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Sediment Contamination and Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane Paquin, Tamsin Laing, Astrid Michels and David Burbridge Environmental Sciences Group, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario 2011 RPIC Federal Contaminated Sites Regional Workshop
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Page 1: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Sediment Contamination andSediment Contamination andSustainable Remediation Options forSustainable Remediation Options for

the Kingston Inner Harbourthe Kingston Inner HarbourKen J. Reimer, Viviane Paquin, Tamsin Laing, Astrid Michels

and David BurbridgeEnvironmental Sciences Group, Royal Military College of

Canada, Kingston, Ontario

2011 RPIC Federal Contaminated Sites Regional Workshop

Page 2: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

LaSalle Causeway

HWY 401

Location of the ProjectLocation of the Project

Page 3: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Kingston Inner HarbourKingston Inner Harbour19241924

Page 4: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Kingston Inner HarbourKingston Inner Harbour

Belle Park former landfill1974Originally the site of a marsh that looselyconnected Belle Island to the west shore ofthe Great Cataraqui River, the landfill wasin operation from 1952 to 1974

Davis Tannery 1937From 1912 to 1967, chromium-contaminated effluents from the DavisTannery were discharged, untreated, intothe Marsh

Page 5: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Kingston Inner HarbourKingston Inner Harbour

2002 - KEAF Inner Harbourworking group

2005 - City of Kingston CIPfor brownfields revitalization

2007- the Rideau Canalinscribed as a UNESCO WorldHeritage Site

2010 - City of Kingstonintegrated communitysustainability plan

Page 6: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Cataraqui River Stakeholder GroupCataraqui River Stakeholder GroupFormed June 2006 to provide guidance to assess sedimentFormed June 2006 to provide guidance to assess sediment

contamination and develop management strategycontamination and develop management strategy

RIDEAU RENEWAL INC.

Page 7: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Overall Project AimsOverall Project AimsEndorsed by KIH Stakeholders in 2006Endorsed by KIH Stakeholders in 2006

1. Identify risks to human andecological health

2. Delineate areas ofunacceptable risk

3. Identify and contain all offsitesources of contaminants

4. Identify sustainable, risk-based remediation options

5. Engage the communitythroughout the remediationprocess

Reaffirmed at successivestakeholder meetings

Page 8: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

FCSAP process for managingaquatic contaminated sites

(COA Framework flowchart modified from EC and MOE, 2008)

Benthic CommunityImpaired?

EXAMINE AVAILABLE DATA

Toxicity or BiomagnificationPossible?

Any COPCSignificantly >

Reference

SCREENING

PRELIMINARYQUANTITATIVE

ASSESSMENT

DETAILEDQUANTITATIVE

ASSESSMENT

Biomagnification aConcern? Sediments

Toxic?

CONSTRUCT DECISION MATRIX

EnvironmentalRisk?

Deeper Sediments atPotential Risk?

MANAGEMENT ACTIONS

Page 9: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

KIH ReportKIH ReportApplication of the FCSAP process and COA FrameworkApplication of the FCSAP process and COA Framework

Chapter I: Literature review. Distributed April 2009

Chapter II: Spatial distribution of contaminants in sediments of theKingston Inner Harbour. Distributed December 2009

Chapter III: Ecological effects: Evaluation of bioaccumulation ofcontaminants in biota, sediment toxicity, and benthiccommunity structure. Distributed May 2010

Chapter IV: Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment.Distributed May 2010

Chapter V: An options analysis of management scenarios for theKingston Inner Harbour. Distributed March 2011

Page 10: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Chapter 1:Chapter 1:Literature review summaryLiterature review summary

• There have been extensivestudies on various aspects ofthe KIH– Land use, flora and fauna– Contaminant sources and

pathways– Water quality– Sediment quality– Sediment pore water quality– Biological effects

• Water quality is generallygood

• Sediment contaminationSW of Belle Park is themain area of concern

Page 11: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Chapter II. Spatial distribution ofChapter II. Spatial distribution ofcontaminantscontaminants

1. Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, Hg, As, PCBs, and DDT

exceed the PEL and occur at significantly

higher levels (p<0.05) at impacted sites

vs. reference sites.

2. PCBs, DDT and organic mercury are

substances that may biomagnify.

3. Dilution effects with clean sediments

is limited due to low-energy flow and

resuspension of contaminated sediments.

Mean =1054 ppm

Mean =51 ppm

Page 12: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

PCBconcentrationsthroughoutmuch of theinner harbourare above theCCME ISQGof 34.1 ppb

Page 13: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

PCBconcentrationsdelineated byincrementalexceedences ofthe PEL

Page 14: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Chromiumconcentrationsdelineated byincrementalexceedences ofthe PEL

Page 15: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Chapter 3:Chapter 3:Biological effectsBiological effects

Sediment toxicityBioaccumulation Benthic CommunityImpairment

-1.5 1.5-1

.01.

0

Cralkalinity

%clay

%silt

%sandBC3

BC7

BC4

BC8

BC6

BC1

BC2

BC5

BC9

λ2=0.246

λ2=0.61Eurasian milfoil Cattails

Page 16: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Pathways

Receptors

Contaminated Food

Ingestion

Der

mal

Inge

stio

n

As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn,DDT, PCBsSediment

Biological Uptake

Chapter IV:Human health risk assessment

Der

mal

Contaminated

Food Ingestion

As, Cr, MeHg, PCBs(All)

Pb and Hg (child andtoddler only)

Page 17: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Chapter IV:Chapter IV:Ecological risk AssessmentEcological risk Assessment

Exposure pathways evaluated were incidental sediment ingestion and consumption ofcontaminated foods

Receptor As Cr(III) Cu MeHg Pb Zn TotalPCBs

Muskrat No risk Risk No risk N/A No risk No risk No riskMink No risk No risk No risk No risk No risk No risk Risk

Red-wingedblackbird No risk Risk No risk N/A No risk No risk N/A

Mallard duck No risk Risk No risk N/A No risk No risk No riskGreat blue heron No risk Risk No risk No risk No risk No risk No risk

Osprey No risk Risk No risk No risk No risk No risk No risk

SeveralreceptorsareatriskfromexposuretoCr(III)duetoincidentalsedimentinges<on.Minkshowpoten<alriskfromPCBs

duetoconsump<onofcontaminatedfish

Table1:ERAriskcharacteriza<on

Page 18: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Direct evidence of ecologicalDirect evidence of ecologicaleffects to Brown Bullheadeffects to Brown Bullhead

• High frequency (80%) of deformities in BrownBullhead caught south of Belle Park– Compared with 10% from reference area

• Much greater severity of deformities for fish from theimpacted area

Based on this evidence alone the KIH is classified as aclass I site (high priority for action) according to theFCSAP aquatic sites classification system

Page 19: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Chapter V: development of aChapter V: development of aRemediation/ Risk Management StrategyRemediation/ Risk Management Strategy

Area ofbiologicaleffects

Clean allto ISQG

Page 20: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Sediment remediation experts and stakeholdermembers were brought together to consider thefollowing:

– Information gaps (biological effects,contamination sources)

– Remediation strategy

– Risk management objectives

June 2010 WorkshopOptions Analysis of

Remediation / Risk Management strategy

Page 21: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Remediation strategyRemediation strategyanalysisanalysis

Strategy Decision/Reasons

No action Potential human and ecological health risks from thesediment and biological contamination

Monitorednatural

recovery

Contaminants are persistent; high sediment re-suspension rate in the KIH

In-situcapping

Water depth not adequate to accommodate the cap, KIHhas very soft sediments, long-term maintenance issues

Dredging Sufficient depth for dredging to occur, no long-termmaintenance issues, high public acceptance

Expert group confirmed that dredging was the onlyfeasible remediation strategy

Page 22: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Sediment stratigraphy profileSediment stratigraphy profile

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

C1 C2 C3 C6 C5 C4 C7 C8

Core

Dep

th o

f sed

imen

t / cm

Clay

Peat

Gyttja

Peat: SW of BellePark

Clay: under most of southernKIH

Dredge to clay or peat layer

Page 23: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Sediment managementSediment managementstrategystrategy

Risk-based sediment quality objectives(SeQO) were developed using HH andERA results and a site allocation factor of0.6

• SeQO for Cr–650 ppm–based on ecological receptor(mallard duck)

• SeQO for PCBs–304 ppb–based on human fishconsumption (largemouthbass)

Page 24: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Management area to achieve riskManagement area to achieve riskbased SeQO Cr (650 ppm)based SeQO Cr (650 ppm)

Area warrantingmanagementaction is 20.8 ha

Page 25: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Management area toManagement area toachieve 304 ppb for PCBsachieve 304 ppb for PCBs

Area warrantingmanagementaction is 29.6 ha

Remediation of the harbour should eventually result indeclines in tissue Cr and PCB concentrations to levels thatpose acceptable risk to human and wildlife.

Page 26: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Management Area toManagement Area toachieve achieve SeQOSeQO for all CoCs for all CoCs

Total surfacearea of 32.2 ha

Removal depth of50 cm

Total volume of161,000 m3

Page 27: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Sustainable Management ofSustainable Management ofDredged Contaminated MaterialsDredged Contaminated Materials

• LCA used to compareenvironmental impacts of twosediment dewatering and disposalalternatives for the KIH:

Impact 2002+ Life Cycle ImpactAssessment Methodology (Joliet etal. 2003)

1. Mechanicaldewatering anddisposal

2. Naturaldewateringand disposal

Page 28: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Natural Vs MechanicalNatural Vs Mechanical

Human health

Poin

ts)

Natural Dewatering System Mechanical Processing System

ResourcesClimate changeEcosystem quality

540 Pt480 Pt

Page 29: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Effect of Dredged VolumeEffect of Dredged Volume

At a dredged sediment volume of above 33,000 m3 themechanical process becomes more sustainable

10 percent difference

Page 30: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Mechanical dewateringMechanical dewateringprocessprocess

DredgedMaterial

ScalpingScreen

> 6 mm

Debris

Coarse SandRemoval

CoarseSand

0-6 mm

FineSand

< 150 µm

150 µm – 6 mm 63-150 µm

< 63 µm (sludge)

MembranePress

Fine SandRemoval

Add flocculantsand coagulants

FilterCake

< 63 µm

Impacted area sediments5% sand and 95% fines

Landfill Reuse Reuse Landfill

30

Page 31: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Effect of Grain-sizeEffect of Grain-size

10 percent difference

66 percent difference

LCA can show differences in impacts between remediation alternatives

Page 32: Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options ... · Sediment Contamination and Sustainable Remediation Options for the Kingston Inner Harbour Ken J. Reimer, Viviane

Questions?Questions?


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