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SEE 2017 USQ SPRINGFIELD BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT
i
PROCEEDINGS OF THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE – SEE 2017 SCIENCE, ENGINEERING & ENVIRONMENT USQ SPRINGFIELD BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA 13-15 November, 2017
Science, Engineering and Environment Edited by Prof. Dr. Zakaria Hossain Graduate School of Bioresources Mie University, Japan Dr. Jim Shiau School of Civil Engineering and Surveying University of Southern Queensland, Australia
THE GEOMATE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY
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Copyright @ 2017 by The GEOMATE International Society All rights reserved. In principle, no part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced in any form or by any means, translated in any language, stored in any data base or retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Disclaimer: The editors and the publisher have tried their best effort to ensure the integrity and the quality of this publication and information herein. However, they give no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied with regard to the material contained in this book, and will not be liable in any event for the consequences of its use. Published by: The GEOMATE International Society Tsu city, Mie, Japan E-mail: [email protected] http://www.geomate.org/ ISBN Number: 978-4-9905958-9-0 C3051
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Table of Contents
Preface xi
Organization xii
ID Keynote Papers 1
1k MECHANICS OF GEOSYNTHETICS SUBJECTED TO CHEMICAL EXPOSURE: EXPERIMENTS, CONSTITUTIVE MODELS AND COMPUTATIONS A.P.S. Selvadurai
2
2k MEETING THE CHALLENGES OF ENGINEERING A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE David Thorpe 12
3k STATISTICS FOR EVIDENCE-BASED DECISIONS – USE, MISUSE AND ABUSE Shahjahan Khan and M Ashraf Memon 22
Technical Papers 31
ID Science 32
3522 SEA LEVEL IN A CHANGING CLIMATE Maria McCrann, Dr John Russell, Dr Daniela Ionescu and Dr Bandita Mainali 33
3534 EBOLA VIRAL PROTEIN 24 (VP24) INHIBITOR DISCOVERY BY IN SILICO FRAGMENT-BASED DESIGN Syafrida Siregar, Erwin Prasetya Toepak, Usman Sumo Friend Tambunan
39
3535 FRAGMENT-BASED LEAD COMPOUND DESIGN TO INHIBIT EBOLA VP35 THROUGH COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES Atika Marnolia, Erwin Prasetya Toepak, Usman Sumo Friend Tambunan
45
3547 DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFIC ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSOR BASED ON CHITOSAN MODIFIED SCREEN PRINTED CARBON ELECTRODE FOR THE MONITORING OF CAPTAN FUNGICIDE Porntip Wongkaew, Buddhapala Wongkaew, Suwita Saepaisan, and Panupong Thanutong
51
3548 A BASIC STUDY ON FLUID PREDICTION OF MORTAR WITH VARIOUS POWDERS Yuki takagi, Koji Takasu, Hidehiro Koyamada and Hiroki Suyama 57
3549 PHYTOCHEMICALS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF THAI RED RICE SEEDS FROM DIFFERENT CULTIVATED AREAS Muntana Nakornriab, Jiraporn Krasaetep, Maratree Plainsirichai and Sisikka Wannajun
62
3550 A STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF MORTAR WITH FLY ASH REMOVED UNBURNED CARBON BY FLOTATION METHOD Rika Oie, Koji Takasu, Hidehiro Koyamada and Hiroki Suyama
67
Third International Conference on Science, Engineering & Environment, USQ Springfield Brisbane, Australia, Nov.21-23, 2017, ISBN: 978-4-9905958-9-0 C3051
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3551 A STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF WITH FLY ASH REMOVED UNBURNED CARBON BY FLOTATION METHOD Yuto Murakami, Koji Takasu, Hidehiro Koyamada and Hiroki Suyama
72
3559 CHARACTERIZATION OF CERIUM OXIDE-CHITOSAN NANOCOMPOSITE–MODIFIED SCREEN PRINTED CARBON ELECTRODE AND APPLICATION IN MELATONIN DETERMINATION Pachanuporn Sunon, Porntip Wongkaew, Jeffrey Johns, Nutjaree Johns
77
3564 COMPARISON OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER AND NORMAL SUBJECTS Warangkana Chompoopan, Sipanut Silaket, Wichai Eungpinichpong, Suwanna Arunpongpaisal and Niramol Patjanasoontorn
83
3566 EFFECT OF ARM SWING EXERCISES ON CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE AND BALANCE OF OLDER WOMEN Worawut Chompoopan, Piyathida Kuhirunyaratn
87
3578 PLASTIC FLOW HETEROGENEITY AND FAILURE OF BIMETAL MATERIAL Svetlana Barannikova, Lev Zuev1and Yulia Li 91
3606 SEARCHING OF NEW ANTIVIRAL COMPOUNDS OF SUDAN EBOLAVIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN BASED ON FLAVONOID COMPOUNDS USING IN SILICO METHODS Rendy Pramuda Putra, Ahmad Husein Alkaff, Mochammad Arfin Fardiansyah Nasution and Agustinus C. B. Kantale, and Usman Sumo Friend Tambunan
97
3622 NEW ESTIMATION IN AR MODELS WITH EXPONENTIAL WHITE NOISE BY USING REVERSIBLE JUMP MCMC ALGORITHM Suparman
103
3623 ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF INDIAN HORNBILLS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO NARCONDAM HORNBILL (ACEROS NARCONDAMI) OCCURRING ON NARCONDAM ISLAND OF ANDAMAN& NICOBAR ISLAND ARCHIPELAGO Hafiz S.A. Yahya
107
3630 THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF FOOT MASSAGE WITH COCONUT SHELL ON PRESSURE PAIN THRESHOLD AND FOOT GRIP STRENGTH IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS: A PILOT STUDY Laojeenwong P, Eungpinichpong W
113
3633 MOCAF TEMPEH DATES BISCUIT FOR THE IMPROVEMENT NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF UNDERWEIGHT CHILDREN Fatmah
117
3637 SPATIAL VARIATION OF WATRBIRDS IN PALLAI AND THADDUVANKODDY IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCE, SRI LANKA G. Kandasamy, D. K. Weerakoon, and A. Sivaruban
124
3645 FACTORS RELATED TO SELF-CARE ABILITY AMONG ELDERLY WOMEN IN SEMI-URBAN COMMUNITIES, KHON KAEN, THAILAND. Kanchana Nimsuntorn, Piyathida Kuhirunyaratn and Kanaporn Tansriprapasiri
130
3646 IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF THAI MASSAGE ON GAIT PARAMETERS IN NORMAL ADULTS: A PILOT STUDY Nutthanun Tatchananusorn, Wichai Eungpinichpong, Uraiwan Chatchawan and Donlaya Promkaew
136
3648 THAI MASSAGE COMBINED WITH MUSCLE ENERGY AND PASSIVE STATIC STRENGTHING TECHNIQUE COULD IMPROVE HEIGHT OF SEPAKTAKRAW SERVES Apichat Deeminoi, Dr.Wichai Eungpinichpong, Dr.Maitree Pakarasang, Dr.Thanarat Sripongngam
140
3652 A STUDY OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN FOUR CLINICAL TRIALS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF HAMSTRING MUSCLE FLEXIBILITY Apichat Deeminoi, Dr.ThanaratSripongngam
146
3665 EFFECTS OF KAEMPFERIA PARVIFLORA ON PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESSES IN ADULTS Wichai Eungpinichpong, Uraiwan Chatchawan, Bung-orn Sripanidkulchai Suwanna Arunpongpaisal
150
v
3673 DEVELOPMENT OF POLY (D, L-LACTIC ACID) WITH POLYBENZOXAZINE VIA SOLUTION BLENDING Kansiri Pakkethati and Yodthong Baimark
154
3677 BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN CHEMICAL INGRADIENTS OF SILK COCOONS UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS H.N.P. Singh, Sunita Kumari and M.M. Prasad
159
3711 ACUTE EFFECTS OF TRADITONAL THAI MASSAGE ON HEART RATE VARIABILITY, HEART RATE AND SALIVARY ALPHA AMYLASE Jaruk Keawsod Wichai Eungpinichpong
163
ID Engineering 166
3503 SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL BY USING SHELL HUSKS WASTE AS RECYCLE AGGREGATE Siti Hanggita Rachmawati, Zakaria Hossain 167
3504 ANALYTICAL STUDY ON SINGLE PILE DESIGN FOR SOLAR FOUNDATIONS FOR SLOPING LAND. Alex Otieno Owino, Hossain, M.Z., Ojiro C., Ozumi, S., Harada, H. and Okuyama, S. 172
3510 EXPERIMENTAL BEHAVIORAL INSPECTION OF COMPOSITE CONCRETE-OPEN WEB EXPANDED STEEL BEAMS EXPOSED TO STATIC LOADING Nazar K. Oukaili and Seezar Sh. Abdullah
178
3512 RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMER DEMAND RESPONSE PROGRAM IN MICROGRID SYSTEM: A SURVEY LITERATURE Ignatius Rendroyoko, and Ngapuli I Sinisuka
184
3514 CRACKING AND DEFORMABILITY OF BONDED AND UNBONDED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS UNDER MONOTONIC STATIC LOADING Nazar K. Oukaili and Mohammed M. Khattab
190
3515 DISTRIBUTED MODEL OF HYDROLOGICAL AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PROCESS IN MEKONG RIVER BASIN Zuliziana Suif, Chihiro Yoshimura, Nordila Ahmad and Sengheng Hul
196
3516 EVALUATION OF PIER-SCOUR PREDICTIONS FOR WIDE PIERS USING FIELD DATA Nordila Ahmad, Bruce W. Melville, Thamer Mohammad, Zuliziana Suif 202
3521 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTIFICIAL STONE MADE FROM WASTE OF SILICEOUS TUFF Hiroaki Shigematsu and Shogo Hashimoto
208
3528 3 DIMENSION REAL TIME IMAGES OF RAINFALL INFILTRATION INTO UNSATURATED SOIL SLOPE Aniza Ibrahim, Irfana Kabir Ahmad, Hapsa Husen, Jestin Jelani1and Mohd. Raihan Taha
214
3529 STEREO ECHO CANCELLATION USING ADAPTIVE NON-LINEAR NETWORK FILTER FOR HOME THEATRE ROOM Sunisa Kunarak
219
3530 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF EWECS COLUMNS WITH VARYING SHEAR SPAN RATIO Fauzan, Ruddy Kurniawan and Zev Al Jauhari 224
3538 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON BOX-UP COLD-FORMED STEEL COLUMNS IN FIRE Fadhluhartini Muftah, Mohd Syahrul Hisyam Mohd Sani, Ahmad Rasidi Osman, Shahrin Mohammad, Shek Poi Ngian
231
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3539 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF COLD-FORMED STEEL CHANNEL SECTION WITH NOTCH Mohd Syahrul Hisyam Mohd Sani, Fadhluhartini Muftah, Muhammad Isha Ismail 237
3542 A REVIEW OF UNEXPECTED LARGE SLOPE FAILURES Marthinus Sonnekus and John Victor Smith 243
3563 THE EFFECT OF STEEL FIBERS EXTRACTED FROM WASTE TYRE ON CONCRETE CONTAINING PALM OIL FUEL ASH Fauzan, Febrin Anas Ismail and Rio Sandi
249
3574 ACCURACY OF CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS TOWARDS AN INDUSTRY 4.0’S PERSPECTIVE Poonpakdee, P. , Koiwanit, J., Yuangyai, C.
254
3576 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR MODEL OF SFRC SLAB AND NONLINEAR SUBSOIL MODEL IN INTERACTION Jana VASKOVA, Radim CAJKA
260
3583 AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACTS OF SUSTAINABLE HOUSING DESIGN ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF THE AUSTRALIAN HOUSING Javad Asad Poor , David Thorpe, Yong Goh
266
3590 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SURIGAO METRO WATER DISTRICT UNDER SEISMIC HAZARD Sheena I. Better and Lessandro Estelito O. Garciano 276
3591 A COMPARISON OF ESTIMATED SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOUTH-EAST QUEENSLAND RESIDUAL SOIL USING FIELD AND LABORATORY TESTING Darren Newell and Choo Yong
283
3593 STUDY ON LANDSLIDE CATEGORY BASE ON TEMPORAL– SPATIAL CHARACTERISTIC DISTRIBUTION IN NORTHERN VIETNAM USING SATELLITE IMAGES Thuy Thi Thanh LE and Seiki KAWAGOE
287
3597 THE QUALITY ANALYSIS OF BICYCLE ROUTES FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY IN THE WESTERN ZONE OF RIO DE JANEIRO Guilherme Marins Pessanha, Jaime Massaguer Hidalgo Jr
293
3599 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PAVEMENT FRICTION PREDICTION MODELS Luciana Omar, Karim Ismail and Abd El Halim O. Abd El Halim 299
3608 APPLICATION OF MEMETIC ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING THE VEHICLE ROUTING PROBLEM WITH TIME WINDOWS Chaowalit Hamontree , Jiraporn Chuenjai and Nawaporn Chamnanketgorn
305
3614 THE EFFECT OF MODEL DOMAIN SIZE FOR UNSUPPORTED PLAIN STRAIN TUNNEL HEADINGS IN UNDRAINED CLAY Jim Shiau, Fadhil Al-Asadi
309
3656 APPLICATION OF HEC-RAS AND ARC GIS FOR FLOODPLAIN MAPPING IN SEGAMAT TOWN, MALAYSIA Noor Suraya Romali, Zulkifli Yusop and Ahmad Zuhdi Ismail
315
3658 EFFECT OF SATURATION ON STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF SOAPSTONE Ravikant R Singh, Darga Kumar Nandyala and Faijal Ali 321
3659 MEASUREMENT ACCURACY OF ORIENTATION CODE MATCHING FOR SLOPE DEFORMATION MONITORING Takeshi YAMAMOTO, Keigo KOIZUMI, Kazuhiro ODA, and Yoshio FUKUDA
327
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3670 NANOSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE IMMOBILIZING CHITOSAN MODIFIED SCREEN PRINTED CARBON ELECTRODE BY ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY Buddhapala Wongkaew, Porntip Wongkaew, Panupong Thanutong and Chitsanuphong Thanutong
332
3672 COLUMN BASED INFILTRATION EXPERIMENT FOR CONSIDERING INITIAL QUASI-SATURAETED VOLUMETRIC WATER CONTENT DUE TO DEFFERENCES OF WATER SPRAY INTENSITY AND GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION Hiroshi Kita, Keigo Koizumi and Kazuhiro Oda and Mitsuru Komatsu
338
3683 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF BIOMASS POWER PLANTS FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN THAILAND Manutchanok Jongprasithporn, Adisak Martsri, Supapat Phuangkaew, Wannapong Yeamma, and Nantakrit Yodpijit
342
3686 THE DESIGN OF AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DATABASE IN THAILAND Manutchanok Jongprasithporn,Supapat Phuangkaew, Siravitch Atipatha, and Nantakrit Yodpijit
348
3691 NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF 2D TRAPDOOR STABILITY Jim Shiau, Mohammad Mirza Hassan 354
3695 INSTALLATION CONSTRAINTS OF SUCTION ASSISTED FOUNDATIONS AND ANCHORS FOR OFFSHORE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT Kingsley Osezua Akeme, Alireza Rezagholilou and Meysam Banimahd
360
3706 DIFFERNTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS OF PMMA (POLY METHYL METHACRYLATE) - EXPERIMENTAL CONCERNS Sam M Dakka
368
3717 INVESTIGATION OF CURING PERIOD OF CEMENTITIOUS ADHESIVE AND PERFORMANCE OF RUST PREVENTION YoichiMimura, Vanissorn Vimonsatit and Isamu Yoshitake
373
3721 REGIONAL DEPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOPARTICLES IN A RAT NASAL CAVITY Yidan Shang, Jingliang Dong, Kiao Inthavong and Jiyuan Tu 379
3733 SEGMENTATION OF PAP SMEAR IMAGES TO IDENTIFY AND DETECT CERVICAL CANCER Vasundhara Acharya, Preetham Kumar 383
ID Environment 390
3506 NUTRIENT LOADS AND SELF-REMEDIATION ASSESSMENT IN KHLONG RUNGSIT TAI, PATHUM THANI PROVINCE, THAILAND
Boontarika Thongdonphum, Kittima Vanichkul, Saming Champasri and Jirapon Kulkham 391
3517 INFLUENCE OF ABIOTIC STRESS FACTORS ON BLACKCURRANT RESISTANCE TO PESTS I.V. Mashkova, T.G. Krupnova, A.M. Kostryukova 395
3518 USING BIRCH LEAVES TO INDICATE AIR POLLUTION T.G. Krupnova, I.V. Mashkova and A.M. Kostryukova 399
3519 STUDY OF SYNANTHROPIC PLANTS OF THE SOUTH URAL A.M. Kostryukova, I.V. Mashkova, T.G. Krupnova and E.E. Shchelkanova 405
3531 A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LIQUID SMOKE PRODUCED FROM PALM KERNEL SHELLS IN INHIBITING BLACK POD DISEASE IN CACAO FRUIT IN VITRO M. Faisal, Tjut Chamzurni, Hiroyuki Daimon
411
viii
3543 HEAVY METALS IN MICROALGAE BIOMASS ADDED WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION OF WET MARKET WASTEWATER Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Najeeha Apandi, Siti Nor Hidayah Arifin, A.A.S. Al-Gheethi and Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim
417
3546 INFLUENCING PARAMETER OF SELF PURIFICATION PROCESS IN THE URBAN AREA OF CIKAPUNDUNG RIVER, INDONESIA Yonik Meilawati Yustiani, Mia Nurkanti, Neneng Suliasih and Annisa Novantri
422
3562 THE PHYSICAL MICROHABITAT REQUIREMENTS OF FRESHWATER MUSSEL, WESTRALUNIO CARTERI, (BIVALVIA: HYRIIDAE) IN SOUTH-WESTERN AUSTRALIA Le Ma1, Alan Lymbery, Stephen Beatty and David Morgan
426
3567 EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIRGINIA BUTTONWEED FOR EROSION CONTROL OF DAM RESERVOIR SLOPES IN JAPAN. Taizo Uchida, Yuya Imamura, Yoshifumi Kochi, Mamoru Yamada, Kunihiko Fukaura, Aki Matsumoto, William T. Haller and Lyn A. Gettys
432
3577 NANOCOMPOSITE WITH DUAL FUNCTIONALITY IN SIMULTANEOUS REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS, DYE AND ANIONIC SURFACTANT FROM MULTICOMPONENT WASTEWATER Maria Visa, Nicoleta Popa, Andreea Maria Chelaru
437
3600 EFFECT OF WATER ACTIVITY ON ENZYMES ADSORBED ON BIOMASS CHARCOAL IN ORGANIC MEDIA Hidetaka Noritomi, Jumpei Nishigami, Nobuyuki Endo, Satoru Kato and Katsumi Uchiyama
443
3602 EVALUATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE IN LOBLAW COMPANIES LIMITED IN CANADA Koiwanit, J., Chan, V. K., Piewkhow, L., Katipelly, N. D.
449
3611 AN EVALUATION FOR EFFECTIVE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN EIA IN THAILAND Chutarat Chompunth 455
3649 ACHIEVING WATER SENSITIVE CITY CONCEPT THROUGH MUSRENBANG MECHANISM IN SURABAYA CITY, INDONESIA Eddy Setiadi Soedjono, Nurina Fitriani, Rifda Rahman, I Made Wahyu Wijaya
462
3651 THE STUDY ON MITIGATION METHOD OF BEACH EROSION USING THE CORAL CELLS Sang Kil Park, Hong Bum Park, Kyeong Mo Lim 467
3662 THE DESCRIPTION OF LIGHTING ENVIRONMENTAL ON THE URBAN STREET Shuto Takeuchi, Kazunari Tanaka and Shin Yoshikawa 473
3684 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A THEORETICAL APPROACH OF REGULATION Lindrianasari, Mahatma Kufepaksi, Yuztitya Asmaranti, and Agrianti Komalasari
477
3688 ASSESSMENT OF URBAN CLIMATE CHANGE IN IPOH CITY, PERAK, MALAYSIA Mohd Hairy Ibrahim, Mazlini Adnan, Nor Kalsum Mohd Isa & Kamarul Ismail, 482
3707 TREND OF DAILY RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA BASED ON GRIDDED DATA SET Chee-Loong Wong, Zulkifli Yusop, Tarmizi Ismail
488
3708 SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGES IN ARID REGION OF SAUDI ARABIA Eman Albalawi, Ashraf Dewan and Robert Corner
496
ix
3718 COMPARISON OF LUNG DAMAGES DUE TO PETROL AND DIESEL CAR SMOKE EXPOSURES: HISTOLOGICAL STUDY Wardoyo, Arinto Y.P.a, Juswono, Unggul P., Noor, Johan A. E.
502
3723 SPATIAL VARIATIONS OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION SOURCES IN KHLONG U-TAPAO RIVER BASIN Saudee Maprasit, Chaisri Suksaroj, Vichit Rangpan, and Rotchanatch Darnsawasdi
508
3724 DIVESIRY AND POLLEN MORPHOLGY OF IMPORTANT TREE SPECIES OF RANIKOT FORT, SINDH, PAKISTAN. Nabila Shah Jilani, S.S Hassney, Muhammad Tahir Rajput and Feroza shar Baloch
514
3727 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PAVEMENT TEXTURE AND MOVEMENTYuki OGIMOTO,Kazunari TANAKA and shin YOSHIKAWA 517
3728 REMOVAL AMMONIA FROM LANDFILL LEACHATE USING ULTRASONIC IRRADIATION PROCESSSartaj M., Tobalt A., and Kennedy K. 521
3729 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER SENSITIVE CITY AT DEPOK -MIDDLE CITY IN INDONESIAFirdaus Ali, Irene Sondang, Esty Suyanti and Ahmad Zubair 524
3730 RISK MAPPING STUDIES OF HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL HAZARD IN DEPOK MIDDLE CITYR. Jachrizal Soemabrata, Ahmad Zubair, Irene Sondang and Esty Suyanti 528
3698 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECTOR IN MARINE ECOTOURISM RELATED TO CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY IN SERIBU ISLANDS Lily Surayya Eka Putri and Kristiyanto
534
3689 SEISMIC MICROZONATION FOR URBAN PLANNING AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF NON-ENGINEERED STRUTURE IN EARTHQUAKE PRONE AREA, PADANG, INDONESIA Rusnardi Rahmat Putra, Junji Kiyono, Ganefri Fahmi Rijal and Syahril
540
Authors Index
x
3545 RAINWATER HARVESTING STUDY AT MASJID JAMEK RIYAHDUS SOLIHIN, PINTAS PUDING, BATU PAHAT JOHOR MALAYSIAAmir Hashim Mohd Kassim, Siti Mariam Sulaiman, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed and Adel Ali Saeed Al Gheethi
549
Preface On behalf of the SEE 2017 Organizing Committee, it is our great pleasure to welcome you to the Third International Conference on Science, Engineering & Environment, held at the USQ Springfield Brisbane Australia organized in conjunction with University of Southern Queensland, Mie University Research Center for Environmental Load Reduction, The GEOMATE International Society, Useful Plant Spread Society, Glorious International, AOI Engineering, HOJUN, JCK, CosmoWinds and Beppu Construction, Japan. The conference covers three major themes with many specific themes including: Engineering Science Environment •Environmental Engineering •Chemical Engineering •Civil and Structural Engineering •Computer Software Web
Engineering •Electrical and Electronic
Engineering •Energy and Thermal Engineering •Aerospace Engineering •Agricultural Engineering •Biological Engineering and Sciences •Biological Systems Engineering •Biomedical and Genetic Engineering •Bioprocess and Food Engineering •Geotechnical Engineering •Industrial and Process Engineering •Manufacturing Engineering •Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering •Materials and Nano Engineering •Nuclear Engineering •Petroleum and Power Engineering •Forest Industry Engineering
•Environmental Sciences •Chemistry and Chemical Sciences •Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences •Astronomy and Space Sciences •Atmospheric Sciences •Botany and Biological Sciences •Genetics and Bacteriology •Forestry Sciences •Geological Sciences •Materials Science and Mineralogy •Statistics and Mathematics •Microbiology and Medical
Sciences •Meteorology and Palaeo Ecology •Pharmacology •Physics and Physical Sciences •Plant Sciences and Systems Biology •Psychology and Systems Biology •Zoology and Veterinary Sciences
•Environmental Technology •Recycle Solid Wastes •Environmental dynamics •Meteorology and Hydrology •Atmospheric and Geophysics •Physical oceanography •Bio-engineering •Environmental sustainability •Resource management •Modelling and decision support tools •Institutional development •Suspended and biological processes •Anaerobic and Process modelling •Modelling and numerical prediction •Interaction between pollutants •Water treatment residuals •Quality of drinking water •Distribution systems on potable water •Reuse of reclaimed waters
This year we have received many submissions over 50 universities of different countries all over the world including Australia, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines Romania, Russia, South Korea, Sri Lanka and Thailand. The technical papers were selected from the vast number of contributions submitted after a review of the abstracts. The final papers in the proceedings have been peer reviewed rigorously and revised as necessary by the authors. It relies on the solid cooperation of numerous people to organize a conference of this size. Hence, we appreciate everyone who support as well as participate in the joint conferences. Last but not least, we would like to express our gratitude to all the authors, session chairs, reviewers, participants, institutions and companies for their contribution to SEE 2017. We hope you enjoy the conference and find this experience inspiring and helpful in your professional field. We look forward to seeing you at our upcoming conference next year. Best regards, Prof. Dr. Zakaria Hossain, Conference Chairman (General) Dr. Jim Shiau, Conference Chairman (Program)
Third International Conference on Science, Engineering & Environment, USQ Springfield Brisbane, Australia, Nov.13-15, 2017, ISBN: 978-4-9905958-9-0
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Organization Scientific Committees: Conference Honorary Chairmen: Dr. John Yeaman, Professor, Univ. of the S/Coast, Australia Dr. Sohji Inoue, Emeritus Professor, Mie University, Japan Conference Chairmen: Dr. Jim Shiau, Senior Lecturer, USQ, Australia (Program Chair) Dr. Zakaria Hossain, Prof. Mie Univ., Japan (General Chair) Conference Organizing Committee: Dr. Jim Shiau, S./Lec. Univ. of Southern Queensland, Australia Dr. Stephen Buttling, Principal, National Geo. Cons., Australia Dr. Karu Karunasena, Prof. USQ, Australia Dr. David Thorpe, A/Prof., USQ, Australia Dr. Toshinori Sakai, Prof. Mie University, Japan Dr. Zakaria Hossain, Prof. Mie University, Japan National & International Advisory Committee: Dr. Allan Manalo, Senior Lecturer, USQ, Australia Dr. Soma Somasundaraswaran, Lecturer, USQ, Australia Dr. John Smith, A/Prof. RMIT University, Australia Dr. Arul Arulrajah, Prof. Swinburne Univ. of Tech., Australia Dr. Robert Evans, A/Prof., Swinburne Univ. of Tech., Australia Dr. Chaminda Gallage, A/Prof, Queensland Uni. of Tec, Australia Dr. Iyad Alkroosh, A/Prof., Curtin University, Australia Dr. Sammy Kwok, Geo. Eng. Cardno Bowler, Australia Dr. Jun Sugawara, S/Eng. Golder Associates Pty Ltd, Australia Dr. N. Sivakugan, A/Prof. James Cook Univ., Australia Dr. Erwin Oh, Senior Lecturer, Griffith University, Australia Dr. Fumio Tatsuoka, Prof. Tokyo University of Science, Japan Dr. Jing-Cai Jiang, Prof. University of Tokushima, Japan Dr. Toshihiro Morii, Prof. Niigata University, Japan Dr. Kimitoshi Hayano, Prof. Yokohama National Univ., Japan Dr. Sai Vanapalli, Prof. University of Ottawa, Canada Dr. Musharraf Zaman, Prof. Univ. of Oklahama, USA Dr. Rafiqul Tarefder, Prof. University of New Mexico, USA Dr. M. Bouassida, Prof. National Sch. of Engg. of Tunis Dr. L.R. Austriaco, Prof. Angles Univ. Found., Philippines Dr. A.S.M. Abdul Awal, Prof., UTHM, Malaysia Dr. Bujang B.K. Huat, Prof. Univ. Putra Malaysia Dr. Nemy Banthia, Prof. UBC, Canada Dr. Ian Jefferson, Prof. Univ. of Birmingham, UK Dr. John Bolander, Prof. Univ. of California, USA Dr. Shamsul Chowdhury, Prof. Roosevelt Univ., USA Dr. Isabel Pinto, Prof. University of Coimbra, Portugal Dr. Hj. Ramli Bin Hj. Nazir, A/Prof.. UTM, Malaysia Dr. Aly Ahmed, A/Prof.. Beni-Suef University, Egypt Dr. Chang-Yu Ou, Prof. National Taiwan Univ. of Sci. &Tech. International Technical Program Committee: Prof. Adolf Heinrich Horn, Geological Institute - Federa University of Minas Gerais, Brazil Prof. Bang-Fuh Chen, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan Prof. Bindeshwar Singh, Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, India
Third International Conference on Science, Engineering & Environment, USQ Springfield Brisbane, Australia, Nov.13-15, 2017, ISBN: 978-4-9905958-9-0
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Prof. Catherine Mulligan, Concordia Institute of Water, Energy and Sustainable Systems, Canada Prof. Chi-Min Liu Chienkuo Technology University, Taiwan Prof. Daffalla Rabih, Kenana Sugar Company, Sudan Prof. Essaid Bilal, Ecole Nationale Superieure Des Mines De Saint Etienne, France Prof. Hakan Caliskan, Usak University, Faculty of Engineering, Turkey Prof. Ibrahim Maiyza, National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Egypt Prof. Loc Nguyen, Sunflower Soft Company, Vietnam Prof. Marilia Hagen, Indiana University, United States Prof. Md Najib bin Ibrahim, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia Prof. Md. Abdul Baset Mia, BSMR Agri. Univ., Bangladesh Prof. Mihaela Popescu, University of Craiova, Romania Prof. Mohamed Abdou, Faculty of Education Department of Mathematics, Egypt Prof. Mohamed Tahiri, Présidnce de l'Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Morocco Prof. Nazar Oukaili, University of Baghdad, Iraq Prof. Radim Cajka, Technical University Ostrava, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Republic Prof. Rajaraman Jambunathan, AMET University, India Prof. Saad Farhan Ibrahim Alabdullah, University of Almustansiriyah, Iraq Prof. Salem Alsanusi, Benghazi, Libya Prof. Sudhir Kumar Das, Retired Senior Project Manager of Indian Railways, India Prof. Zachary Senwo, Alabama A&M University, United States Prof. Imed Jabri, University of Tunis, Tunisia A/Prof. Bindeshwar Singh Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, India A/Prof. Hasi Rani Barai, Yeungnam University, South Korea A/Prof. Jamaluddin Mahmud, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia A/Prof. Mohamed Ramadan, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia A/Prof. Najam Hasan, Dhofar University, Oman A/Prof. Nosina Krishna Chaitanya, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, India A/Prof. Nurbek Saparkhojayev, Almaty Management University, Kazakhstan A/Prof. Pandian Vasant, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia A/Prof. Teodor Lucian Grigorie, University of Craiova, Romania A/Prof. Zawawi Daud, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia A/Prof. Abdull Halim Abdul, OIl and Gas department, Malaysia A/Prof. Baoping Cai, China University of Petroleum, China A/Prof. Dariusz Jakóbczak, Koszalin University of Technology, Poland A/Prof. Edgar Allan Mendoza, University of the Philippines A/Prof. Lakhveer Singh, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) Malaysia, Malaysia A/Prof. Lidia Sas Paszt, Research Institute of Pomology, Poland A/Prof. Mahmood Barbooti, University of Yechnology, Iraq A/Prof. Majid Mirzaei, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia A/Prof. Najeh Lakhoua, University of Carthage, Tunisia A/Prof. Ryan Joseph Calinao, Lyceum of the Philippines University-Laguna A/Prof. Sarawut Thepanondh, Mahidol University, Thailand A/Prof. Yasir Al Hussein, Jerash University, Faculty of Engineering, Jordan A/Prof. Grigorie Teodor Lucian, University of Craiova, Romania A/Prof. Hêriş Golpîra, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran A/Prof. Muhammad Aslam, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia A/Prof. Tomasz Plech, Medical University of Lublin, Poland A/Prof. Fellah Mamoun, Abbes laghrour University, Algeria A/Prof. R. S. Ajin, GeoVin Solutions Pvt. Ltd., India A/Prof. Roman Szewczyk, Industrial Research Institute for Automation and Measurements, Poland Dr. Abolghasem Akbari, University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia Dr. Ahmad Safuan A Rashid, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Dr. Akinola Johnson Olarewaju, Federal Polytechnic Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria Dr. Alexandre Costa, Federal University of the valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Brazil Dr. Angelo Gallone, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), United Kingdom Dr. Azizul Azhar Ramli, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Dr. Bashir Dar, University of kashmir Delina Baramulla J&K India, India Dr. Bassam Abdellatif, National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, Egypt
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Dr. Binh Phu Nguyen, National University of Singapore, Singapore Dr. Cazacu Gabriela, S.C. Geotech Dobrogea, Romania Dr. Chengen Yang, Intel Corporation, United States Dr. Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Dr. Evgeni Starikov, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany; Chalmers, Gothenburg Sweden, Germany Dr. Fatma Khanchel, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia Dr. Hamidreza Khataee, Griffith University, Australia Dr. Hêriş Golpîra, Islamic Azad University, Iran Dr. Iskhaq Iskandar, Dept. Physics, University of Sriwijaya, Indonesia Dr. Jingwei Zhao, University of Wollongong, Australia Dr. Jitendra Agrawal, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, India Dr. Liza Patacsil, Malayan Colleges Laguna, Philippines Dr. Mohamed Amine, Ferrag Guelma University, Algeria Dr. Mohd Afendi Rojan, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia Dr. Mohd Altaf, University of kashmir Delina Baramulla J&K India, India Dr. Mohd Hairy Ibrahim , Sultan Idris Education University, Malaysia Dr. Mostafa Khater, Egypt - El sharqia - Zagazig, Egypt Dr. Najam Hasan, Dhofar University, Oman Dr. Namir Alkawaaz, University of Almustansiriyah, Iraq Dr. Nashrul Fazli Mohd Nasir, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia Dr. NaufaL Mansor Kampus Uniciti Alam, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Malaysia Dr. Obed Majeed Ali, Northern Technical University, Iraq Dr. Piyapong Janmaimool, King Mongkhut' University of Technology, Thailand Dr. Po-Sheng Chiu, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Dr. Prabu Mohandas, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, India Dr. Raman Kumar, D A V Institute of Engineering and Technology, India Dr. Riccardo Colella, University of Salento, Italy Dr. Rolando Javellonar, Romblon State University, Philippines Dr. Shikha Agrawal, Rajeev Gandhi Technical University, India Dr. Stefania Tomasiello CORISA, University of Salerno, Italy Dr. Sumiyyah Sabar, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Dr. Suphaphat Kwonpongsagoon, Mahidol University, Thailand Dr. Wei Hong Tan, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia Dr. Yoshiro Fujii, Shin Kobe Dental Clinic, Japan Dr. Yuk Feng Huang, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Malaysia Dr. Zongyan Zhou, Monsh University, Australia Dr. Purnanand Savoikar, Goa Engineering College, India Dr. Ahmed Toaha Mobashsher, University of Queensland, Australia Dr. Chupong Pakpum, Maejo University Dr. Emanuele Quaranta, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Dr. Jiangling Yin, Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, United States Dr. Khor Shing Fhan, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia Dr. Mario Chauca, Ricardo Palma University, Peru Dr. Santosh Gaikwad, Model College, Ghansawangi, India Dr. Tse Guan Tan, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Dr. Vikas Panthi, National Institute of Technology, India Dr. Watoo Phrompittayarat, Naresuan University, Thailand Dr. Hamidreza Namazi, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Dr. Parichat Phumkhachorn, Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand Dr. Subhasis Roy, University of Calcutta, India Conference Correspondence: Dr. Jim Shiau, Senior Lecturer, USQ, Australia, Program Chair Dr. Zakaria Hossain, General Chair, Prof. Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University 1577 Kurima Machiya-cho, Tsu-city,
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Mie 514-8507 Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Tel & Fax: +81-59-231-9578 Conference History: SEE-Mie, Japan, Nov. 19-21, 2015 Chairman: Prof. Dr. Satoshi Kaneco, Mie University, Japan SEE-Osaka, Japan, Nov. 21-23, 2016 Chairman: Prof. Dr. Zakaria Hossain, Mie University, Japan Editorial and Executive Committee: Prof. Dr. Zakaria Hossain Dr. Jim Shiau Ms. Siti Hanggita Rachmawati Mr. Md. Aminul Islam Mr. Alex Otieno Owino Note- A: Associate, E-Emeritus
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SEE - USQ, Brisbane, Australia, Nov.13-16, 2017
1
Keynote Papers
540
SEISMIC MICROZONATION FOR URBAN PLANNING AND
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF NON-ENGINEERED
STRUTURE IN EARTHQUAKE PRONE AREA, PADANG,
INDONESIA
*Rusnardi Rahmat Putra1,, Junji Kiyono2, Ganefri3 Fahmi Rijal4 and Syahril5
1,4Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia, 3Graduate School of
Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan, Elect4Mechanicall Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas
Negeri Padang, Indonesia
Abstract: Padang city is located at earthquake prone area, several powerful earthquakes have struck Padang
during recent years, one of the largest of which was an M 7.6 event that occurred on September 30, 2009
and caused more than 1000 casualties. The basic purpose of seismic microzonation is to produce input for
urban planning and to supply site specific ground motion data to be used for the assessment of the
vulnerability of the non-structure houses stock. A very detailed geological and geotechnical studies were
conducted to evaluate the variation of site characterization within the city of Padang. We performed single
observations of microtremors at 110 sites in Padang. The results enabled us to estimate the site-dependent
amplification characteristics of earthquake ground-motion. We also conducted a 12-site microtremor array
investigation to gain a representative determination of the soil condition of subsurface structures in Padang.
Based on soil characteristic in whole Padang, We simulated the recorded ground motion of earthquake 2009
to obtain ground motion whole Padang. This seismic microzonation is a parameter for vulnerability
assessment to non-engineered houses. We conducted vulnerability assessment to non-engineered structure
of houses stock to estimate current structure condition to face predicted earthquake event in near future.
About 1400 non-engineered structure were assessed and interviewed. The residents received explanations
for each item on the questionnaire from the interviewers, and answers were filled in directly on the answer
sheets. This survey produced a map of the shaking intensity and houses’ vulnerability distribution in Padang.
From the dispersion curve of microtremor array observations, the central business district of Padang
corresponds to relatively soft soil condition with Vs30 less than 400 m/s, the predominant periods due to
horizontal vertical ratios (HVSRs) are in the range of 2.0 to 4.0 s, and 98% of houses in high risk due to
predicted earthquake. These results enable produce clear information to Padang people including local
government of Padang how to create a mitigation system to reduce earthquake risk.
Keywords: array observation, vulnerability assessment, non-engineered structure, seismic microzonation
1. INTRODUCTION
The city of Padang is located on the west
coast of Sumatra in western Indonesia, lies close to
the Sumatran subduction zone that is formed by the
subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate beneath the
Eurasian Plate. Relative motion of the plates occurs
at a rate of about 50 to 70 mm/year and this is the
main source of subduction-related seismicity in the
area [1]. Based on our catalog, several giant
earthquakes have occurred in this region since
records began: 1779 (Mw 8.4), 1833 (Mw 9.2),
1861 (Mw 8.3), 2004 (Mw 9.2), 2007 (Mw 7.9 and
8.4), 2009 (Mw 7.6), and 2017 (6.4). The
hypocenter of the Padang earthquake that occurred
on September 30, 2009 was located in the ocean
slab of the Indo-Australian Plate at -0.81°S,
99.65°E and at a depth of 80 km. It produced a high
degree of shaking and the tremor was felt in the
Indonesian capital, Jakarta, about 923 km from the
epicenter. The tremors also were felt in neighboring
countries such as Malaysia and Singapore [2]. The
earthquake caused landslides and collateral debris
flows in the hills surrounding Lake Maninjau. A
major landslide in Gunung NanTigo, Padang
Pariaman completely destroyed some villages and
forced road closures.
This 1900-km-long active strike-slip fault
zone that runs along the backbone of Sumatra poses
seismic and fault hazards to a dense population
distributed on and around the fault zones [3]. The
Sumatran Fault is highly segmented. It consists of
20 major geometrically defined segments and the
slip rate along the fault increase to the northwest,
from about 5 mm/yr [3].
This fault also has generated large
destructive earthquakes, e.g., 1892 (Mw 7.1), 1943
(Mw 7.6) and 2007 (Mw 6.4). These faults are
Third International Conference on Science, Engineering & Environment (SEE),USQ, Brisbane, Australia, Nov.13-16, 2017, ISBN: 978-4-9905958-9-0 C3051
SEE - USQ, Brisbane, Australia, Nov.13-16, 2017
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capable of generating strong ground motion in the
future that would greatly affect vulnerable
structures. Based on the latest earthquake events
catalogs from USGS (2017) showed the number of
earthquake events with magnitude from 3 to 6 is
creasing within one month for each month in 2017.
It shows how the activity of plate currently is.
Fig.1 Seismicity of Sumatra Island from 2005 to
2010, Mw>6.5, <100km depth of hypocenter, and
Padang City
Regional Geology and Recent Earthquake
The city of Padang, with a population of 914,968 people as of 2016, is the capital of West Sumatra province. The location of the city center is at 100.38°E, 0.95°S. The main part of Padang is situated on an alluvial plain between the Indian Ocean and the mountains. For the most part, the countainous area is formed of Tertiary sedimentary rocks with outcrops of metamorphic rocks seen in some places. The alluvial plain spreads along the base of the mountains and is roughly 10 km wide in the east-west direction and 20 km wide in the north-south direction.
The topography of the Padang region is very similar to the tsunami-damaged area of Miyagi Prefecture in Japan, that was inundated by as much as 4-5 km from the coast after the March 11, 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake off the east coast of Honshu. In Padang, about 650,000 people live in the coastal area (covering about 60 km2). The population density is very high, about 10,833 people/km2. The city is located on the coast of the Indian Ocean between the Sumatran Fault and the Sunda Trench Fault. Both faults are active with slip rate ranging from 10 to 27 mm/year [3]. According to our catalog, 3,174 events with a magnitude greater than 4 occurred in this region from AD 1779 to 2017 [4]. The several giant earthquakes mentioned previously have all been strongly felt here. For example, the source of the 2009 Padang earthquake was located in the ocean slab of the
Indo-Australian Plate. It produced extensive shaking and severe damage to houses and buildings in Padang and Padang Pariaman, because its epicenter was about 60 km offshore from Padang. As the Padang earthquake was an intra-slab earthquake at intermediate depth with a comparable magnitude, the event did not generate a tsunami of significance [5]. Due to this earthquake, 1117 people were reported killed, 1214 severely injured, 1688 slightly injured, and 3 were left missing in West Sumatra. The earthquake also destroyed many houses, buildings and infrastructure (heavily damaged houses numbered 114,797, with 67,198 moderately damaged and 67,837 slightly damaged). In Padang, 5458 buildings sustained damage [6]. This event occurred at the end of the working day, just 15 minutes after offices and schools closed; if it had struck earlier, the number of causalities would definitely have been higher as a result of building collapses. Several hours after Padang earthquake, 1st October 2009, Sumatran fault line generated Mw7.1 and 10km depth. Due to this earthquake destroyed many houses and building (heavily damaged houses numbered 600, with 550 moderately damaged). Since Padang has high potential to great earthquake shaking in near future with great acceleration too compare with previous earthquake in 2009 [7]. With great potential shaking occur in Padang for several return period of earthquake events, Padang has highest vulnerability to non engineered structure in Indonesia [8]. Based on observation in Palu city, Palu its self has the same soil characteristic as Padang city [9],[10].
There are four accelerometers in Padang. Three were donated by Engineers Without Borders Japan (EWBJ) and installed in 2008, and the other was installed by the Indonesian Government’s Bureau of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG). However, only one ground motion record is available for the Padang earthquake. Due to an electric power cut during the earthquake, only the BMKG device recorded the time history of the earthquake. The observed record shows about 20 s of strong shaking with a peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.3 g and a predominant period of 0.5 s [11]. Response spectra at law period is greater then Indonesia code for rock condition (0.83g).The location of this station is a mountainous suburb about 12 km in from the coast. The subsurface condition at this station is rocky; the average shear wave velocity for the upper 30 m of the subsurface here, Vs30, is 1200 m/s [10].
DAMAGE FROM THE 2009 PADANG
EARTHQUAKE
The city of Padang covers an area of about
695 km2 and is divided into 11 districts:
B. T. Kabung, K. Tangah, Kuranji, L. Begalung, L.
Kilangan, Nanggalo, P. Barat, P. Selatan, P. Timur,
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P. Utara, and Pauh. 51.0% of the land is forested,
28.52% is used for farming, 9.54% for housing and
7.1% for rice fields [12]. The population of more
than 914.968 is increasing by 1%-2% per year. The
K. Tangah district has the highest population and
most extensive area compared with the other
districts in the city.
The central business area of Padang is
close to the coast and consist of several district:
P. Barat, P. Utara, P. Selatan and P. Timur, B.T.
Kabung, K. Tangah. The downtown area is utilized
as a center of political and commercial activities.
Although the Padang earthquake affected all
districts of the city, the major damage occurred
downtown, because about 80% of population lives
near the coast. The majority of houses in the city are
one- and two-storey non-engineered structures.
These structures are typically built of confined
masonry, with reinforced-concrete (RC) frames
acting as confinement for the brick masonry walls.
There are three general categories of houses in
Padang: permanent houses (RC), semi-permanent
houses (mix of RC and wood) and traditional
houses (wood). Unfortunately, no detailed damage
statistics are available for each type of building, so
we cannot classify the category of the house. This
earthquake also affected lifelines in Padang. The
strong ground shaking destroyed public water
distribution pipes leading to 2,906 reported leakage
points in total [13]. Damage to pipelines forced the
cessation of water delivery to consumers for several
weeks.
2. SITE CHARACTERIZATION BY
MICROTREMOR OBSERVATION
Single Microtremor Observation A microtremor is a very small ground
motion that can be recorded on the ground surface.
It can be produced by a variety of excitations (e.g.,
wind, traffic, breaking sea waves). A full
microtremor record can be described by one vertical
and two horizontal components. Our analysis was
conducted using the recorded microtremor. First,
the horizontal and vertical spectrum ratios (HVSR)
were computed for all sites (Fig. 2). HVSR
(Horizontal-Vertical Spectra Ratio) is consists in
estimating the ratio between the Fourier amplitude
spectra of the horizontal (H) to vertical (V)
components of ambient noise vibrations recorded at
one single station.
The peak period of the HVSR is known to
correspond to the resonant period of the site. This
method postulates the shape of the Fourier
spectrum . Equation. (1) shows the method used to
calculate HVSR using the observed records.
𝑯𝑽𝑹𝒔 = √𝑭𝑵𝑺𝒊(𝝎)𝟐+𝑭𝑭𝑾𝒊(𝝎)𝟐
𝑭𝑼𝑫𝒊(𝝎)𝟐 (𝟏)
where 𝑭𝑵𝑺𝒊(𝝎) and 𝑭𝑼𝑫𝒊(𝝎) denote the Fourier
amplitude of the NS, EW and UD components of
each interval, respectively, and 𝝎 is the frequency.
We performed 140 single site surveys that
sampled every district of the city of Padang. These
observations were carried out in November 2008,
September, November, and December 2009 and
January 2010. The locations of observations are
plotted in Fig.3. Microtremor was measured using a
GPL- 6A3P sensor. The two horizontal (NS and
EW) and the vertical (UD) components were
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2 Observation sites and results of HVSR.(a)
Microtremor single observation sites at every
district in Padang, (b) Distributed HVSR ratio.
The recorded simultaneously for 10 minutes
with a 100 Hz sampling frequency. We estimated
the distribution of the peak periods of the HVSRs
for all sites in Padang using the ordinary kriging
technique. From single observations, we obtained a
predominant period of 2.0 to 4.0 s in the central
business district and less than 1.0 s in the
SEE - USQ, Brisbane, Australia, Nov.13-16, 2017
543
mountainous areas. These results indicate an affect
related to the thickness of alluvium in the coastal
area of Padang city, which decreases in thickness
inland.
3. SITE CHARACTERIZATION BY
MICROTREMOR OBSERVATION
Microtremor Aray Observations
The velocity of surface waves is well known to
vary as a function of frequency (or period) due to
dispersion. Since dispersion is a function of
subsurface structure, the substructure can be
estimated from a Rayleigh wave dispersion curve.
We carried out microtremor array investigations
using 12 sites at several districts in Padang (Fig.3).
Dispersion curves were calculated using the SPAC
method [13] to obtain a velocity structure from the
microtremor recordings. An outline of the
procedure follows. It is necessary to simultaneously
record microtremors with an instrument array of at
least three stations. The dispersion of a measured
surface wave is a response to the subsurface
structure directly below the array, and the
estimation of the subsurface structure causing the
dispersion is determined by means of inversion of
Rayleigh waves. The basic principles of the SPAC
method assume that the complex wave motions of
microtremors are stochastic processes in time and
space. A spatial autocorrelation coefficient for a
circular array can then be defined when the waves
composing the microtremor (i.e., the surface waves)
are dispersive. Hence, the spatial autocorrelation is
a function of phase velocity and frequency.
Rayleigh wave records were measured for the 12-
array observation sites using the SPAC method and
inversion analysis was undertaken on the observed
dispersion curves to estimate the soil profiles. In the
inversion analysis, the Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) algorithm was adopted to solve the non-
linear optimization problem [14]. The basic
procedures of PSO are outlined below. he particle
swarm concept originated as a simulation of
simplified social system. The original intent was to
graphically simulate the choreography of bird of a
bird block or fish school. However, it was found
that particle swarm model can be used as an
optimizer, PSO simulates the behaviors of bird
flocking. Suppose the following scenario: a group
of birds are randomly searching food in an area.
There is only one piece of food in the area being
searched. All the birds do not know where the food
is. But they know how far the food is in each
iteration. So what's the best strategy to find the
food? The effective one is to follow the bird which
is nearest to the food. PSO learned from the
scenario and used it to solve the optimization
problems. In PSO, each single solution is a "bird" in
Fig.3 Array observation sites
the search space. We call it "particle". All of
particles have fitness values which are evaluated by
the fitness function to be optimized, and have
velocities which direct the flying of the particles.
The particles fly through the problem space by
following the current optimum particles. PSO is
initialized with a group of random particles
(solutions) and then searches for optima by
updating generations. In every iteration, each
particle is updated by following two "best" values.
The first one is the best solution (fitness) it has
achieved so far. (The fitness value is also stored.)
This value is called pbest. Another "best" value that
is tracked by the particle swarm optimizer is the best
value, obtained so far by any particle in the
population. This best value is a global best and
called gbest. When a particle takes part of the
population as its topological neighbors, the best
value is a local best and is called lbest.
We estimate the subsurface structure of the
model by solving a nonlinear minimization problem
with the fitness function below.
𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒕+𝟏 = 𝝎 𝒗𝒊𝒅
𝒕 + 𝒄𝟏𝒓𝟏(𝒑𝒊𝒅𝒕 − 𝒙𝒊𝒅
𝒕 ) + 𝒄𝟐𝒓𝟐(𝒑𝒈𝒅𝒕 −
𝒙𝒈𝒅𝒕 ) (1)
𝒙𝒊𝒅𝒕+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒊𝒅
𝒕 + 𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒕+𝟏 (2)
where 𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑡 is particle velocity of the
𝑖𝑡ℎcomponent in dimension d in the interaction, 𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑡
is the particle position of the 𝑖𝑡ℎ component in
dimension d in interaction,𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are constant
weight factors, 𝑝𝑖 is the best position achieved by
particle 𝑖 , 𝑝𝑔 is the best position found by the
neighbor of particle 𝑖, 𝑟1and 𝑟2 are random factors
in the [0,1] interval and 𝜔 is the inertia
weight.Before performing the inversion analysis,
the subsurface structure was assumed to consist of
horizontal layers of elastic and homogeneous media
above a semi-infinite elastic body. The shear wave
velocity and thickness of each layer are the
parameters determined by the inversion analysis.
The results enable us to determine the condition of
SEE - USQ, Brisbane, Australia, Nov.13-16, 2017
544
shallow subsurface structures (Ono et al., 2010).
The outline of the SPAC method for the phase
velocity calculation of Rayleigh waves follows.
𝑨𝒇(𝝎)，𝑨𝒈(𝝎) and ∅𝒇(𝝎)，are difference
between the amplitude of ∅𝒈(𝝎), 𝑭(𝝎)，
𝑮(𝝎) respectively. Futher cross correlation in
the frequency region of the two waveforms will
be as follows.
𝑪𝑪𝒇𝒈 = 𝑭(𝝎) ∙ 𝑮(𝝎)̅̅ ̅̅ ̅̅ ̅ = 𝑨𝒇(𝝎) ∙ 𝑨𝒈(𝝎) ∙
𝒆𝒙𝒑( 𝒊∆∅(𝝎)) (𝟓) Type equation here.
It shows the phase difference of∆∅(𝝎)
∆∅(𝝎) =𝝎𝒓
𝒄(𝝎) (6)
𝒄(𝝎) is the phase velocity from the phase
difference.
𝑪𝑪𝒇𝒈 = 𝑨𝒇(𝝎) ∙ 𝑨𝒈(𝝎) ∙
𝒆𝒙𝒑 (𝒊𝝎𝒓
𝒄(𝝎)) (𝟕)
The complex coherence of two waveforms is
defined by the following equation.
𝑪𝑶𝑯𝒇𝒈(𝝎) =𝑪𝑪𝒇𝒈(𝝎)
𝑨𝒇(𝝎) ∙ 𝑨𝒈(𝝎)
= 𝒆𝒙 𝒑 (𝒊𝝎𝒓
𝒄(𝝎)) (𝟖)
Type equation here.
𝑹𝒆 (𝑪𝑶𝑯𝒇𝒈(𝝎)) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒊𝝎𝒓
𝒄(𝝎)) (9)
． 𝒄(𝝎, 𝝋) =𝒄(𝝎)
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋 (10)
𝑺𝑷𝑨𝑪(𝝎, 𝒓) =𝟏
𝟐𝝅∫ 𝒆𝒙𝒑 (𝒊
𝝎𝒓
𝒄(𝝎)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋)𝒅𝝋
𝟐𝝅
𝟎
(11)
𝑹𝒆(𝑺𝑷𝑨𝑪(𝝎, 𝒓)) =𝟏
𝟐𝝅∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒊
𝝎𝒓
𝒄(𝝎)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋)𝒅𝝋
𝟐𝝅
𝟎 (12)
𝑱 (𝝎𝒓
𝒄(𝝎)) =
𝟏
𝟐𝝅∫ 𝒆𝒙𝒑(
𝝎𝒓
𝒄(𝝎)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋)𝒅𝝋
𝟐𝝅
𝟎 (13)
where 𝑱𝒐(𝒙) is the zero-order Bessel function of the
first kind of x, and 𝒄(𝝎) is the phase velocity at
frequency 𝝎. The SPAC coefficient 𝝆(𝒓, 𝝎) can be
obtained in the frequency domain using the Fourier
transform of the observed microtremors.
From the SPAC coefficient ρ(r,ω), the phase
velocity is calculated for every frequency from the
Bessel function argument of equation. 15 and the
velocity model can be invert. The layer thickness
and the average S-wave velocity in Figure 6 each
array site. For the average S wave velocity model
obtained by averaging the estimated ground
structure of the array site was to be calculated by a
weighted average using a S-wave velocity
structure is estimated as a weighted layer thickness.
𝑹𝒆(𝑺𝑷𝑨𝑪(𝝎, 𝒓)) = 𝑱 (𝝎𝒓
𝒄(𝝎)) (𝟏𝟒)
From the SPAC coefficient 𝝆(𝒓, 𝝎) , the phase
velocity is calculated for every frequency from the
Bessel function argument of equation. 15 and the
velocity model can be invert. The layer thickness
and the average S-wave velocity in Figure 6 each
array site. For the average S wave velocity model
obtained by averaging the estimated ground
structure of the array site was to be calculated by a
weighted average using a S-wave velocity structure
is estimated as a weighted layer thickness.
𝑽𝒔̅̅ ̅̅ = ∑ 𝑽𝒔𝒊 ∙
𝑯𝒊
𝑯 (15)
From the dispersion curve, we can produce
an interpretation Vs30 (average shear wave velocity
for the upper 30 m) as show in Table 4, shows the
contours of Vs30 for every 200 m/s increment and
soil characteristic every layer.
(a)
𝑭(𝝎) =𝟏
𝟐𝝅∫ 𝒇(𝒕)
∞
−∞
∙ 𝒆𝒙𝒑(−𝒊𝝎𝒕) 𝒅
= 𝑨𝒇(𝝎) ∙ 𝒆𝒙𝒑 (−𝒊∅𝒇(𝝎)) (𝟑)
𝑮(𝝎) =𝟏
𝟐𝝅∫ 𝒈(𝒕)
∞
−∞
∙ 𝒆𝒙𝒑(−𝒊𝝎𝒕) 𝒅𝒕
= 𝑨𝒈(𝝎)𝒆𝒙𝒑 (−𝒊∅𝒈(𝝎)) (𝟒)
SEE - USQ, Brisbane, Australia, Nov.13-16, 2017
545
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig.4 Observation sites, soil profile and
distribution of average shear wave
velocity, (a) Array observation
sites, (b) layer 1 (Vs < 400m/s) and (c)
layer 2 (Vs >400m/s), (d) Distribution of
Vs30 (m/sec).
4. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
Vulnerability can simply be defined as the
sensitivity of the exposure to seismic hazard(s).
The vulnerability of an element is usually
expressed as a percentage loss (or as a value
between zero and one) for a given hazard severity
level [16]. In a large number of elements, like
building stocks, vulnerability may be defined in
terms of the damage potential to a class of similar
structures subjected to a given seismic hazard.
Vulnerability analysis reveals the damageability
of the structure(s) under varying intensity or
magnitudes of ground motion. Multiple damage
states are typically considered in the analysis. Based
on the data of damaged houses by ground shaking
of Padang earthquake in 2009.
5. ASSESSMENT TO RESIDENTIAL
HOUSES
Survey Outline
The main purpose of assessment of housing has
been used to quantify the structural condition after
giant earthquake based on observed or interviewed
to the owner its self. Since Padang has been
conducted for seismic intensity in 2011 [11]. The
method was originally developed by Japan
architecture disaster prevention association
earthquake. This method widely applied to assess
houses for preventing future ground shaking due to
predicted earthquake. It has been useful for
estimating house condition such as the earthquake
resistant performance and earthquake resistant
repair to improve earthquake-resistant performance
the observed houses by knowing the weak point at
the structural. The original questionnaire sheet was
written in Japanese (juutaku day taishinnshinndan);
however, it was translated into Indonesian language
for its application to Padang city. The questionnaire
has 10 items that cover recognition of structural
condition in general, had experience past giant
earthquake and strengthened after struck by
earthquake. Some sentences were modified to make
Fig.5 Ground motion whole Padang city.
SEE - USQ, Brisbane, Australia, Nov.13-16, 2017
546
it more relevant to local people while not changing
the original topics covered by questionnaire. People
living near the observation points were interviewed
using the questionnaire [17][18]. The questionnaire
survey was conducted from October 2nd to
November 23rd , 2016. The survey was carried out
in all districts of Padang by distributing and
completing 1235 the questionnaire. People living
near the observation points were interviewed using
the questionnaire. The questionnaire survey was
conducted from October 2nd to November 23rd, 2016.
The survey was carried out in all districts of Padang
by distributing and completing 1235 questionnaires
through a direct interview process with residents of
the city The interviewers explained each item of the
questionnaire to residents, discussed the responses
given, and documented the answers on the standard
answer sheets. The results of the questionnaire
survey conducted to estimate the houses condition
distribution in Padang after earthquake in Padang
2009. The interview distribution showed in figure
11 and its result showed in figure 12, the interview
result is indicated 98% of houses in Padang with
score < 8 (Japan architecture disaster prevention
association), its means the houses need to consult
and discuss with experts directly soon as possible.
Fig. 6 Assessment distribution map in Padang
Fig. 7 Survey result show residential condition distribution in Padang city
SEE - USQ, Brisbane, Australia, Nov.13-16, 2017
547
6. CONCLUSION
According to microtremor observations,
downtown Padang is underlain by soft soil
conditions (Vs30<400 m/s). Consistent results
concerning the soil condition were found based on
predominant period observations.
In both cases, the coastal area was determined
to have a soft soil conditions (Vs30<400 m/s), a
longer predominant period, and a greater seismic
intensity.
Padang has a thick alluvial layer in the coastal
area (with a predominant period between 2.0 and
4.2 s) that thins toward the mountains (with a
predominant period less than 2.0 s). The subsurface
geology also changes slowly from soft soil in the
coastal area to rocky conditions in the mountains.
The results show clear information on soil
condition especially at the downtown and
residential houses current condition with 98% of
houses need to consult to expert as soon as possible
as a way to mitigate future earthquake event.
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank to Professor Junji
Kiyono from Kyoto University who provided
strong support throughout the period. Thanks also
go to Professor Yusuke Ono and Professor Noguchi
from Tottori University, Japan for their great
assistance during the field survey. Thanks to Dr.
Safriani from Universitas Negeri Padang as
research partner. Finally would like to thanks
Indonesian government DIKTI who provided
financial support on research schema Penelitian
Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi year 2016.
8. REFERENCES
[1] Prawirodirjo, L., Y. Bock, J.F. 2000, “One
century of tectonic deformation along the
Sumatran fault from triangulation and global
positioning system surveys”, J. of Geophysical
research, 105, 28, 343-28,363.
[2] Aislinn Laing, 2009, “More than 1000 feared
dead in Sumatra earthquake’,
www.telegraph.co.id.
[3] Natawidjaja and WahyuTriyoso 2007. “The
Sumatran fault Zone-from Source to Hazard”, J.
of Earthquake and Tsunami, Vol. 1 No. 1, 21-47.
[4] Rusnardi Rahmat Putra, J. Kiyono, Y. Ono, H
Parajuli, “Seismic Hazard Analysis For
Indonesia”. Journal of Natural Disaster Science,
Vol. 33, No.3 pp.59-70, June 2012.
[5] EERI 2009. “The Mw 7.6 Western Sumatra
Earthquake of September 30, 2009”, Special
report.
[6] BNPB 2009 (National Disaster Management
Agency of Indonesian Government). “Total
damage report and verification for West
Sumatra due to Padang earthquake”,
www.bnpb.go.id.
[7] Rusnardi Rahmat Putra, J. Kiyono, Y. Ono, H
Parajuli. 2012, Seismic Hazard Analysis for
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Vol. 33, No.3 pp.59-70, June 2012.
[8] Rusnardi Rahmat Putra, Junji Kioyono, Aiko
Furukawa, Vulnerability Assessment of Non
Engineering Houses Based on Ddamage Data
of the 2009 Padang Earthquake in Padang
City, International Journal of Geomate, Vol 7,
No.2 (SI.No.14) pp.1076-1083,2014
[9] Rusnardi Rahmat Putra, Junji Kiyono, Yusuke
Ono, Yasuo Yoshimoto, Syharil, Determined
Soil Characteristic of Palu in Indonesia by
Using Microtremor Observation, International
Journal of Geomate, Vol. 10, No.2 (SI. No. 20)
1737-1742, 2016.
[10] Rusnardi Rahmat Putra, Estimation of Vs30
Based on Soil Investigation by Using
Microtremor Observation in Padang,
Indonesia, International Journal of Geomate,
Oct., 2017, Vol.13, Issue 38, pp.135-140,
2017
[11] Rusnardi Rahmat Putra, J. Kiyono, Y. Ono,
Estimation of Earthquake Ground Motion in
Padang City, Indonesia. International Journal
of GEOMATE, Vol..1 (S1.No.1), pp.71-77,
October, 2011.
[12] Padang City Statistic Center Agency of Local
Government, www.padangkota.bps.go.id.
2017.
.[13] Aki, K. 1957.”Space and time spectra of
stationary stochastic waves, with special
reference to microtremor”, Bull. Earth. Res.
Inst., Vol. 35, No. 3, 415-456.
[14] Keneddy, J. and Eberhart, R. C. Particle swarm
optimization, Proc. Of IEEE International
Conference on Neural Networks, Vol.4,pp.1942-
1948, 1995
[15] Ono, Y., Kiyono, J., Rusnardi, P. R. and
Noguchi, T. 2010. Microtremor Observation in
Padang City, Indonesia to Estimate Site
Amplification of Seismic Ground Motion, Proc.
of International Symposium on a Robust and
Resilient Society against Natural Hazards and
Environmental Disasters and the third
AUN/SEED-Net Regional Conference on
Geodisaster Mitigation, pp.386-391.
[16] Baker, Jack W. 2008. “Introduction
Probabilistic Hazard Analysis”, handbook.
Version 1.3 Oct 1st 2008.
[17] Fallahi. A, P. Teymourzadeh, M. Miyajima, T.
Tobita and R. Alaghebandian (2008).
Statistical Study to Determine JMA
Earthquake Intensity by QuestionnaireSurvey
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[18] Sutrisno, Rusnardi, Ganefri, A Comparative
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International Journal of Geomate, Vol.13,
Issue 37, pp.34-39, 2017.
Authors Index
A
A. Sivaruban 124
A.A.S. Al-Gheethi 417
A.M. Kostryukova 395,399,405
Abd El Halim O 299
Adisak Martsri 342
Agrianti Komalasari 477
Agustinus C. B. Kantale 97
Ahmad Husein Alkaff 97
Ahmad Rasidi Osman 231
Ahmad Zubair 524,528
Ahmad Zuhdi Ismail 315
Aki Matsumoto 432
Alan Lymbery 426
Alex Otieno Owino 172
Alireza Rezagholilou 360
Amir Hashim Kassim 417
Andreea Maria Chelaru 437
Aniza Ibrahim 214
Annisa Novantri 422
Apichat Deeminoi 140,146
Ashraf Dewan 496
Ashraf Memon 22
Atika Marnolia 45
B
Boontarika T. 391
Bruce W. Melville 202
Buddhapala Wongkaew 51,332
Bungorn Sripanidkulchai 150
C
Chaisri Suksaroj 508
Chan V. K. 449
Chaowalit Hamontree 305
Chee-Loong Wong 488
Chihiro Yoshimura 196
ChitsanuphongThanutong 332
Choo Yong 283
Chutarat Chompunth 455
D
D. K. Weerakoon 124
Daniela Ionescu 33
Darga Kumar Nandyala 321
Darren Newell 283
David Morgan 426
David Thorpe 12,266
Donlaya Promkaew 136
Dr Bandita Mainali 33
Dr.Maitree Pakarasang 140
Dr.Thanarat Sripongngam 140,146
Dr.Wichai Eungpinichpong 140
E
E.E. Shchelkanova 405
Eddy Setiadi Soedjono 462
Eman Albalawi 496
Environment 390
Erwin Prasetya Toepak 39,45
Esty Suyanti 524,528
Eungpinichpong W 113
F
Fadhil Al-Asadi 309
Fadhluhartini Muftah 231,237
Faijal Ali 321
Fatmah 117
Fauzan 224,249
Febrin Anas Ismail 249
Feroza shar Baloch 514
Firdaus Ali 524
Authors Index
G
G. Kandasamy 124
Guilherme Marins Pessanha 293
H
H.N.P. Singh 159
Hafiz S.A. Yahya 107
Hapsa Husen 214
Harada, H. 172
Hidehiro Koyamada 57,67,72
Hidetaka Noritomi 443
Hiroaki Shigematsu 208
Hiroki Suyama 57,67,72
Hiroshi Kita 338
Hiroyuki Daimon 411
Hong Bum Park 467
Hossain 172
I
I Made Wahyu Wijaya 462
I.V. Mashkova 395,399,405
Ignatius Rendroyoko 184
Irene Sondang 524,528
Irfana Kabir Ahmad 214
Isamu Yoshitake 373
J
Jaime Massaguer Hidalgo Jr 293
Jana VASKOVA 260
Jaruk Keawsod 163
Javad Asad Poor 266
Jeffrey Johns 77
Jestin Jelani1 214
Jim Shiau 309,354
Jingliang Dong 379
Jirapon Kulkham 391
Jiraporn Chuenjai 305
Jiraporn Krasaetep 62
Jiyuan Tu 379
John Russell 33
John Victor Smith 243
Jongprasithporn 342
Jumpei Nishigami 443
Juswono Unggul P. 502
K
Kamarul Ismail 482
Kanaporn Tansriprapasiri 130
Kanchana Nimsuntorn 130
Kansiri Pakkethati 154
Karim Ismail 299
Katipelly, N. D. 449
Katsumi Uchiyama 443
Kazuhiro ODA 327,338
Kazunari TANAKA 473,517
Keigo KOIZUMI 327,338
Kennedy K. 521
Kiao Inthavong 379
Kingsley Osezua Akeme 360
Kittima Vanichkul 391
Koiwanit, J. 254,449
Koji Takasu 57,67,72
Kristiyanto 534
Kunihiko Fukaura 432
Kyeong Mo Lim 467
L
Laojeenwong P 113
Le Ma1 426
Lessandro Estelito O. Garciano 276
Lev Zuev1and Yulia Li 91
Lily Surayya Eka Putri 534
Authors Index
Lindrianasari 477
Luciana Omar 299
Lyn A. Gettys 432
M
M. Faisal 411
M.M. Prasad 159
M.Z. 172
Mahatma Kufepaksi 477
Mamoru Yamada 432
Manutchanok Jongprasithporn 348
Maratree Plainsirichai 62
Maria McCrann 33
Maria Visa 437
Marthinus Sonnekus 243
Mazlini Adnan 482
Meysam Banimahd 360
Mia Nurkanti 422
Mitsuru Komatsu 338
Mochammad Fardiansyah 97
Mohammad Mirza Hassan 354
Mohammed M. Khattab 190
Mohd Hairy Ibrahim 482
MohdSyahrul Hisyam Sani 231,237
Mohd. Raihan Taha 214
Muhammad Isha Ismail 237
Muhammad Tahir Rajput 514
Muntana Nakornriab 62
N
Nabila Shah Jilani 514
Najeeha Apandi 417
Nantakrit Yodpijit 342,348
Nawaporn Chamnanketgorn 305
Nazar K. Oukaili 178,190
Neneng Suliasih 422
Ngapuli I Sinisuka 184
Nicoleta Popa 437
Niramol Patjanasoontorn 83
Nobuyuki Endo 443
Noor Suraya Romali 315
Noor, Johan A. E. 502
Nor Kalsum Mohd Isa 482
Nordila Ahmad 196,202
Nurina Fitriani 462
Nutjaree Johns 77
Nutthanun Tatchananusorn 136
O
Ojiro C. 172
Okuyama, S. 172
Ozumi, S. 172
P
Pachanuporn Sunon 77
Panupong Thanutong 51,332
Piewkhow L. 449
Piyathida Kuhirunyaratn 87,130
Poonpakdee P. 254
Porntip Wongkaew 51,77,332
Preetham Kumar 383
R
R. Jachrizal Soemabrata 528
Radim CAJKA 260
Radin Maya S. Mohamed 417
Ravikant R Singh 321
Rendy Pramuda Putra 97
Rifda Rahman 462
Rika Oie 67
Rio Sandi 249
Robert Corner 496
Authors Index
Rotchanatch Darnsawasdi 508
Ruddy Kurniawan 224
S
S.S Hassney 514
Sam M Dakka 368
Saming Champasri 391
Sang Kil Park 467
Sartaj M. 521
Satoru Kato 443
Saudee Maprasit 508
Seezar Sh. Abdullah 178
Seiki KAWAGOE 287
Sengheng Hul 196
Shahjahan Khan 22
Shahrin Mohammad 231
Sheena I. Better 276
Shek Poi Ngian 231
Shin YOSHIKAWA 473,517
Shogo Hashimoto 208
Shuto Takeuchi 473
Sipanut Silaket 83
Siravitch Atipatha 348
Sisikka Wannajun 62
Siti Hanggita Rachmawati 167
Siti Nor Hidayah Arifin 417
Stephen Beatty 426
Sunisa Kunarak 219
Sunita Kumari 159
Supapat Phuangkaew 342,348
Suparman 103
Suwanna Arunpongpaisal 83,150
Suwita Saepaisan 51
Svetlana Barannikova 91
Syafrida Siregar 39
T
T.G. Krupnova 395,399,405
Taizo Uchida 432
Takeshi YAMAMOTO 327
Tarmizi Ismail 488
Thamer Mohammad 202
Thuy Thi Thanh LE 287
Tjut Chamzurni 411
Tobalt A. 521
U
Uraiwan Chatchawan 136,150
Usman Sumo Tambunan 39,45,97
V
Vanissorn Vimonsatit 373
Vasundhara Acharya 383
Vichit Rangpan 508
W
Wannapong Yeamma 342
Warangkana Chompoopan 83
Wardoyo Arinto Y.P. 502
Wichai Eungpinichpong 83,136,150,163
William T. Haller 432
Worawut Chompoopan 87
Y
Yidan Shang 379
Yodthong Baimark 154
YoichiMimura 373
Yong Goh 266
Yonik Meilawati Yustiani 422
Yoshifumi Kochi 432
Yoshio FUKUDA 327
Authors Index
Yuangyai, C. 254
Yuki OGIMOTO 517
Yuki takagi 57
Yuto Murakami 72
Yuya Imamura 432
Yuztitya Asmaranti 477
Z
Zakaria Hossain 167
Zev Al Jauhari 224
Zuliziana Suif 196,202
Zulkifli Yusop 315,488
The "International Journal of GEOMATE" is a Scientific Journal of the GEOMATE International Society that encompasses a broad area in Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment.
The key objective of this journal is to promote interdisciplinary research from various regions of the globe.
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Certificate of Participation/Presentation
SEISMIC MICROZONATION FOR URBAN PLANNING AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF NON-ENGINEERED STRUTURE IN EARTHQUAKE PRONE AREA, PADANG, INDONESIA
-------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Zakaria Hossain
Conference Chairman
Third International Conference on Science, Engineering & Environment, USQ, Brisbane, Asutralia, November 13-15, 2017
Participated in the following conference and presented a research paper entitled as:
Rusnardi Rahmat Putra
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