Security 2nd Bach SW

8/13/2019 Security 2nd Bach SW

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Safety Exercises second yearNautical College Antwerp 2005-2006


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Hypothermia

SourcesThe essential of sea survivalSOLAS, 2004 consolidated editionLSA Code

http://www.hypothermia.org/http://www.boatwashington.org/hypothermia.htm http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d000901-d001000/d000959/d000959.htmlhttp://www.machovec.com/ice_rescue/immersion_suit.htmhttp://www.viking-life.com

The term, "Hypothermia" refers to deep body or core cooling. The body core consists of the vital organs, which includesthe heart, brain, lungs and abdominal organs. In health these are kept at a constant temperature of 36.9 degrees CelsiuWhen the core temperature drops to 35 degrees Celsius a person is considered to be suffering from hypothermia.Immersion Hypothermia results from immersion in cold water. The high thermal conductivity of water results in rapid bodcooling.

The extremities and surface of the body are its shell. The shell temperature is lower than the core temperature at about33 degrees Celsius producing a temperature gradient and heat is transferred from the core to the shell and thence to thenvironment by the physical processes of conduction, convection and radiation.

When the body is cooled, cold receptor input from the skin stimulates a special centre in the brain (the hypothalamus),which initiates a shutting down of the skin blood vessels (vasoconstriction). This has the effect of conserving heat. Also,shivering, which is an involuntary contraction of muscles, is initiated, and when maximal can produce an amount of heatequal to five times basal heat production. In addition there is a release of hormones, which increases cellular metabolisresulting in more heat being produced. Despite these compensatory mechanisms, heat losses exceed heat production iwater temperatures below 20 degrees Celsius and the body cools rapidly. The lower the water temperature, the faster thrate of cooling.

Initial immersion results in a sensation of cold, heart, respiratory and metabolic rates are increased at first, and thenshivering commences becoming maximal at a body temperature of 35 deg C. As the body cools below 35 deg C mentalconfusion occurs; manual dexterity and strength are reduced to a point at which a victim might be unable to grab andhold a rescue line. Between 33 deg C and 30 deg C shivering is replaced by muscular rigidity. Unconsciousness occursat about 30 deg C. Below 30 deg C pupils become fixed and dilated, reflexes are lost, heart, respiratory, and metabolicrates slow and muscles become flaccid. Cardiac rhythm changes occur between 28 and 26 deg C and cardiac arrestabout 24 deg C.

Survival times vary according to a number of factors. Or a person of averagebuild, the following Table is a rough guide.

Survival Times - Persons of Average Build

Water Temperature Survival Time0 Deg C 45 minutes

9.5 deg C 2 to 3 hours

11 deg C 4 hours

14 deg C 6 hours

18 deg C 10 hours

Factors affecting Survival Times

Age- Due to their larger ratio of body surface to mass, very young children cool exceedingly rapidly and boys morerapidly than girls.


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Alcohol- it has the effect of dilating or opening up the skin blood vessels allowing heat to be lost more rapidly. It can alsaffect brain function and the shivering mechanism is inhibited. Survival time is greatly diminished.

Body build- The fat layer beneath the skin acts as an important insulator against heat loss. Consequently a fat personwill survive much longer than a thin person. Experienced swimmers also build up their fat layers and develop an

adaptation to the cold, which helps them to survive longer than a person of average build.

Exercise- Surprisingly, exercise is not effective in maintaining heat when immersed in cold water. Exercise causes theskin blood vessels to dilate (open up) resulting in a greater heat loss than production.

Other factors that increase survival time

Research into "areas of high heat loss" has resulted in the development ofpostures in the water that can decrease heat loss and thereby increase survivaltime. Also a jacket has been designed with particular reference to these areas ofhigh heat loss.

The areas of high heat loss are the head and neck, lateral sides of chest, maxillaor armpits, and groin areas. Forty per cent of heat loss is from the head and necHeat Escape Lessening Posture (HELP).This is achieved by placing the arms across the chest to protect the axillae orarmpits, and flexing the legs to protect the groin area, and wearing headgear, anremaining still in the water. It will result in a 50% increase in survival time.

HuddleIt is also possible for three people to adopt the "HUDDLE" position to conserveheat loss.(See diagram)

"HUDDLE"

"H.E.L.P."

Be aware of the after drop. This is a sudden drop of the core temperature and can be as much as 3 deg C and canresult in the death of a person suffering from hypothermia who has just been rescued. "After drop" results from the returof cold blood from the extremities to the core. There is always some "after drop", but the aim is to minimize it. It can be

minimized by not massaging or warming the limbs and also by preventing the person from walking around immediatelyafter rescue. The person should remain still for at least 30 minutes and be closely observed for signs of deterioration.


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If you still can, put on as much clothing as possible before entering the water. (although clothing when wet is not a goodinsulator, it will reduce the rate of cooling). Put on a life-jacket, adopt the "HELP" posture, hold still and stay whit yourship until rescued.

The decision to strike out for land would depend on a number of factors, such as, water temperature, swimmingexperience, body build, tide and wave conditions, and proximity to land. Research has shown that at a water temperatur

of 10 deg C, about 0.85 miles would be the greatest distance that a person of average build is likely to survive beforebeing overcome by hypothermia. After consideration of these factors if there are any doubts, hold still and STAY WITHYOUR BOAT until rescued.

Search and Rescue

* If there are a number of people in the water, children, adults with slight body build, and the very quiet, have top priorityin order of rescue. The very quiet are likely to be suffering a more severe hypothermia than the noisy.* A victim suffering from moderate hypothermia may not have the manual dexterity to grab hold of a rescue line or buoyand may have to be physically rescued from the water.* To minimize "after drop" do not allow the victim to walk around after rescue from the water - keep the victim still for atleast 30 minutes. Do not massage or warm the limbs.* The profoundly hypothermic victim who is unconscious may have the signs of being dead with fixed dilated pupils and

undetectable breathing and pulse. If there is a short search and rescue history,(hours and not days), it may be possibleresuscitate the victim. CPR and urgent transport to hospital for warming up is required. (There are case reports ofprofoundly hypothermic victims who arrived at hospital with no recordable electrocardiogram, absent pulse and breathinwho after warming and CPR have made a recovery without neurological damage).

First Aid Principles in the marine situation

* Remove the victim from the cold-inducing environment - be aware of the cooling effect of wind(wind chill) . Spaceblanket may be helpful in preventing further heat loss.* Minimize "after drop" by not allowing the conscious victim to walk around after rescue for at least 30 minutes, and bynot massaging or warming the limbs. If possible warm the areas of high heat loss, or by core warming using warmedoxygen if this device is available. Body to body warmth has also proved a successful method of warming up. If thevictim's condition deteriorates, perform CPR if necessary.

* Perform CPR on the profoundly hypothermic victim who appears dead if the search history is short.(CPR should be atreduced rate with profound hypothermia)* Transport victim to hospital in the slightly head down position to maintain blood pressure, and handle victim gently toavoid inducing a fatal cardiac arrythmia (ventricular fibrillation).

A person suffering mild hypothermia, i.e. someone who is cold, shivering, conscious and alert and whose coretemperature is not less than 35 deg C would benefit from a warm drink, and a warm shower, and would recover quickly.However DO NOT give any fluids to a victim suffering from moderate hypothermia (core temperature 34 - 31 deg C) dueto the instability of this degree of hypothermia and the possibility of the victim lapsing into unconsciousness as a result o"after drop". Under these circumstances giving the victim oral fluids could result in aspiration of fluid into the lungs leadinto a fatal outcome. In any case: NEVER give any alcohol!!


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Protection against hypothermia: Immersion suits

SOLAS requirements LSA 2.3waterproof materials

donning in 2 minutesresists fire min 2 secondscover the whole body with the exception of the face.arrangements to minimize or reduce free air in the legs of the suitno damage or water ingress after jump of 4.5 m

Thermal performance requirements for immersion suitsmarked with instructions that it must be worn in conjunction with warm clothing; andso constructed that, when worn in conjunction with warm clothing, and with a lifejacket if the immersionsuit is to be worn with a lifejacket, the immersion suit continues to provide sufficient thermal protection,following one jump by the wearer into the water from a height of 4.5 m, to ensure that when it is worn fora period of 1h in calm circulating water at a temperature of 5C, the wearer's body core temperaturedoes not fall more than 2C.

An immersion suit made of material with inherent insulation, when worn either on its own or with alifejacket, if the immersion suit is to be worn in conjunction with a lifejacket, shall provide the wearer withsufficient thermal insulation, following one jump into the water from a height of 4.5 m, to ensure that thewearer's body core temperature does not fall more than 2C after a period of 6 h immersion in calmcirculating water at a temperature of between 0C a nd 2C.Buoyancy requirementsA person in fresh water wearing either an immersion suit or an immersion suit with a lifejacket shall beable to turn from a face-down to a face-up position in not more than 5 s.

Donning an immersion suit

STEP 1.Roll suit out on deck and sit on it. Insert your legs into suit using plastic bags to make it easier.

Leave on boots and other clothing for insulation and protection in the water.


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STEP 2.Place non-dominant arm into suit first (lefties-right and righties-left). Pull hood overhead withfree hand.STEP 3.Place dominant arm in last. Pull the zipper up with care and secure flap over your face.STEP 4.Make sure that all straps and hoses are secure to avoid being snagged or injured. Do notinflate air bladder until you are in the water.A training variation on this procedure would be to try putting the suit on in the water. Sit on top the suit

and slide in one leg at a time. Next insert one arm, put hood overhead and then the other arm. Your suitmay now be filled with water but your body heat will warm it up.

Exercises:Correct donning of the immersion suitJumping into the waterDonning a lifejacket while in the waterSwimming in the water wearing an immersion suit and life jacketBoarding a life raft, with and without helpClosing the life raft, look out positionTurning a capsized life raftClimbing on board a mob boat, with and without helpHelicopter rescue simulation

These excercises will be combined with excercises on the MOB boat (see boat handling first year)


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Fire fighting

Fire muster list:

similar to the abandon ship muster, everybody has its task to optimise the chances of a succesfull combatin case of fire on board. The organisation will differ on board each ship, so you must familiarise with the

procedures. A drill will be held at least every month. Remember to check the alarm signal


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Fire drills:A fire drill shall AT LEAST consist of the following:

1. Each crewmember is to report to their assigned station, and exercise their duties.2. Fire hose(s) is to be run out and tested at working pressure. Each hose and nozzles to

be done once every two months.3. Operations of fire doors, extended spindles, remote shutdowns, ventilation dampers etc.

to be explained to crew responsible.4. Fire extinguishers to be checked and at least one to be discharged during drill.5. Emergency escape equipment to be checked (smoke hoods, Scat Paks, etc)6. Alarms, bells, whistles, sprinklers and their systems to be tested.7. When possible, combined fire and boat drills should be carried out simultaneously


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You are free to make fire drills to the need of the crew or situation


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Excercises:A discussion will be held in class about fire muster, organisation and drills.Students have to make a muster list and task description for a crew of 15 people:CaptainChief mate2nd officer

3rd officerChief engineer2nd engineerBosun2 AB (able bodied seaman)CookStewardFitterWiperElectricianApprentice

Bridge team:

***

Engine room team:***

First attack:***

Second attack:***

Overall command:*

Spare/ helping hands:**

Students will have to sit in groups and create a safety drill of their own


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SCBASelf contained compressed air open circuit breathing apparatus. The sets are of several different makes(Siebe Gorman, Drger) but in general have the same features. A low-pressure warning whistle will activatewhen there is approximately 50 bar of air left.

FacemaskPolycarbonate high visibility visor with inner nasal mask to prevent misting up. The mask itself isconstructed from neoprene rubber or silicon and is held in place by a five point adjustable harness witheach point being adjustable. All sets are required to be positive pressure to prevent an inflow of toxic gasesif the facemask is dislodged. Masks have a supplementary air flow button to allow extra air to be pushedonto the face if the need arises. The demand valve is usually activated on a first breath system, whichswitches the sets into positive mode.CylinderThe cylinder is usually a 9-litre water capacity of 1800 litre air charged to 200 bar. The content is 45minutes using an average of 40 litres a minute. (THEORETICAL!!!!!!)Cylinders are at present changing to carbon composite lightweight. A slip on cover made from NOMEX orplastic is placed over the cylinder to prevent scuffing and general marking of the cylinder.Back platePreviously made from stainless steel but changing now to polycarbonate heat resistant plastic.The cylinder is held on via one or two straps. The back plate is designed with the comfort of the wearer inmind.HarnessMade from black nylon webbing. The waist belt incorporates a stiffener so that it comes easily to handwhen donning the set. Buckles are snap fit glass reinforced plastic. The shoulder harness is padded withloops for the air hoses.

Tally Station . Cyl No.

The tally is a yellow plastic stripattached to the distresssignal unit key.

Name ...................... Cyl press Time in

Before entering the incident he hands it to the Breathing Apparatus Entry Control Officer who puts it in thebreathing apparatus incident board. On the tally is the Fire-fighters name / time in / contents of cylinder andstation. This allows the B.A.E.C.O. to determine when the crew should be out and who and where they are.Personnel LineSmall diameter line of 6 metres in length. It is in two sections with a clip, which releases to extend it to fulllength. The first section is 1.25 metres and the second 4.75 metres. it is used for fire-fighter to attach toeach other or to a guideline or both.

TorchIntrinsically safe, used to see in the dark!


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Guide LinesA small line for the purpose of allowing subsequent BA teams toproceed directly to a fire in a smoke logged building by following the route ofthe line while attached to it via a snap hook.The line is housed in a small bag, which pays out the line as the teamadvances. It is 60m (200) long with 2 separate knots every 2.5m. These

knots allow the team to tell by touch if they heading to the fire or the exit.Personal lines are used to attach to this line.Breathing Apparatus ProceduresMain Points Minimum 2 maximum 5 on a breathing apparatus team. Must maintain physical contact via touch or personal line. Must be out before low pressure air whistle sounds Must deposit and collect tallies from B.A.E.C.O. Must don masks in fresh air and not remove until returned outside. Air and time out calculated on the lowest team members cylinder contents. Minimum contents on entry is 90% of a full cylinder i.e. 180 barWorking duration on full cylinder depends on personal capacity (average 30 min)

EEBD: OcencoEmergency Escape Breathing Device (EEBD) used as respiratory protection in atmospheres containingtoxic gas or in atmospheres that do not have enough oxygen.Provides enough air for personnel to escape from below decks to the weather deck. Rated by NIOSH for aminimum of ten minutes. NOTE Testing has shown that unit can last between 15 and 20 minutesdepending on breathing rate and up to 32 minutes, if user is trapped and waiting rescue.Can be wall mounted (orange case) or belt-worn to provide quick and easy access in emergency situation.

Excercise: Donning and actication

1. Remove unit from case.2. Lift yellow lever and discard cover.3. Remove unit by pulling yellow neck strap upwards.4. Insert yellow mouthpiece, fit yellow nose clip.5. Escape.6. Fit and adjust yellow neck strap and face shield7. Remove when bag remains flat

MaintenanceEvery two years, wall mounted or belt-worn units should be inspected for any indications of high forceimpact. Check to make sure unit does not have:

1. case cracks2. burns

3. deformities4. excessively worn parts5. damaged latch or cover band


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6. bent gauge7. broken indicator needle8. dirt, debris or moisture visible through gauge window9. broken belt loops10. missing tamper indicating ball

If any of these indications of high force impact are observed, or if the pressure gauge is out of the green

zone, remove unit from service.

Fire classes and fighting agents:See theoretical course

CO2

POWDER

FOAM

WATER

distance pressure related

distance pressure related

Auto 20 sec

Auto 15 sec

Auto 60 to 90 sec

* Continiousspray on fluids* Efficient on

flames* Be aware forfrostbite

* Continiousspray on fluids* Intermittedon solids* Quick andefficient onflames* Side effects* limited viewduring firefighting

* Continiousspray on solids* forms barrierbetween oxigenandcombustiblematerial* limited sideeffects* Slow

* Continiousspray on solids* Unlimitedcapacity* may bedangrous onfluids(spreading ofthe fire)* Not onelectricalequipment


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seek to eliminate oxygen or fuel, in order to destroy the fire triangle. An internal fire, such as fire in theengine room, is in an enclosed space, which can be evacuated, sealed and flooded with CO2, so excludioxygen. In contrast, the only option in an open fire is to remove or reduce the fuel component.In a major tanker fire involving bunkers or cargo, the priorities are to gain control by boundary cooling anreducing or, better still, eliminating the fuel source, by isolating it from the fire.Collisions involving laden tankers may involve a large-scale initial outflow of oil. If this ignites, the resultin

conflagration will destroy the ship unless it is kept moving. The casualty must not be allowed to sit in a laof burning cargo.There are many specific risks associated with crude oil fires. They include the boil over. This can happwhen a crust forms on the surface of crude oil within a burning tank. The crust becomes increasingly heaas the lighter fractions are consumed. Eventually, the crust will sink into the cooler oil below, so renewinthe fire. If the crust sinks very deep it may reach a water layer. The water is vaporised in an instant and tboil over occurs. Flames and boiling oil will spurt from all vents and place lives at risk. An experiencedsalvage master may detect the early warning signs of a boil over. Equally, it could happen with little or nowarning.Challenging containership firesFires involving container vessels are always a problem. The salvage team has to be ready for anything.The container vessels built over the last decade are so large that, almost certainly, the cargo will includerange of hazardous and toxic substances. It will take time to identify and locate the dangerous cargo. Ev

then, there is the worry of misdeclaration. This widespread abuse is a product of the desire of shippersavoid paying a fair rate for transportation. Misdeclaration threatens lives in a salvage situation.There may be specific problems associated with a particular cargo. One recent example involved calciuhypochlorite (UN No. 2880, IMDG Class 5.1 oxidising substances). During the late 1990s a series ofmajor containership fires occurred. They had one thing in common: the carriage of calcium hypochlorite(used for treating drinking water and swimming pools). This is an unstable product and can decomposegenerate extreme heat. The risk is influenced by ambient temperature and size of packaging.Uncontrollable self-heating may occur, for example, if hold temperatures rise due to the heating of bunkein the double bottom.New technologies are beginning to transform emergency response tactics.One of the golden rules of salvage is to prevent the situation deteriorating. The correct choices must bemade. It may well be better to commit resources to cooling, rather than make any immediate attempt to pout the fire. In a containership fire, the cooling water volumes will be extremely high. In the 1990s, for

example, the severe fire on board the EVER DECENT, following a collision with the cruise vesselNORWEGIAN DREAM, required over 100,000 cubic metres of cooling water.Containership fires present special problems. An open fire is relatively straightforward, but fires incontainers are very different. Unfortunately, many of the packaging materials still in use are highlycombustible and produce toxic smoke and fumes. Access will be difficult due to modern close stowagepractices. Fire deep within a stack is a major headache. A massive cooling programme is essential, ascontainers transmit heat very efficiently. Indeed, the entire stack may well behave as one entity, with firspreading in all directions unless subjected to constant high volume deluge. The situation may beaggravated if the force of the collision compresses the stack or a pronounced list encourages the fire tospread upwards.Furthermore, most modern container vessels have no discharge capability. The salver must have accessfloating cranes with the height and reach to discharge containers. Given the sheer size of the latestgeneration of containerships, this means deploying very large sheer legs. This problem can only get wor

as containerships continue to grow in size.Dealing with hazardous chemicalsAccess to accurate information is essential when facing a fire involving hazardous chemicals. As soon athe substances are identified, it takes only minutes to access response information specific to thehazardous chemicals concerned. This information allows the salver to mobilise appropriate equipment,including the personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect the salvage team. Modern PPE is of a veryhigh standard, with equipment such as gas-tight suits offering excellent levels of protection.Access to such equipment is essential when responding to casualties such as the ro-ro JOLLY RUBINO.Fire broke out on board this vessel in September 2002, forcing the crew to abandon. Two days later JOLRUBINO grounded very close to a World Heritage Site on the South African coast. On grounding, thiscasualty suffered several explosions, filling the air with dense smoke and chemical fumes. Full chemicalsuits and breathing apparatus were essential during the fire-fighting and subsequent removal of allpollutants.

There are several hazardous chemicals databases providing information on physical properties and healand environmental data. CHEMDATA holds information on some 20,000 chemical substances and


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appropriate response/PPE precautions. ISIS is a toxicological database, while VOICE focuses ontechniques for monitoring hazardous chemical concentrations.Prudent work regimes must continue after the fire has been extinguished. At that stage a wide variety ofdangerous materials may need to be removed and decontamination performed. In some instances, thehazardous chemicals are categorised into several groups, according to degree of hazard. The prescribePPE may range from rubber boots and gloves, goggles and a disposable suit for low hazard substances

positive pressure chemical resistant gas suits for more dangerous hazardous chemicals.New technologiesNew marine fire-fighting technologies are beginning to transform emergency response tactics. The mostobvious example is the advent of the fire-fighting cooling agent. One such product, known as Pyrocool,was first used by SMIT ten years ago to extinguish a severe fire on the tanker NASSIA, following a collisiin the Bosporus.These agents are not fire-fighting foams, in the traditional sense. They work by attacking the fires heatcomponent, as opposed to the oxygen component. The cooling effect much reduces the risk of re-ignitioIn essence, these cooling agents arrest the molecular process of combustion. In one early Pyrocool trial,the temperature of a magnesium fire was reduced from 1,700C to 33C within 30 seconds. There havebeen subsequent trials involving every class of fire (Class A, solid combustibles; Class B, flammableliquids; Class C, flammable gases; and Class D, metal fires). Dramatic temperature reductions wereachieved in all cases. Pyrocool has also been used successfully to kill fires on containerships including

the EVER DECENT.The availability of high efficiency cooling agents has influenced fire-fighting tactics. Fire teams, inappropriate circumstances, can now adopt more aggressive fire-fighting tactics and remain safe. Thisincludes close-quarters fire-fighting at ranges which would otherwise prove fatal due to the intense thermradiation. Furthermore, these new cooling agents use less water and this is a major advantage in situatiowhere stability is a matter of concern. In addition, early extinguishment is a key issue in accommodation,liquid hydrocarbon and container fires. The prevention of heat transfer in a large container stack is a critisuccess factor in some cases.Other new fire-fighting technologies being developed include telescopic masts allowing fire-fighters to wabove a burning container stack. Work is also under way on a remote-operated fire-fighting system abledrill into containers and inject foam/water mix.Extreme environmental awareness has led to new restrictions over the disposal of wastewaters arising frsalvage. Large volumes of contaminated wastewater may be generated during fire-fighting. It is now very

difficult to obtain approvals for the discharge of any wastewaters, even when contaminants in the wastestream are close to zero. Due to the lack of suitable high flow-rate portable wastewater systems, LDS, thLegal Discharge System, has been developed. It provides for containment, a range of physical, chemicaland biological treatments, together with data demonstrating compliance with effluent contamination limits


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Exercise: Different fires on boardHow would you combat the following fires:

1: fire in the forepeak rope store. Only accessible through a stair from the main deck. Contains ropes,

cables, grease, paper bags2: fire in the kitchen: an overheated deep fat fryer standing under the ventilation exit caught fire.3: fire in the cargo spaces: cargo consists of cotton bails.4: fire in the engine room: leaking fuel supply valve caught fire

1

3

4

2


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Fire Fighting BayerBrief review of the Fire theory, explanation through experiments:Fire triangle, Transfer of heat and flamesEvolution of a fire, Ignition of a fireClasses of fire, Extinction of fire

Fire fighting equipment: SCBADonning procedure and testsDanger of hyperventilationRestricted air supply

Entry of a smoke of fire filled compartment:Door and stairs procedure, Searching a victim

First aid:Helicopter stretcher, Transport of injured persons

Chemical suitsDonning procedure and tests

Closing of leaking flange or valve wearing SCBA and Chemical suit

Atmosphere testingOxygen deficiency,Toxic gasses,Explosive gasses

Vertical transport: use of mechanical advantage

Temporary repair of a leaking line or hose with IT bandage

Video film concerning basic fire fighting

Fighting basic fires:Person on fire with fire blanketElectrical switchboard with CO2Small liquid fire with powderRunning fire with powderLarger fire with 2 powder extinguishers


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How to combat a fire: basic principles

WRONG RIGHT

When fightingliquid fires, don'tjet the powderinto the fire butform a cloudabove the liquid

push the fireaway from thefront to the back.

ALWAYS face thefire

never fight a firefacing the wind.Always keep asafe distance of2.5 to 5 meter

For larger fires,you must useseveralextinghuisherstogether

Don't spill yourfire fightingagent

fight the fire frombottom to top


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Fire Fighting St-KruisAM:Demonstration boundary coolingDemonstration use of foam on a large fireEntering a smoke filled areaDeep fat frying pan extinguishing with fire blanket

Large round compartment with waterEntering procedure in open air

PM:Horizontal and vertical re-entry in closed compartment


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Lashing and securing

Lashing in the holdSpecial attention is given on the safe lifting of heavy materials.

Back injuries are most likely when the spine is bent forward and twisted at the same time

Always check the weight of the load and get help if necessaryWherever possible, lift and carry heavy items with a crane, hoist or forklift. Instead of carrying parcels,

use a hand trolleyRepackage heavy articles to reduce the size and weight of individual loads.Wear comfortable clothing and flat, non-slip shoesStore loads that you move regularly at waist height so that you don't have to bend your spine or liftoverheadMake sure that the pathway is clear


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A single lashing uses 2 rope parts, a double lashing uses 4.

To tighten the lashing, use a piece of wood Other possibilities for tightening:

Nowdays, straps are taking the place of convetional ropes for lashing


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When using Bulldog grips, make sure you use them correctly

Exercises: lashing of deck cargoAn explanation will be given a bout the basics of lashing. Hereafter, students willl have to secure:some wooden boxes40 polycans10 drumsA coil10 metal pipes

ContainerlashingContainer securing: what will you use where:


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Fittings:

Stacking cones:

bridge fittings:

twistlocks:

left closing twistlock 3 position left closing twistlock left closing twistlock

semi automatic twistlock semi automatic twistlock


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lashing bars and turn buckles:

lashing chains:


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Container lashingTHE BASIC CAUSE of many collapsed container stows and the loss of containers overboardcan be attributed to inadequate or incorrect securing, resulting from lack ofinstructions/information on-board concerning an approved stowage and securing arrangement.Also there has been no International Standard for Container Securing Equipment.

SOLASAmendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974,Chapter 6 (Carriage of Cargoes), Regulation 5, originally required that from 1st July 1996,cargo units, including containers, shall be loaded, stowed and secured throughout the voyage inaccordance with a Cargo Securing Manual approved by the Administration. The CargoSecuring Manual shall be drawn up to a standard at least equivalent to the guidelinesdeveloped by the International Maritime Organisation.MaintenanceWhatever regulations, standards or codes of practice are issued the integrity of a shipscontainer stowage and securing arrangements can only be maintained by regular periodicinspection of the securing equipment. The securing arrangement can amongst other things beundermined by one or more of the following: Rogue securing equipment

Improperly maintained securing equipment Insufficient supply of correct securing equipment Overloading of the securing arrangementWhen considering the first two points it should be borne in mind that the stowage and securingof containers is more often than not undertaken by stevedores appointed by either the ShipOperator or the Charterer. The human nature of stevedores means that they will use the firstitem of equipment which comes to hand, be it rogue or damaged, without due consideration toits suitability. If substandard equipment is used it can fail at a lower load than its designedrating, thereby resulting in a failure of the overall securing system and the possible collapse ofthe container stow. Supervision by ships officers is therefore essential.The aspects which should be considered during the periodic inspection of the containersecuring equipment should include the following: Inspection of the twistlock complement to ensure that rogue twistlocks, i.e. ones with an

opposite locking action to the ships standard compliment, have not made their way onboard. Ithas been unfortunate that the lack of any standard has resulted in both left-hand and right-handlocking twistlocks being manufactured. The transfer of lashing cages (which are used to holdand transport portable securing equipment during cargo operations) between ships has beenone of the prime sources of the unintentional acquirement of rogue twistlocks. When left-handand right-hand locking twistlocks are fitted with similar shaped handles, which can be the case,it is not always possible to differentiate between them once used in the same stow. Even if thestevedores are aware of the difference, any subsequent checks by other people could allowdisengagement if the handles were all actuated in the same direction on the premise that sometwistlocks had not been properly locked in the first instance. (If the ISO Standard takes effectthe unified direction of handle locking for manual twistlocks will be clockwise when viewed fromabove, i.e. Left-hand locking) Checks to ensure that the spring holding the twistlock cones in a closed position are in a

resilient condition. If a spring looses its resiliency the cone(s) will not be held in position in apositive manner. The movement and flexing of a ship in a seaway has been found sufficient toallow twistlocks to unlock themselves if their spring action is failing or has failed. No structural defects which would compromise the proper use of the equipment, e.g.Twistlocks with missing handlesTwistlocks with fractured housingsDouble cones with fractured base platesSeized/Buckled turnbuckles, bridge fittingsTo maintain a ships portable container securing equipment in good order requires considerabletime and effort.Fixed Deck FittingsRegular inspection of fixed deck fittings is essential to establish whether progressive wear hasundermined their integrity. Areas requiring particular attention include:

Reduction in the thickness of securing points where for example a turnbuckle may havechafed,


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Wastage in the way of the key holes of deck foundations, Wastage and cracking of the plating to which fittings are welded,

The responsibilities of an Owner for ensuring that containers can be safely carried can besummarised under the following points: Providing and maintaining an adequate supply of container securings;

Ensuring that they are of the required strength; Ensuring that they are properly maintained; Warranting the adequacy of the design of the securing arrangement; and Providing a comprehensive stowage and securing manual, and ensuring that the ships staffunderstand and use the manual.

Photo 1 - Chamfered edge of deckfitting distorted sufficiently to allowtwistlock to be removed vertically.

Photo 2 - Incompatible locating conewhich is too small for deck fitting andcan be removed vertically.

Photo 3 - Perennial problem of left-hand& right-hand locking twistlocks, whichoccurring on the same ship canundermine the integrity of the securingarrangement.

Exercises: lashing of containers

After an explanation of the material used on board,students will have to lash containers with

different type of lashing gearThey will have to get familiar with the lashing equipment and the safe use of it.They will clim on top of the containers to put the bridge fittings


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Confined space entry

Permit Required Confined Space - Definition

1. Large enough to bodily enter2. Restricted means of entry/exit

3. Not designed for continuous worker occupancy4. Presence of hazards:

Atmospheric ElectricalMechanical FallEngulfment ChemicalInternal Configuration Heat/Cold

Examples: Boilers Manholes Tanks Crawlspaces Pits

DoNOTenter a confined space until the following questions have been answered and the properprocedures have been established, used, and enforced.

Example of a written permitCONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROGRAMHave you performed an assessment to determine if you have and enterconfined spaces? YES NOHave you identified those spaces and documented themin a written program? YES NOHave you documented all procedures and steps taken to protect anyemployee entering a confined space to include the following areas? YES NO

1. Atmospheric testing YES NO2. Forced air ventilation YES NO3. Designated roles and responsibilities YES NO4. Communication procedures YES NO5. Training YES NO6. Equipment YES NO7. Personal Protective Equipment YES NO8. Labeling YES NO9. Written Permit system YES NO10. Additional permits (ie. Hot work) YES NO11. Rescue procedures YES NO12. Disciplinary procedures YES NO13. Accountability YES NO

Is entry necessary? YES NO

Can the use of engineering controls prevent entry? YES NO

TESTINGAre the instruments used in atmospheric testing properly calibrated? YES NOWas the atmosphere in the confined space tested? YES NOWas the oxygen at least 19.5% and not more than 21%? YES NOWere toxic, flammable, or oxygen-displacing gases/vapors present? YES NO

Hydrogen Sulfide YES NOCarbon Monoxide YES NOMethane YES NOCarbon Dioxide YES NOOther : (List) YES NO


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MONITORINGWill the atmosphere in the space be monitored while the work is beingperformed? YES NOContinuously? YES NOPeriodically? YES NO(If yes, give interval _______________)

REMEMBER: ATMOSPHERIC CHANGES OCCUR DUE TO THE WORK PROCEDURE OR THEPRODUCT STORED. THE ATMOSPHERE MAY BE SAFE WHEN YOU ENTER, BUT CAN CHANGEVERY QUICKLY.

VENTILATIONHas the space been ventilated before entry? YES NOWill ventilation be continued during entry? YES NOIs the air intake for the ventilation system located in an area thatis free of combustible dusts and vapors and toxic substances? YES NOIf atmosphere was found unacceptable and then ventilated, was itre-tested before entry? YES NO

ISOLATIONHas the space been isolated from other systems? YES NOHas the electrical equipment been locked out? YES NOHave disconnects been used where possible? YES NOHas mechanical equipment been blocked, chocked, and disengagedwhere necessary? YES NOHave lines under pressure been blanked and bled? YES NO

CLOTHING/EQUIPMENT/PPEIs special clothing required? (boots, chemical suits, glasses, etc.) YES NOIf so, specify:_________________________________________

Is special equipment required? (Rescue equip., Communication equip.) YES NOIf so, specify:_________________________________________Are special tools required? (sparkproof, etc.) YES NOIf so, specify:_________________________________________

ILLUMINATIONIs the space properly illuminated? YES NOIf an explosive atmosphere, is explosion-proof lighting provided? YES NO

RESPIRATORY PROTECTIONIs respiratory protection required? (Air purifying, supplied air,

self-contained breathing apparatus, etc.) YES NOAre NIOSH - approved respirators, of the type required, availableat the worksite? YES NOCan you get through the opening with a respirator on? (If you do notknow, find out before you try to enter). YES NO

TRAININGHave you been trained in proper use of a respirator? YES NOHave you received first aid/CPR training? YES NOHave you been trained the hazards associated with confined space entry? YES NOHave you been trained to recognize the physical symptoms associatedwith atmospheric hazards? (Oxygen deficiency, carbon monoxide, etc.) YES NO


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STANDBY/RESCUEWill there be a standby person on the outside in constant visual orauditory communication with the person inside? YES NOHas the standby person (s) been trained in rescue procedures? YES NOWill the safety lines and harness be required to remove a person? YES NOAre school/district rescue procedures available to be followed in the

event of an emergency? YES NOAre you familiar with emergency rescue procedures? YES NOAre outside sources available for backup? YES NODo you know who to notify and how in the event of an emergency? YES NO

PERMITA permit must be obtained from supervisory personnel. The permit is an authorization in writing thatstates that the space has been tested by a qualified person, that the space is safe or entry; whatprecautions, equipment, etc. are required, and what work is to be done.


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Pollution prevention and dangerous cargo

International Conventions like MARPOL 73/78 demand that the crew combats pollution when it occurs.What, When and how will be studied in the following years of your education. This course deals onlywith some practical aspects and the use of safety material, codes and books on board.

Pollution can happen accidentally (collision, stranding, act of God) or operational (bunkering, transfer,passing operational limits). Therefore, the crew need to be alert all the time

Check lists can help during normal operations, The SOPEP (Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan) incase of a real pollution.

Similar to fire and abandon ship procedures. Pollution station, drills and material exists.

Examples of pollution drills executed on board:

INSCANNEN DRILLS

You can see that the knowledge of the cargo you transport is essential. For packaged cargo, the IMDGCode gives all the informationThe products are divided into 9 categories

1. Explosives2. Gases: flammable, toxic, non toxic and non flammable3. Flammable liquids4. Flammable solids, Spontaneously combustible, Dangerous when wet5. Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides6. Toxic materials, infectious substances

7. Radioactive materials8. Corrosives9. Miscellaneaous dangerous substances

Exercise: IMDG container stowageA small container vessel has to load 6 containers of dangerous cargo. There are 6 container spaces left:02-01-8202-01-8410-04-8214-02-0214-02-0414-02-82

It concerns a container vessel with 17 bays, 5 rows, 4 containers below deck and 2 on top of the deck

6 closed containers need to be loaded:1 container acetone1 container UN nr.18251 container UN nr.27251 container hydrazine, Anhydrous1 container Boron Fluoride1 container UN nr. 1467

??? Questions ?????Can you load the 6 containers. If yes, where will you put each of themWhat will you do if the container Acetone catches fire


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The container UN 1467 starts leaking. Wich precautions will you take. What are the dangers to humanhealth?There is a possibility of a spill. Who will inform? Search for the correct reporting procedureSomeone has a drop of the product in the eye. What will you do

Information to solve the exercise:All the information needed can be found in the IMDG Code + appendix:Product information, UN and name index existStowage tablesegregation tableEmergency scedulesFirst aid informationReporting procedures

For your information: Container vessel: BAY / ROW / TIER:

Bays:Bays are counted from the stem to the stern of the vessel20 foot containers have an impair bay number: 01, 03, 05, 07...40 foot containers have a pair bay number: 02, 06, 10, 14, 18...

Rows:Port side stored containers have a pair row number: 02, 04, 06, 08...Starboard side stored containers hav an impair row number: 01, 03, 05, 07...

Tiers:Under deck stored containers have a pair tiernumber: 02, 04, 06, 08...

On deck stored containers have a tier number starting from 82: 82, 84, 86, 88...


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Survival craft manoeuvres

Theoretical background on this topic can be found in the hand out of the first year

Exerciseswith open and closed survival boat:Lowering and hoisting procedure

Manoeuvring ahaed and asternPropeller effectAnchoringMOB manoeuvreStopping at a bouyBerthingManoeuvring under the hooksBerthing with the stern

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Security 2nd Bach SW

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