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Seed Plants
The Characteristics of Seed Plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Plant Responses and Growth
Feeding the World
Table of Contents
Seed Plants
SEEDS1. A seed will grow into a new plant if the conditions are
favorable.
2. The method of seed dispersal promotes a better chance of survival.
3. Germination occurs when the embryo begins to grow and pushes out of the seed.
4. The embryo uses the stored food in the cotyledons (or seed leaves) to help it grow until the true leaves can go through photosynthesis.
5. In order for germination to occur the seed must absorb water from its surroundings.
Seed Plants
How Seeds Become New Plants
- The Characteristics of Seed Plants
A seed has three main parts–an embryo, stored food, and a seed coat. If a seed lands in an area where conditions are favorable, the plant sprouts out of the seed and begins to grow.
Seed Plants
Seed Dispersal
1. Wind
2. Water
3. Eaten by an animal
4. Carried by an animal
5. Mechanically propelled or projected
Seed Plants
Root Structure
A root’s structure is adapted for absorbing water and minerals from the soil.
- The Characteristics of Seed Plants
Seed Plants
Roots Taproot Fibrous Root
Functions of a Root:
1. Anchor the plant in the ground
2. Absorb water and minerals from the soil
3. Sometimes store food
Seed Plants
StemsTrees have woody stems. A typical woody stem is made up of many layers. The layers of xylem form annual rings that can reveal the age of the tree and the growing conditions it has experienced.
- The Characteristics of Seed Plants
Seed Plants
StemsFunction of a Stem:
1. Carries substances between the roots and leaves.
2. Provides support for the plant
3. Holds up the leaves so they are exposed to the sun.
Herbaceaous Stem Woody Stem
--no wood, soft stems -- rigid stems
Ex: dandelions, tomato plants Ex: maple trees, roses
Seed Plants
Leaves
- The Characteristics of Seed Plants
Leaves capture and use the sun’s energy to make food through photosynthesis.
Seed Plants
LeavesPhotosynthesis:
The upper leaf cells have more chloroplasts so they can trap more of the sun’s energy.
Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts absorb the sunlight.
Transpiration:
Water evaporating from a plant’s leaves.
Stomata open and close to control water loss.
Seed Plants
OutliningAs you read, make an outline about seed plants that you can use for review. Use the red headings for the main ideas and the blue headings for the supporting ideas.
The Characteristics of Seed PlantsI. What Is a Seed Plant?
A. Vascular TissueB. Seeds
II. How Seeds Become New PlantsA. Seed StructureB. Seed DispersalC. Germination
III. RootsA. Types of RootsB. The Structure of a Root
IV. StemsA. The Structure of a StemB. Annual Rings
V. LeavesA. The Structure of a LeafB. The Leaf and PhotosynthesisC. Controlling Water Loss
- The Characteristics of Seed Plants
Seed Plants
More on Leaves
Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about leaves.
- The Characteristics of Seed Plants
Seed Plants
End of Section:The
Characteristics of Seed Plants
Seed Plants
Characteristics of Gymnosperms:
1. Naked Seeds
2. Needle or scalelike leaves
3. Deep Root systems
4 Types of Gymnosperms:
1. Conifers
2. Cycads
3. Ginkgoes
4. Gnetophytes
Seed Plants
Male and Female Pine Cones
Seed Plants
Reproduction in GymnospermsPollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone. The sperm cell and an egg cell join together in an ovule on the female cone. The seed develops on the scale of the female cone.
- Gymnosperms
Seed Plants
Previewing VisualsPreview the diagram showing the life cycle of a gymnosperm. Then write two questions that you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions.
The Life Cycle of a Gymnosperm
Q. How does gymnosperm pollination occur?
A. Pollen is transferred from a male reproductive structure to a female reproductive structure; wind often carries pollen from male to female cones.
Q. How does gymnosperm fertilization occur?
A. Pollen collects in a sticky substance produced by ovules. Female scales close to seal in pollen and fertilization occurs.
- Gymnosperms
Seed Plants
Links on Gymnosperms
Click the SciLinks button for links on gymnosperms.
- Gymnosperms
Seed Plants
End of Section:Gymnosperms
Seed Plants
Characteristics of Angiosperms
1. Produce flowers
2. Produce seeds enclosed in a fruit.
2 Main Groups of Angiosperms:
1. Monocots:
2. Dicots:
Seed Plants
Reproduction in Angiosperms
Pollen falls on a flower’s stigma. The sperm cell and egg cell join together in the flower’s ovule. The zygote develops into the embryo part of the seed.
- Angiosperms
Seed Plants
Types of AngiospermsAngiosperms are divided into two major groups: monocots and dicots.
- Angiosperms
Seed Plants
The Structure of FlowersFlowers come in all sorts of shapes, sizes, and colors. But, despite their differences, all flowers have the same function–reproduction.
- Angiosperms
Seed Plants
The Structure of a Flower Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the structure of a flower.
- Angiosperms
Seed Plants
Multiples
Is a flower with 6 petals a monocot? To answer this question you need to determine if 6 is a multiple of 3. A number is a multiple of 3 if there is a nonzero whole number that, when multiplied by 3, gives you that number. In this case, 6 is a multiple of 3 because you can multiply 2 (a nonzero whole number) by 3 to get 6.
2 X 3 = 6
Therefore, a flower with 6 petals is a monocot. Other multiples of 3 include 9 and 12.
- Angiosperms
Seed Plants
Multiples
Practice Problem
Which of these numbers are multiples of 4?
6, 10, 12, 16
12 and 16
- Angiosperms
Seed Plants
Using a word in a sentence helps you think about how best to explain the word. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a meaningful sentence using each Key Term.
Key Terms: Examples:
- Angiosperms
angiosperm Refflesia belongs to the group of seed plants known as angiosperms.
flower A flower is the reproductive structure of an angiosperm.
sepal When a flower is still a bud, it is enclosed by leaflike structures called sepals.
petal When the sepals fold back, they reveal the flower’s colorful, leaflike petals.
Key Terms: Examples:stamen
pistil
ovary
fruit
The stamens are the male reproductive parts.
The female parts, or pistils, are found in the center of most flowers.
This hollow structure is the ovary, which protects the seeds as they develop.
As the seed develops after fertilization, the ovary changes into a fruit—a ripened ovary and other structures that enclose one or more seeds.
Key Terms: Examples:monocot
dicot
Monocots are angiosperms that have only one seed leaf.
Dicots produce seeds with two seed leaves.
Building Vocabulary
Seed Plants
End of Section:Angiosperms
Seed Plants
Plant Growth and ResponsesThere are 3 stimuli that produce plant responses.
The response is called a tropism.
1. Touch---thigmotropism
2. Light---phototropism
3. Gravity---gravitropism
Hormones: produced by a plant in response to a stimulus
Auxin: controls cell growth
Seed Plants - Plant Responses and Growth
Seasonal ChangesPhotoperiodism: The amount of daylight a plant receives determines the time of flowering in many plants.
Winter dormancy: Period when the growth slows or stops in order to survive freezing temperature and lack of water.
Seed Plants
Life span of different angiosperms.Annuals: complete a life cycle in
one growing season.
Biennials: Complete a life cycle in
2 growing seasons.
Perennials: Live for more than 2 years,
flower every year, many have woody stems.
Seed Plants
Germination and Temperature
One hundred radish seeds were planted in each of two identical trays of soil. One tray was kept at 10ºC, and one tray was kept at 20ºC. The trays received equal amounts of water and sunlight. The graph shows how many seeds germinated over time at each temperature.
- Plant Responses and Growth
Seed Plants
Germination and Temperature
Horizontal axis–days; vertical axis–total number of germinated seeds
Reading Graphs:
What variable is plotted on the horizontal axis? What variable is plotted on the vertical axis?
- Plant Responses and Growth
Seed Plants
Germination and Temperature
The numbers did not change.
Interpreting Data:
How did the number of seeds that germinated change between day 20 and day 25 at 10ºC? At 20ºC?
- Plant Responses and Growth
Seed Plants
Germination and Temperature
20ºC; the number of germinating seeds increases as the temperature increases.
Drawing Conclusions:
According to the graph, at which temperature did more seeds eventually germinate? What can you conclude about the relationship between temperature and germination?
- Plant Responses and Growth
Seed Plants
Germination and Temperature
The slope would be less steep because fewer seeds would germinate.
Predicting:
Predict what the graph would look like for a tray of radish seeds kept at 5ºC. Give a reason for your prediction.
- Plant Responses and Growth
Seed Plants
Relating Cause and Effect
A cause makes something happen. An effect is what happens. As you read through the paragraphs under the heading “Hormones and Tropisms," identify four effects of plant hormones. Write the information in a graphic organizer like the one below.
Plant hormones
Tropisms
Germination
Forming flowers, stems, leaves
Shedding leaves
Development and ripening of fruit
Cause
Effects
- Plant Responses and Growth
Seed Plants
Links on Plant Responses
Click the SciLinks button for links on plant responses.
- Plant Responses and Growth
Seed Plants
End of Section:Plant Responses and
Growth
Seed Plants
Identifying Main IdeasAs you read, write the main idea in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details that give examples of the main idea.
Main Idea
Detail Detail Detail
Technologies that may help produce more food include…
Precision farming–uses satellite images and computer to determine the amount of water and fertilizer needed.
Hydroponics–plants are grown in solutions of nutrients instead of soil.
Genetic engineering–genetic material is altered to produce plants with useful qualities.
- Feeding the World
Seed Plants
Links on Plants as Food
Click the SciLinks button for links on plants as food.
- Feeding the World
Seed Plants
End of Section:Feeding the World
Seed Plants
Graphic Organizer
have
capture provide absorbare needed for
used in
Seed plants
Stems Leaves Roots
Transport Support Sunlight Anchorage Water and minerals
Photo-synthesis
Seed Plants
End of Section:Graphic Organizer