Sedimentary Geothermal Resources Overview - OpenEI

Sedimentary Geothermal Resources Overview Jennifer M. Livermore Project Geoscientist- EM, NEOS [email protected]

SedHeat GeoRePORT Workshop August 3, 2016

SedHeat GeoRePORT Workshop

�  SedHeat GeoRePORT Workshop Objectives: –  Advance the state of knowledge in sedimentary geothermal systems

–  Application of the GeoRePORT tool for sedimentary geothermal resource assessment

�  SedHeat Group is an NSF Research Coordination Network created “to form a central point of unity, exchange, and education to exceed the science and engineering challenges of sedimentary-basin geothermal energy”

�  Thanks to John Holbrook and the SedHeat Group for providing the funding for this workshop!

�  THANKS TO YOU ALL FOR PARTICIPATING IN THIS WORKSHOP!!!

Objectives

2 National Science Foundation. n.d. "RCN: SedHeat- Building an Interdisciplinary Community to Meet the Science, Engineering, and Educational Challenges for Sustainable Geothermal Energy from Sedimentary Basins." National Science Foundation. Accessed July 25, 2016. http://nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1240138.

This Morning’s Discussion Current state of the sedimentary geothermal industry

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�  Overview of sedimentary geothermal resource utilization: –  Geopressured resources

–  Coproduced resources

–  Hot Sedimentary Aquifers/ Sedimentary EGS

–  Cross-cutting technology – Carbon sequestration and geothermal energy

MIT. 2006. "Idaho National Laboratory." The Future of Geothermal Energy. Accessed July 8, 2016. http://geothermal.inel.gov/publications/future_of_geothermal_energy.pdf.

(MIT 2006)

Sedimentary Geothermal Resources Opportunities and applications

4 U.S Department of Energy. 2010. "Low Temperature Geothermal Resources." U.S. Department of Energy. November 18. Accessed July 27, 2016. http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/02/f7/webinar_20101118_aapg_low_temp.pdf.

(U.S. Department of Energy 2010)

Geopressured Sedimentary Resources



Geopressured Sedimentary Resources Sedimentary Geothermal Trivia Question #1

6

�  In what year did the U.S. energy industry begin to pursue sedimentary geopressured geothermal resource development? A.  1921

B.  1960

C.  1976

D.  2009


�  In what year did the U.S. energy industry begin to pursue sedimentary geopressured geothermal resource development? A.  1921

B.  1960

C.  1976

D.  2009

Sedimentary Geothermal Trivia Answer #1

7

The 1973 – 1974 oil embargo by OPEC members spurred the U.S. government to establish the Geothermal Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1974 (H.R. 14920) for the development of domestic energy resources.

In 1975 the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) was formed.

In 1976, ERDA issued call for proposals for characterization of geopressured geothermal aquifers along the Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast.

In 1977, the U.S. Department of Energy was formed.

U.S. Department of Energy. n.d. "A History of Geothermal Energy in America." U.S. Department of Energy. Accessed July 27, 2016. http://energy.gov/eere/geothermal/history-geothermal-energy-america. Energy Research and Development Administration. 1976. Geothermal Energy Program Research and Development Announcement For Testing of Geopressured Geothermal Aquifers. PRDA DGE-76-4, Energy Research and Development Administration.

Chacko, John J, Gina Maciasz, and Brian J. Harder. 1998. "Gulf Coast Geopressured-Geothermal Program Summary Report Compilation." U.S. DOE OSTI. June. Accessed July 27, 2016. http://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/661414. U.S. Department of Energy.. 2010. "Low Temperature Geothermal Resources." U.S. Department of Energy. November 18. Accessed July 27, 2016. http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/02/f7/webinar_20101118_aapg_low_temp.pdf.

Geopressured Sedimentary Resources Resource definition

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(John et al. 1998)



�  Program intended to characterize the extent of the resource and the feasibility of geopressured reservoir development (1976 – 1992)

�  Sixteen wells were tested during this program:

–  4 ‘design wells’ drilled by DOE (sited based on G&G studies)

–  12 O&G ‘wells of opportunity’ made available for testing

�  Technically feasible, though not commercially viable given the state of technology and energy prices at the time

U.S. DOE Gulf Coast Geopressured-Geothermal Program

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(John et al. 1998)

John, Chacko J., Gina Maciasz, and Brian J. Harder. 1998. "Gulf Coast Geopressured-Geothermal Program Summary Report Compilation." U.S. DOE OSTI. June. Accessed July 27, 2016. http://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/661414. John, Chacko J., Brian J. Harder, Reed J. Bourgeios, and Raymond Fortuna. 1998. "The Gulf Coast Geopressured-Geothermal Gas Resource: A Multipurpose, Environmentally Safe and Potentially Economic Reality in Today's Market?" AAPG. Accessed July 27, 2016. http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/abstracts/pdf/2006/gcags/images/ndx_abstract.john.et.al.pdf.html.


�  Sweet Lake geopressured resource in Cameron Parish, Louisiana identified during DOE-funded resource assessment in 1980s

�  Sole geopressured-geothermal project funded by DOE from 2009 ARRA funding in the Low Temp Program

�  The P.I. Louisiana Tank, Inc.’s project objectives were to assess technical and economic aspects of power generation from the Sweet Lake oil and gas field

�  Technically viable based on existing G&G data

�  Not commercially viable based on electricity and commodity prices

�  Mutual termination of the project by Louisiana Tank and DOE

Sweet Lake Geopressured-Geothermal Project

10 Louisiana Tank, Inc. 2012. "Final Technical Report DOE Award No. DE-EE0002855." U.S. Department of Energy. January 13. Accessed July 27, 2016. http://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/1033104.

Coproduced Sedimentary Resources



Coproduced Sedimentary Resources Sedimentary Geothermal Trivia Question #2

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What was the total volume of produced water from oil and gas operations in the U.S. in 2012?

A.  ~20 million barrels (~1,200 Olympic sized pools)

B.  ~200 million barrels (~12,000 Olympic sized pools)

C.  ~20 billion barrels (~1,200,000 Olympic sized pools)

D.  ~200 billion barrels (~12,000,000 Olympic sized pools)

1bbl = 42 U.S. gallons 1 Olympic sized pool = 660,000 U.S. gallons

(Madrigal 2012)

Madrigal, Alexis C. 2012. "Apple's Cash Reserved Would Fill 50 Olympic Swimming Pools with Dollar Bills, Y'all." The Atlantic. April 24. Accessed July 27, 2016. http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/04/apples-cash-reserves-would-fill-50-olympic-swimming-pools-with-dollar-bills-yall/256313/.

Veil, John. 2015. U.S. Produced Water Volumes and Management Practices in 2012. Groundwater Protection Council. Madrigal, Alexis C. 2012. "Apple's Cash Reserved Would Fill 50 Olympic Swimming Pools with Dollar Bills, Y'all." The Atlantic. April 24. Accessed July 27, 2016. http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/04/apples-cash-reserves-would-fill-50-olympic-swimming-pools-with-dollar-bills-yall/256313/.

Coproduced Sedimentary Resources Sedimentary Geothermal Trivia Answer #2

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2012 à 21.2 billion bbl: –  Onshore wells: 20.6 billion bbl

–  Offshore wells: 0.6 billion bbl

–  Texas accounts for 35% of national total

What was the total volume of produced water from oil and gas operations in the U.S. in 2012?

A.  ~20 million barrels (~1,200 Olympic sized pools)

B.  ~200 million barrels (~12,000 Olympic sized pools)

C.  ~20 billion barrels (~1,200,000 Olympic sized pools)

D.  ~200 billion barrels (~12,000,000 Olympic sized pools)

(Veil 2015) (Madrigal 2012)

Coproduced Sedimentary Resources The Low Hanging Fruit (?) for small-scale, distributed generation

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�  Water produced annually from oil and gas production in the U.S. as of 2012 has potential to generate up to 3 GW of power through the implementation of ORC modular units (DOE 2012)

�  Offers the opportunity to leverage existing infrastructure and provides an additional revenue stream for beneficial use from the ‘waste’ product of O&G production

U.S. Department of Energy. 2012. "Geothermal Power/ Oil & Gas Coproduction Opportunity." U.S. Department of Energy. February. Accessed July 27, 2016. http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/02/f7/gtp_coproduction_factsheet.pdf.

(DOE 2012)


�  Previously DOE-held Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center selected as demonstration site for co-production experiment in 2007.

�  Produced water (~40 MBWPD) from Tensleep Fm has temperature of ~190 degrees F.

�  A 250kW Ormat ORC air-cooled unit installed Sept 2008; a second Pratt & Whitney water-cooled unit installed January 2011.

�  As of February 2011, 10.9 million barrels of produced water have produced 1,918 MWh of power to offset energy consumption for oilfield production equipment.

First demonstration project - DOE GTO and FE, RMOTC, Ormat

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(Johnson and Walker 2010)

Johnson, Lyle A., and Everett D. Walker. 2010. "Ormat: Low-Temperature Geothermal Power Generation." Geothermal Communities. March. Accessed July 26, 2016. http://www.geothermalcommunities.eu/assets/elearning/7.24.Ormat_report.pdf. Milliken, Mark. 2007. "Geothermal Resources at Naval Petroleum Reserve-3 (NPR-3), Wyoming." Thirty-Second Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering. Stanford: Stanford University.

(Milliken 2007)


�  ElectraTherm – ORC unit at Florida Canyon Gold Mine, NV

�  ElectraTherm, Denbury Resources, Gulf Coast Green Energy- ORC unit at Denbury’s Laurel wellhead, Mississippi

�  Universal GeoPower LLC, Pratt & Whitney Power Systems, POWER Engineers Inc, and Southern Methodist University – ORC unit at recompleted wells in Liberty County, TX

�  Encore Acquisition, Barrendo Geothermal, and North Dakota Geological Survey – ORC unit at Williston Basin, North Dakota

�  Access Energy, Calnetix Technology, University of North Dakota – ORC unit at Williston Basin, North Dakota

�  Continental Resources, University of North Dakota – heat extraction from water flood operation

Select DOE-supported ORC unit coproduction demonstrations

16 Calnetix. 2012. "Access Energy Partners with the University of North Dakota to Demonstrate Electric Power Generation from Co-Produced, Low-Temperature Geothermal Resources." August 8. Accessed July 27, 2016. https://www.calnetix.com/newsroom/press-release/access-energy-partners-university-north-dakota-demonstrate-electric-power. ElectraTherm. 2011. "Generating Renewable Energy from Co-Produced Water at Oil & Gas Wells - A Case Study." SMU. Accessed July 27, 2016. http://www.smu.edu/-/media/Site/Dedman/Academics/Programs/Geothermal-Lab/Conference/PastPresentations_pdf/2011/Fox_GeneratingRenewableEnergyfromCoproducedFluids_2011.ashx?la=en. ElectraTherm. n.d. "Geothermal in Nevada." ElectraTherm. Accessed July 27, 2016. https://electratherm.com/case-studies/geothermal-in-nevada/. Blodgett, Leslie. 2010. "Renewable Energy World." Oil and Gas Coproduction Expands Geothermal Power Possibilities. July 09. Accessed July 08, 2016. http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2010/07/oil-and-gas-coproduction-expands-geothermal-power-possibilities.html. OpenEI. n.d. "Geothermal ARRA Funded Projects for Geothermal Energy Production from Low Temperature Resources, Coproduced Fluids from Oil and Gas Wells, and Geopressured Resources." OpenEI. Accessed July 27, 2016. http://en.openei.org/wiki/Geothermal_Energy_Production_from_Low_Temperature_Resources,_Coproduced_Fluids_from_Oil_and_Gas_Wells,_and_Geopressured_Resources. Erdlac, Richard. 2011. "Greetings from the Chair of the EMD Geothermal Committee to all AAPG Members Around the World." State Geothermal Data. February 24. Accessed July 27, 2016. http://www.stategeothermaldata.org/content/greetings_chair_emd_geothermal_committee_all_aapg_members_around_world.

(ElectraTherm 2011)

Coproduced Sedimentary Resources First Commercial Coproduction Project !!!

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�  University of North Dakota and U.S. Department of Energy

�  Williston Basin in western North Dakota

�  Central collection location for produced water from 12 producing wells

�  Water-to-oil ratio currently 16:1

�  Great opportunity for development of watered out wells, ‘stripper’ or ‘marginal’ wells, to extend their economic life

�  Power generation initiated in April 2016 !!! Kudos !!!

Tulley, Erin. 2016. "Energy Department Receives Award for First-of-its-Kind Geothermal Project." EERE. June 7. Accessed July 25, 2016. http://energy.gov/eere/articles/energy-department-receives-award-first-its-kind-geothermal-project. Gosnold, W, Kirtipal Barse, Bailey Bubach, Anna Crowell, James Crowell, Hadi Jabbari, Anthony Sarnoski, and Dongmei Wang. 2013. "Co=produced Geothermal Resources and EGS in the Williston Basin." GRC Transactions Vol 37 721-726. .

(Tulley 2016)

(Gosnold 2013)

Hot Sedimentary Aquifers/ Sedimentary EGS



Hot Sedimentary Aquifers/ Sedimentary EGS Resource definition

19 Allis, Rick, Joseph N. Moore, Tom Anderson, Milind Deo, Stefan Kirby, Richard Roehner, and Thomas Spencer. 2013. "Characterizing the Power Potential of Hot Stratigraphic Reservoirs in the Western U.S." Thirty-Eighth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering. Stanford: Stanford University. Accessed July 24, 2016. https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2013/Allis.pdf.

�  Conductive heat transfer (versus convective)

�  Potentially large lateral extent of stratigraphic reservoir – more predictable target for drilling than fault-dominated system

�  Stratigraphic aquifer located deeper than hydrocarbon production intervals

�  Exploitation of the resource in a permeable stratigraphic aquifer functions as a heat sweep technique, similar to water flood techniques used for enhanced oil recovery

�  Stimulation techniques provide opportunity for permeability creation within the aquifer unit

�  Basins with elevated heat flow have potential for 100 Mwe geothermal power plant development

Hot Sedimentary Aquifers/ Sedimentary EGS

�  Economically viable conditions: –  Basins with heat flow > 80mW/m^2

–  Reservoir temperatures > 175 degrees C

–  Reservoir depths less than 4km

–  Assuming LCOE over 30 years less than or equal to 10c/kWh, present day drilling costs, realistic reservoir permeabilities

�  Potentially promising locations based on these criteria: –  Great Basin

Ø  N. Steptoe Valley, NV; Pavant Butte, UT; Idaho Thrust Belt, ID; Elko Basins (Pine Valley to Beowawe, and Mary’s River Valley), NV (Allis GRC 2015)

–  Imperial Valley

–  Denver Basin

Preliminary screening criteria for U.S. HSA/ Sed EGS resources

20 Allis, Rick, Joseph N. Moore, Tom Anderson, Milind Deo, Stefan Kirby, Richard Roehner, and Thomas Spencer. 2013. "Characterizing the Power Potential of Hot Stratigraphic Reservoirs in the Western U.S." Thirty-Eighth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering. Stanford: Stanford University. Accessed July 24, 2016. https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2013/Allis.pdf. Allis, Rick. 2015. "Geothermal Resource Council." Large-Scale Geothermal Power Prospects await Exploration and Development in the Eastern Great Basin. 09 21. Accessed 07 08, 2016. https://www.geothermal.org/annual_meeting/PDFs/Rick_Allis_2015.pdf. Mullane, Michelle, Michael Gleason, Kevin McCabe, Meghan Mooney, Timothy Reber, and Katherine R. Young. 2016. "An Estimate of Shallow, Low-Temperature Geothermal Resources of the United States." OpenEI. July 1. Accessed July 27, 2016. https://gdr.openei.org/submissions/830.

(Mullane et al. 2016)

Hot Sedimentary Aquifers/ Sedimentary EGS Temperature Profile Studies

21 Allis, Rick, Mark Gwynn, Christian Hardwick, Greg Mines, and Joseph Moore. 2015. "Will stratigraphic reservoirs provide the next bug increase in U.S. geothermal power generation?" Elsevier. Accessed August 2, 2016. https://utah.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/will-stratigraphic-reservoirs-provide-the-next-big-increase-in-us.


22 Allis, Rick, Joseph N. Moore, Tom Anderson, Milind Deo, Stefan Kirby, Richard Roehner, and Thomas Spencer. 2013. "Characterizing the Power Potential of Hot Stratigraphic Reservoirs in the Western U.S." Thirty-Eighth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering. Stanford: Stanford University. Accessed July 24, 2016. https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2013/Allis.pdf.


23 Allis, Rick, Mark Gwynn, Christian Hardwick, Greg Mines, and Joseph Moore. 2015. "Will stratigraphic reservoirs provide the next bug increase in U.S. geothermal power generation?" Elsevier. Accessed August 2, 2016. https://utah.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/will-stratigraphic-reservoirs-provide-the-next-big-increase-in-us.

Hot Sedimentary Aquifers/ Sedimentary EGS Permeability vs. Lithology and Depth Studies

24 Kirby, Stefan M. 2012. "Summary of Compiled Permeability with Depth Measurements for Basin Fill, Igneous, Carbonate, and Siliciclastic Rocks in the Great Basin and Adjoining Regions." Utah Geological Survey. Accessed July 22, 2016. http://digitallibrary.utah.gov/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=58139.

�  1188 compiled permeability measurements from groundwater and O&G wells

Hot Sedimentary Aquifers/ Sedimentary EGS Porosity and permeability domains for different lithologies

25

(Moeck 2014)

Moeck, Inga S. 2014. "Catalog of geothermal play types based on geologic controls." Renewable Energy and Sustainable Energy Reviews 37 867-882.

Viability of Sedimentary EGS

�  Unterhaching Power Plant –  Limestone aquifer 3,000+m depth in Bavarian Molasse Basin

–  Hybrid plant – 3.36MWe of electrical power, 40MWth for district heating

�  Landau Power Plant –  Limestone aquifer 3,000+m depth in Upper Rhine Graben

–  Hydraulic stimulation applied to improve injectivity of one of the wells

–  3MWe electrical power produced from ORC unit, and brine discharge from the ORC unit is used for the town’s hot water system

�  Horstberg well experiment –  Hydraulic fracturing of low permeability sandstone layers

–  4,000m deep well

–  Alternate injection and production from same well

Proof of Concept- German Example

26 Morgan, Paul. 2013. "Advantages of Choosing a Sedimentary Basin as the Site for an EGS Field Laboratory." GRC. Accessed July 27, 2016. http://pubs.geothermal-library.org/lib/grc/1030567.pdf. .

Carbon Sequestration/ Geothermal Energy



Carbon Sequestration/ Geothermal Energy Current R&D area

28 Randolph, Jimmy B., and Martin O. Saar. 2010. "Coupling Geothermal Energy Capture with Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Naturally Permeable, Porous Geologic Formations: A Comparison with Enhanced Geothermal Systems." University of Minnesota. Accessed July 27, 2016. https://www.esci.umn.edu/orgs/geofluids/pubs/2010_RandolphSaar_GRCTransactions.pdf.

�  Capture CO2 from industrial processes and create a market for its disposal through geothermal energy production

�  The injected CO2 displaces formation brine in the reservoir, resulting in artesian flow

(Randolph and Saar 2010)

�  CO2 has beneficial fluid mechanical and thermodynamic properties

�  Using CO2 as a working fluid for geothermal energy extraction has been proposed and is an area of active research

Resource Assessment Tools European-developed tools for sedimentary resource characterization

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�  Hot sedimentary aquifer geothermal potential map

�  ThermoGIS public GIS tool developed by western European nations. Map layers include:

–  Sediment thickness

–  Heat flow

–  Surface temperature

–  Maximum production temperature

–  Minimum production depth

–  Theoretical potential (PJ km^-2)

–  Technical potential (T J y^-1 km^-2)

–  Performance indicator

�  Intended as global overview of low enthalpy sedimentary geothermal systems

(European Energy Research Alliance n.d.)

(TNO 2015)

TNO. 2015. "Geothermal Potential of Hot Sedimentary Aquifers in the Netherlands and other locations in north-western Europe." Geothermal Resource Council. Accessed July 27, 2016. European Energy Research Alliance. n.d. "ThermoGIS World Edition- Aquifers." ThermoGIS. Accessed July 27, 2016. http://www.thermogis.nl/worldviewer/ThermoGISWorldEdition.html.

Upcoming Sedimentary Events

�  CanGEA Geothermal Co-Production Webinar –  August 19, 2016- 10:30am – 12:45pm MDT

–  http://www.cangea.ca/cangea-events/geothermal-co-production-first-steps-towards-a-sustainable-future

�  Upcoming NREL Sedimentary Geothermal Event in autumn 2016 with Luis Zerpa and Chad Augustine

31

Coproduced Sedimentary Resources Technical aspects of different manufacturers’ ORC units

32 (Gosnold et al., 2013)

Sediment Thickness Map of U.S.

33 MIT. 2006. "Idaho National Laboratory." The Future of Geothermal Energy. Accessed July 8, 2016. http://geothermal.inel.gov/publications/future_of_geothermal_energy.pdf.

Aquifer Map of the U.S.

34 MIT. 2006. "Idaho National Laboratory." The Future of Geothermal Energy. Ac

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