnques.

57. Lyns,American Pacifcism, 152.

58. Crai Gima, in Haaii Sixh in Federal Spendin, Star Bulletin, July 23, 2009,

racks 2008 ederal spendin in Haaii, hich cmprises msly miliary unds,as jus behind urism and real esae a $15 billin.

59. Ken, Hawaii, 180.

60. Hsek, Liviz, and Resnick, How Much Does Military Spending Add to Hawaiis

Economy? The dispariy in numbers depends n heher he unds purchasing

per is calculaed in he indirec jbs, gds, and services prduced by he

iniial ederal unds. The al percenage ederal unds spen n deense in

Haaii has decreased rm 46.2 percen in 1990 38.5 percen in 2000, bu he

al amun bh deense and nndeense spendin has increased. In 2009

ederal deense spending cnribued $12.2 billin hile 2010 visir expendi-ures cnribued $10 billin.

61. Verikis, Philippines Susainable Grh Benes Turism, Travel Daily News

ebsie, June 27, 2007. Is ider ecnmic impac is recased a 9.9 per-

cen in 2012: see Wrld Travel and Turism Cuncil, Travel and Turism Ec-

nomic Impact 2012: Philippines, 3, www.wttc.org.site_media/uploads/downloads

/philippines2012.pd (accessed December 11, 2012).

62. Durin Presiden Glria Macapaal-Arrys rs hree years, her cunerinsur-

gency sraegy received 1,500 percen mre .S. miliary assisance as had he

previus adminisrain (r a al $246 millin). See Marina Walker Gue-

vara, Susainin an nppular Reime, The Cener r Public Ineriy, May 31

2007, .publicinegriy.rg/2007/05/31/5763/susaining-unppular-regime


33/33

Notes to chapter 1

(accessed December 11, 2012). Fr 2012 numbers, see Manuel Mga, .S.

Triples Miliary Aid Philippines in 2012, Reuers, May 12, 2012.

63. See, e.., Clinn, Americas Pacic Cenury, r he secreary saes declara-

in Asia as he principal area r .S. pliics in he reseeable uure.

64. Export gure is rom Carter, United States Commits to Strengthening Asia-Pacic

Trade, America-Engaging he Wrld, June 17, 2010, nezealand.usembassy.gv/us_pacic_rade.hml (accessed December 11, 2012). In an ineresin ne, he

nied Saes Pacic Cmmand nes ha he Asia/Pacic rein eihs in ih

a hppin 35 percen share .S. raderh $548 billin (cmpared 19

percen ih he Eurpean nin, 20 percen ih Canada, and 18 percen ih

Lain America). Is updaed ebsie nes mre generally ha he 36 nains

ha cmprise he Asia-Pacic rein are hme mre han 50% he rlds

population, three thousand diferent languages, several o the worlds largest mili-

aries, and ve nains allied ih he .S. hruh muual deense reaies. T

he hree lares ecnmies are lcaed in he Asia-Pacic aln ih en he

ureen smalles, .pacm.mil (accessed June 20, 2010).

65. Caldicott, The New Nuclear Danger; Hartung, How Much Are You Making on the War,

Daddy?

66. Jhnsn, The Sorrows o Empire, 5565; Chen, Hisry and he Hyperper.

Daa n he amun miliary spendin are rm Skns e al., Miliary Expen-

diure.

67. See he nied Saes Pacic Cmmand ebsie, .pacm.mil.

68. Wrld Travel and Turism Cuncil, The Revie 2011, .c.r/sie_media

/uplads/dnlads/WTTC_Revie_2011.pd (accessed July 25, 2011); Wrld

Turism Oranizain, Asia Rse Aain as a Fas Grin Rein, Wrld Tur-ism Organizain, .un.rg/reginal/suh_asia/es/asgring.hm

(accessed May 8, 2007).

69. Taleb Riai, Depuy Secreary-General UNwto, as qued in Wrld Turism

Oranizain, Asia Rse Aain as a Fas Grin Rein.

70. Transrmin .S. Army Pacic, 4.

71. Fr examples hese sciculural rms, see Gillem, America Town, and Luz,

Homeront.

1. ManifeSt deStinationS

1. Clird, Routes, 39.

2. Said, The World, the Text, and the Critic.

3. Rsca, State o War, 67. Thruhu he res his chaper, ciains his rk

are ihin parenheses.

4. See Elaine Scarrys The Body in Pain n rure, ar, and lanuae.

5. Sharpe,Allegories o Empire, 21.

6. Weeks and Mecnis, The Armed Forces o the USA in the Asia-Pacifc Region, 17.

7. Ibid., 2627. The Asia-Pacic allies ere seen as impran, even huh Eurpe

as he cus primary ensins durin his ime. I cninues be a criical re-

in r he buildup nuclear eapns, develpmen ar scenaris, and hs-

in esraeic miliary sies. See als Smih, Shiin Terrain.

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Securing Paradise by Vernadette Vicuña Gonzalez

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