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TOPIC: Seed Hardening, Principle and Its Use In Dry Lands

Submitted To: Dr. K.B.SUNEETHA DEVI,PROFESSOR,Dept. Of .AGRONOMY.

Submitted By:A.Ravi kumar,RAM/15-02.

SEED HARDENING Definition: The process of hydrating the

seed to initiate the pre-germinating metabolism followed by dehydration which fixes the biochemical events.

purpose: to impart resistance against stress conditions like drought and cold , to the emerging seedling

Water treatment: Seeds are soaked in water and allowed to absorb

moisture up to 35 % of their weight and kept in swollen condition for about 6 hrs. at 15 to 25oC.

Then seeds are spread out in a thin layer under shade for 2 to 3 days to attain their original weight.

The treatment can be repeated for 3-4 times, which depends on type of crops and their varieties.

Methods of seed hardening:

Chemical treatment: The treatment of alternate wetting and drying

of seeds as in case of water treatment have to be carried out with chemicals and varied concentrations.

Steps in seed hardening Dry seed

Soaking in water or dilute solution of growth regulators and

chemicals for 1-12 hrs at 15-25 c

Shade drying

Sun drying to bring back to its original water content

Hardened seed

Soaking

Drying

Principle

• During hardening, a no. of physiological changes occur and modifies the protoplasmic character

• More absorption of water cause incease in elasticity of cell and development of efficient root system

Dry seed Imbibition

Permits initial process of germination Shade and sun drying-original water content Stop the germination Hardened seed Sowing

Rapid germination and quick establishment of seedling

Increase in growth and productivity

Materials and chemicals used for seed hardening

Water Aqueous salt solutions like chlorides of Na, Ca, K, sulphates

of Na, KNO3. Growth regulators like GA, kinetin, 2 chloroethyl phosphoric

acid, ascorbic acid. Vitamins like B3, Nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid. Plant products like garlic extract, coconut water. Osmotic priming materials like D. Mannitol, PEP etc.

Recommended seed hardening practices in field crops under dry lands.

Crop Chemicals rec’d

Concentration (%)

Hours of soaking

Rice KCl 1 10 Sorghum Pot.Dihydrogen

phosphate or KCl

2 6

Pearl millet KCl or NaCl 2 16Finger millet CaCl2 0.5 Until visibility

of embryo growth

Maize H2O - 12-16

Pigeon pea Zn (SO4)2 100 ppm 4

Bengal gram Pot dihydrogen phosphate

1 4

Groundnut CaCl2 0.5 6

Sesame CaCl2 or FeSO4

0.2 6

Sunflower ZnSO4 2% 12

Cotton Cycocel KCl or DAP

500 ppm 2%

12

PULSES ( Green gram & Black gram):

•4 kg of wood ash is collected , powdered.

•30% Acacia gum is added and mixed thoroughly.

•8kg of black gram or green gram seed is spread over paste .•Sun dried for 5 hours and then sown before onset of monsoon.

Benefits

– It increases the speed of germination and germination percentage

– It increases the seedling vigour.– The uniformity of seedling emergence.– Increases the root growth.– Flowering occurs 2-3 days earlier.– Uniform seed set and maturity.– Increases the yield.

Limitations

• Leguminous seeds less response to wetting and drying, over soaking –soaking injury.

• Prolonged soaking-accumilation of toxic substances.

• Chemicals should not give additional effects.

Table 3. Influence of seed hardening chemicals on yield and yield traits in chickpea.

Treatments Seed Yield( g /plant)

100 Seed Weight(g)

Harvest Index(%)

Seed Yield(q/ha)

T-1: Control 9.12 26.64 41.1 19.04

T-2:Water Soaking 11.11 28.69 42.0 19.41

T-3:CaCl2(1%) 11.58 29.22 47.1 19.12

T-4:CaCl2 (2%) 19.15 30.77 53.1 26.32

T-5:KH2PO4(1%) 13.48 26.66 44.0 22.02

T-6:KNO3 (100PPM) 13.77 30.33 43.6 23.73

T-7:KCL (100PPM) 12.85 24.89 46.2 20.65

T-8:Sodium molybdate(100ppm)

12.63 24.52 48.6 21.71

T-9:zinc sulphate(100 ppm) 13.2 26.36 48.7 22.34

T-10:cycocel(1000 ppm) 16.10 27.70 49.2 23.54

T-11:succinic acid(20 ppm) 14.67 27.20 47.5 23.44

T-12:ascorbic acid(20 ppm) 12.96 26.63 46.6 22.45

B.L Manjunath (2010)

Treatments G(%) RL(cm) SL(cm)

DMP (mg/seedling)

VI FE(%)

CONTROL 92 18.1 19.5 221 3459 87

HARDENED SEED(Znso4

100ppm)

95 19.2 22.8 244 3990 88

DESIGNER SEED polymer 3ml/kg + Imidachloprid 1ml/kg.

98 19.5 23.6 262 4224 91

MEAN 95 18.9 21.9 242 3591 89

Pre-Sowing Seed Management Techniques on Initial Seed Quality Parameters in Blackgram

G-Germination, RL-Root Length , SL-Shoot Length ,DMP-Dry Matter Production, VI-Vigour Index , FE-Field Emergence

G.Gomathi (2014)

Hydrogen peroxide Pre-Treatment For Seed Enhancement In Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Treatment Shoot Length(cm) (normal)

Shoot Length (cm) (stress)

Fresh Weight(gm)(normal)

Fresh Weight (gm) (stress)

Dry weight(gm) (normal)

Dry Weight (gm) (stress)

H2O2 10.966 8.533 4.200 3.066 0.916 0.416

KCL 10.700 8.33 3.863 2.866 0.900 0.413

Water 9.166 6.20 3.00 1.666 0.470 0.310

Control 8.300 4.966 2.933 1.666 0.453 0.260

Effect of seed treatment at normal and moisture stress conditions

V.SANTHY (2014)

STUDIES ON INDUCTION OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE BY SEED HARDENING IN Bt COTTON (effect of pre sowing seed hardening with agro chemicals on yield and yield components)

S .NO: Treatment Yield(kg/ha)

No Of Bolls/plant

Boll Weight(g/boll)

1 CaCl2(1%) 2518 31.05 5.65

2 CaCl2(2%) 2629 33.65 5.95

3 CCC 100ppm 2557 31.61 5.75

4 CCC 150 ppm 2492 29.95 5.27

5 ZNSO4(0.5%) 2465 28.15 4.95

6 KNO3(0.5%) 2427 28.85 5.38

7 KNO3(1%) 2392 28.50 5.27

8 Water Soaking 2338 26.92 4.75

9 Control 2276 25.80 4.47

B. C. Patil (2014)

TABLE 1: Influence of seed management techniques on initial seed quality parameters in red gram at Laboratory condition

Treatments:T-1:Control+Rhizobium.T-2:Bavistin 2g/kg + Rhizobium.T-3:Seed hardening with Znso4 100 ppm + Rhizobium.T-4:Seed hardening with Znso4 100 ppm + Seed coating with polymer 3ml/kg + Bavistin 2g/kg + Imidachloprid 1ml/kg + Rhizobium.T-5: Seed coating with polymer 3ml/kg + Bavistin 2g/kg + Imidachloprid 1ml/kg + Rhizobium.T-6: Seed coating with polymer 3ml/kg + Bavistin 2g/kg + Imidachloprid 1ml/kg + Pseudomonas fluorescence 10g/kg + Rhizobium.T-7:Designer seed (Seed hardening with Znso4 100 ppm + Seed coating with polymer 3ml/kg + Bavistin 2g/kg + Imidachloprid 1ml/kg + Pseudomonas fluorescence 10g/kg + Rhizobium).

Treatments Germination(%)

Root Length(cm)

Shoot Length(cm)

DMP/10 Seedlings(g)

Vigour Index(G%+SL(cm))

Field Emergence(%)

T-1 79 5.1 20.7 0.290 2038 68

T-2 82 5.5 21.1 0.305 2207 70

T-3 86 5.9 21.5 0.315 2356 77

T-4 88 6.2 22.0 0.330 2481 79

T-5 80 6.0 21.8 0.300 2224 71

T-6 90 6.4 22.5 0.359 2601 81

T-7 92 6.8 22.8 0.375 2723 84

Mean 85 5.9 21.7 0.325 2357 76

Ananthi, M., Selvaraju (2015)

Role of Seed Hardening In Rice Variety Swarna

Treatments:T-1:Control(non-hardened)T-2:Distilled water hardenedT-3, T-4 &T-5:2, 3, 4 and 8ml Mg(No3)2 hardened

Treatments

8 15 8 15 8 15 8 15 8 15 8 15

T-1 3.31 19.9 2.23 3.59 0.13 0.23 0.01 0.02 0.18 0.34 16.35 32.1

T-2 3.78 21.34 4.38 4.82 0.17 0.28 0.02 0.03 0.21 0.38 18.09 35.3

T-3 4.11 21.71 4.22 5.12 0.20 0.32 0.02 0.03 0.27 0.44 19.80 38.3

T-4 5.78 24.29 6.14 6.04 0.25 0.36 0.03 0.05 0.38 0.56 23.98 47.7

T-5 5.33 23.85 5.77 6.01 0.23 0.35 0.03 0.04 0.34 0.51 21.47 43.0

Shoot Length

Root Length

Fresh Weights

Dry Weights

Proline Content

Total Nitrogen Content

Role of Seed Hardening In Rice Variety Swarna

S.MONDAL et al (2011)

Treatments Grain yield kg/ha

Harvest index

N uptake P uptake K uptake

control 856 34.1 16.5 7.8 25.9

Water 1037 32 21 10.5 31.4

Cacl2 0.25%

1139 33 22.8 11.2 36.1

KH2po4 100ppm

1259 32.8 25.5 13.2 40.2

NaH2PO4 100PPM

1331 33.5 26.9 13.8 41.7

Effect of seed hardening on crop productivity and nutrient uptake in finger millet .

THANK YOU