Seismic Hazard Mitigation of Seismic Hazard Mitigation of Transportation StructuresTransportation Structures
GeohazardsGeohazards in Transportationin Transportationin the Appalachian Regionin the Appalachian Region
August 5, 2009August 5, 2009Lexington, KYLexington, KY
Issam HarikIssam Harik
Department of Civil Engineering, and Department of Civil Engineering, and Kentucky Transportation CenterKentucky Transportation Center
University of Kentucky University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky USALexington, Kentucky USA
OutlineOutline IntroductionIntroduction Hazard MitigationHazard Mitigation ConclusionsConclusions
OutlineOutline
IntroductionIntroduction
Hazard MitigationHazard Mitigation
ConclusionsConclusions
Disaster and Emergency ManagementDisaster and Emergency Management
PowerPower
TransportationMedicalMedical Water
OtherLaw EnforcementLaw Enforcement
Department of TransportationDepartment of Transportation
RoadwaysRoadways
BridgesAirportsAirports Railways
OtherNavigable WaterwaysNavigable Waterways
Hazards on Bridges and Highway Hazards on Bridges and Highway StructuresStructures
Natural HazardsMan-Made Hazards
ManMan--Made HazardMade Hazard
A man-made hazard is an accidental or intentional event of unusual
magnitude that threatens the activities of people or people themselves.
ManMan--Made HazardsMade Hazards
Fire
BlastBlast
NuclearBiologicalBiological Chemical
WarWar
Other
ImpactImpact
Pike County, Kentucky, USAPike County, Kentucky, USA
Pike County, Kentucky, USAPike County, Kentucky, USA
Pike County, Kentucky, USAPike County, Kentucky, USA
Truck ImpactTruck Impact
II--44, Lebanon, Missouri44, Lebanon, Missouri
II--44, Lebanon, Missouri44, Lebanon, Missouri
Truck ImpactTruck Impact
II--44, Lebanon, Missouri44, Lebanon, Missouri
II--44, Lebanon, Missouri44, Lebanon, Missouri
Truck ImpactTruck Impact
Activities in Activities in KentuckyKentucky
Eastbound I-64 (Towards Lexington)
Eastbound US60(Towards Versailles)
Westbound US60(Towards Frankfort)
This outer girder on Eastbound I-64 over Eastbound US60 gets hit by trucks exceeding the height restriction due to low clearance at that station
I-64 Parallel Bridges over US60
SPAN 2SPAN 1SPAN 3
NorthEastbound US 60
(To Versailles)Westbound US 60
(To Frankfort)
Westbound I-64(To Louisville)
Eastbound I-64(To Lexington)
The outer girder on Eastbound I-64 over Eastbound US60 gets hit by trucks exceeding the height restriction due to low clearance at that location
This girder in Span 3 on Westbound I-64 underwent excessive deflection and vibration under truck loading. Cracks had formed on this girder and the adjacent girders.
This girder in Span 1 on Westbound I-64 underwent excessive deflection and vibration under truck loading. Cracks had formed on this girder and the adjacent girders.
I-64 Parallel Bridges over US60
North
Possible Instrumentation PlanPossible Instrumentation Plan
Westbound I-64 (To Louisville)
Eastbound I-64 (To Lexington)
Eastbound US60(To Versailles)
Westbound US60(To Frankfort)
Strain gage Crack sensor(Span 1)
Crack SensorStrain gage(Span 3)
Camera #1
Camera #2
Vehicle Height SensorImpact Detector
Note: Depending on additional cost, instrumentation on Span 1 may not be placed
Truck FireTruck Fire
II--65/I65/I--59/I59/I--20 Interchange in Birmingham, Alabama20 Interchange in Birmingham, Alabama
Truck FireTruck Fire
II--65/I65/I--59/I59/I--20 Interchange in Birmingham, Alabama20 Interchange in Birmingham, Alabama
Tanker Truck Fire Tanker Truck Fire -- MacArthur Maze FreewayMacArthur Maze Freeway Oakland, CaliforniaOakland, California
29 April, 200729 April, 2007
Tanker Truck Fire Tanker Truck Fire -- MacArthur Maze FreewayMacArthur Maze Freeway Oakland, CaliforniaOakland, California
29 April, 200729 April, 2007
Tanker Truck Fire Tanker Truck Fire -- MacArthur Maze FreewayMacArthur Maze Freeway Oakland, CaliforniaOakland, California
29 April, 200729 April, 2007
BBARGE ARGE IIMPACT ON MPACT ON BBRIDGESRIDGES
Lexington Herald Leader Lexington Herald Leader –– Monday, May 27, 2002Monday, May 27, 2002
Lexington Herald LeaderLexington Herald LeaderSeptember 16, 2001September 16, 2001
Amtrak Accident Scene, 1993Amtrak Accident Scene, 1993
Activities in Activities in KentuckyKentucky
Pier BPier C Pier D
KY
IN
Instrumentation Plan - US 41N BridgeInstrumentation Plan - US 41N Bridge
Detect Impact on Pier B, or C, or D
Locations for Accelerometers at top Locations for Accelerometers at top of Piers B, C, and Dof Piers B, C, and D
Natural HazardNatural Hazard
“A natural hazard is an unexpected or uncontrolled natural event of unusual magnitude that threatens the activities
of people or people themselves.”
Source: Source: www.naturalhazards.orgwww.naturalhazards.org
Natural HazardsNatural Hazards
Flood
El NinoEl Nino
TornadoesEarthquakeEarthquake
Fog
TsunamisTsunamis
VolcanoHurricaneHurricane
DroughtDrought
Other
TyphoonTyphoon
Hurricane Katrina, August 2005Hurricane Katrina, August 2005
Bridge Dropped in the Bay in Biloxi, Mississippi
Bridge Dropped in the Bay in Bridge Dropped in the Bay in Biloxi, MississippiBiloxi, Mississippi
Hurricane Katrina, August 2005Hurricane Katrina, August 2005
Eastern Section of I-10 CausewayEastern Section of IEastern Section of I--10 Causeway10 Causeway
Highway I-90, Gulf Coast of Mississippi
Highway IHighway I--90, 90, Gulf Coast of Gulf Coast of MississippiMississippi
Hurricane Hurricane Katrina, August Katrina, August
20052005
Hurricane Katrina, August 2005Hurricane Katrina, August 2005
Highway IHighway I--90, Gulf Coast of 90, Gulf Coast of MississippiMississippi
Hurricane Katrina, August 2005Hurricane Katrina, August 2005
US 90 to I-10 Interchange Over Mobile Bay, Alabama US 90 to IUS 90 to I--10 Interchange 10 Interchange
Over Mobile Bay, AlabamaOver Mobile Bay, Alabama
Hurricane Hurricane Katrina, Katrina,
August 2005August 2005
Flooded Roadway in
New Orleans, Louisiana
Flooded Flooded Roadway in Roadway in
New Orleans, New Orleans, LouisianaLouisiana
Natural HazardsNatural Hazards
Flood
El NinoEl Nino
TornadoesEarthquakeEarthquake
Fog
TsunamisTsunamis
VolcanoHurricaneHurricane
DroughtDrought
Other
TyphoonTyphoon
Typhoon #18, September 8, 2004Typhoon #18, September 8, 2004
The Ohmori-Ohashi Bridge – Hokkaido, Japan
The Ohmori-Ohashi Bridge – Hokkaido, Japan
Construction of Temporary BridgeConstruction of Temporary Bridge(Completed on December 10, 2004)(Completed on December 10, 2004)
Natural HazardsNatural Hazards
Flood
El NinoEl Nino
TornadoesEarthquakeEarthquake
Fog
TsunamisTsunamis
VolcanoHurricaneHurricane
DroughtDrought
Other
TyphoonTyphoon
Earthquake HazardEarthquake Hazard
RoadwaysRoadways
BridgesAirportsAirports Railways
OtherNavigable WaterwaysNavigable Waterways
EarthquakeEarthquake Hazard
on BridgesBridges
The Loma Prieta Earthquake (1989)
Elevated Portion of IElevated Portion of I--880880
BayBay--BridgeBridge
1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake
The Northridge Earthquake (1994)
ChiChi--Chi Earthquake, Taiwan (1999)Chi Earthquake, Taiwan (1999)
Tangshan Earthquake Tangshan Earthquake -- ChinaChinaJuly 28, 1976 at 03:42 AMJuly 28, 1976 at 03:42 AM
OutlineOutline
Introduction Introduction
Hazard MitigationHazard Mitigation
ConclusionsConclusions
How Do We Cope With Earthquakes?How Do We Cope With Earthquakes?
Earthquakes are very difficult to predict and Earthquakes are very difficult to predict and are unpreventable. Therefore, are unpreventable. Therefore, mitigationmitigation of of earthquakes requires designing structures earthquakes requires designing structures (including buildings, roadways, bridges, (including buildings, roadways, bridges, etc.) that can withstand repeated shaking.etc.) that can withstand repeated shaking.
Source: Source: www.naturalhazards.orgwww.naturalhazards.org
Earthquake Mitigation for Bridges Earthquake Mitigation for Bridges and Highway Structuresand Highway Structures
PrePre--EventEvent DuringDuring--EventEvent PostPost--EventEvent
Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Highway StructuresHighway Structures
PrePre-- EventEvent
DuringDuring--EventEvent PostPost--EventEvent
Seismic Evaluation & Retrofit
Post-Earthquake Planning
Other
Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Highway Structures:Highway Structures:
Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit
•• Seismic InputSeismic Input•• PrioritizationPrioritization•• Seismic EvaluationSeismic Evaluation•• RecommendationRecommendation•• Seismic RetrofitSeismic Retrofit•• OtherOther
Post-Earthquake Planning
Other
During-EventPre-Event Post-Event
Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Highway Structures:Highway Structures:
Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit
• Seismic Input•• PrioritizationPrioritization•• Seismic EvaluationSeismic Evaluation•• RecommendationRecommendation•• Seismic RetrofitSeismic Retrofit•• OtherOther
Post-Earthquake Planning
Other
During-EventPre-Event Post-Event
Seismicity in the United StateSeismicity in the United State
New Madrid ZoneNew Madrid Zone
Activities in Activities in KentuckyKentucky
Acceleration time history for component-1 of the 500-Year event for counties identified by 0.3g-1
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (sec)
Acc
eler
atio
n (c
m/s
/s)
Acceleration time history for component-2 of the 500-Yearevent for counties identified by 0.3g-1
-200-150-100-50
050
100150200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (sec)
Acc
eler
atio
n (c
m/s
/s)
Acceleration time history for component-3 of the 500-Yearevent for counties identified by 0.3g-1
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (sec)
Acc
eler
atio
n (c
m/s
/s)
Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE)
Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Highway Structures:Highway Structures:
Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit
•• Seismic InputSeismic Input
• Prioritization•• Seismic EvaluationSeismic Evaluation•• RecommendationRecommendation•• Seismic RetrofitSeismic Retrofit•• OtherOther
Post-Earthquake Planning
Other
During-EventPre-Event Post-Event
II--24 and Parkways24 and Parkways
ParkwaysParkways
Interstate 24Interstate 24
Interstate 65Interstate 65 Interstate 64Interstate 64
Interstate 75Interstate 75
Bridge TimelineBridge TimelineBridges Built on and over I-24
05
1015202530
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
Preliminary ScreeningPreliminary Screening
General infoGeneral info
Columns and PiersColumns and Piers
BearingsBearings
PRIORITIZATION PRIORITIZATION (Preliminary Screening):(Preliminary Screening):
R ranges between 0 (Not Critical) R ranges between 0 (Not Critical) to 100 (Highly Critical). to 100 (Highly Critical).
Seismic RankSeismic Rank
Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Highway Structures:Highway Structures:
Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit
•• Seismic InputSeismic Input•• PrioritizationPrioritization
• Seismic Evaluation•• RecommendationRecommendation•• Seismic RetrofitSeismic Retrofit•• OtherOther
Post-Earthquake Planning
Other
During-EventPre-Event Post-Event
Steel Beam with RC SlabSteel Beam with RC Slab
Steel Beam with RC SlabSteel Beam with RC Slab
PrePre--stressed Concrete Istressed Concrete I--Girder Girder with RC Slabwith RC Slab
PrePre--stressed Concrete Istressed Concrete I--Girder Girder with RC Slabwith RC Slab
Single Span BridgesSingle Span Bridges
TwoTwo--span Bridgesspan Bridges
MultiMulti--span Bridgesspan Bridges
Evaluation Evaluation ProcessProcessFor Critical BridgesFor Critical Bridges
•• FField ield TTestingesting
•• FEFE MModel odel CCalibrationalibration
•• SSeismic eismic EEvaluationvaluation
The Maysville BridgeThe Maysville Bridge
The Maysville BridgeThe Maysville Bridge
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 500 1000 1500 2000
FEM
Field Testing
Mod
e Sh
ape
Mag
nitu
de
Bridge Longitudinal Distance
3-D View
Plan
1st Vertical Mode Elevation
Task 3: FE Modeling Task 3: FE Modeling …….. Maysville Bridge.. Maysville Bridge
3-D View
Plan
1st Transverse Mode (+Torsion) Elevation
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
FEMField Testing
Mod
e Sh
ape
Mag
nitu
de
Bridge longitudinal Distance
Task 3: FE Modeling Task 3: FE Modeling …….. Maysville Bridge.. Maysville Bridge
The Owensboro BridgeThe Owensboro Bridge
Owensboro Owensboro BridgeBridge
TTHE HE BBRENTRENT--SSPENCE PENCE BBRIDGERIDGE
US 51 Bridge Over the Ohio RiverUS 51 Bridge Over the Ohio River
Wickliffe, KY to Cairo, ILWickliffe, KY to Cairo, IL
Henderson, KY to Evansville, IN
Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Highway Structures:Highway Structures:
Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit
•• Seismic InputSeismic Input•• PrioritizationPrioritization•• Seismic EvaluationSeismic Evaluation
•Recommendation•• Seismic RetrofitSeismic Retrofit•• OtherOther
Post-Earthquake Planning
Other
During-EventPre-Event Post-Event
Provide additional Provide additional shear bolts or shear bolts or
replace bearingreplace bearing
Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Highway Structures:Highway Structures:
Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit
•• Seismic InputSeismic Input•• PrioritizationPrioritization•• Seismic EvaluationSeismic Evaluation•• RecommendationRecommendation
•• Seismic Retrofit•• OtherOther
Post-Earthquake Planning
Other
During-EventPre-Event Post-Event
LeadLead--filled Elastomeric filled Elastomeric Isolation BearingIsolation Bearing
Reinforced Reinforced concrete concrete column/piercolumn/pier
Steel/FRP jacketSteel/FRP jacket
Retrofit measure: ExampleRetrofit measure: Example
FootingFooting
Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Highway Structures:Highway Structures:
•• Develop Contingency PlanDevelop Contingency Plan•• Provide TrainingProvide Training•• Instrumentation & MonitoringInstrumentation & Monitoring•• OtherOther
During-Event Post-Event
Post-Earthquake Planning
Seismic Evaluation & Retrofit
Other
Pre-Event
Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Highway Structures:Highway Structures:
•• Develop Contingency PlanDevelop Contingency Plan•• Provide TrainingProvide Training
•• Instrumentation & MonitoringInstrumentation & Monitoring•• OtherOther
During-Event Post-Event
Post-Earthquake Planning
Seismic Evaluation & Retrofit
Other
Pre-Event
Activities in Activities in KentuckyKentucky
Henderson, KY to Evansville, IN
Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Highway StructuresHighway Structures
PrePre--EventEvent DuringDuring-- EventEvent
PostPost--EventEvent
-- An earthquake lasts for few seconds.An earthquake lasts for few seconds.
-- Action during the event is not possible.Action during the event is not possible.
Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Highway StructuresHighway Structures
PrePre--EventEvent DuringDuring--EventEvent PostPost-- EventEvent
Stage 1Stage 2
Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Earthquake Mitigation of Bridges and Highway Structures:Highway Structures:
.. Preliminary AssessmentPreliminary Assessment•• PrioritizationPrioritization•• RecommendationRecommendation•• Immediate ActionImmediate Action•• OtherOther
During-Event Post-Event
Stage 1Stage 2
Pre-Event
Activities in Activities in KentuckyKentucky
FrankfortFrankfort
250 miles250 miles
(400 km)(400 km)
-- Response TeamResponse Team >> 2 hours2 hours-- Driving Driving >> 4 hours4 hours-- DelaysDelays = ?? hours= ?? hours-- OtherOther = ?? hours= ?? hours
LexingtonLexington
At Least 6 hoursAt Least 6 hours
PaducahPaducah
LouisvilleLouisville
CovingtonCovington
Kentucky Highway DistrictsKentucky Highway Districts
Local Inspectorsin Western Kentucky
Expert Support System (ESS)Global Positioning System (GPS)Geographical Information system (GIS)
Live PicturesElectronic DataReport
Mobile Team en Route
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stationary Team in Frankfort
Teams in Stage 1Teams in Stage 1
00--TeamsTeams
22--TeamsTeams33--TeamsTeams
Objective of Stage 1Objective of Stage 1
TriageTriageIn Cooperation with theIn Cooperation with the
Kentucky National GuardKentucky National Guard
Kentucky PostKentucky Post--Earthquake Investigation Software Earthquake Investigation Software ((KyPEISKyPEIS))
Select Inspect or View
Enter Name and Affiliation
Press start if connected to GPS receiver and require data
Next to continue
GPS receiver detection message
Check here to use GPS data to select bridge
0 1 1 50
Enter damage level
Next to continue
Press for photos/information
Enter damage level
Next to continue
Next to continue
For Photos/Information
Next to continue
0 <50 <1000 <15000 >15000
Enter another bridge
Enter notes
Exit
Printout of entered data
Local Inspectorsin Western Kentucky
Expert Support System (ESS)Global Positioning System (GPS)Geographical Information system (GIS)
Live PicturesElectronic DataReport
Mobile Team en Route
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stationary Team in Frankfort
Teams in Stage 2Teams in Stage 2
OutlineOutline
IntroductionIntroduction
Hazard MitigationHazard Mitigation
ConclusionsConclusions
ConclusionsConclusions
We Can no Longer Accept the High We Can no Longer Accept the High Cost of Life or Ensuing Economic Cost of Life or Ensuing Economic Losses When Natural or ManLosses When Natural or Man--Made Made Disasters StrikeDisasters Strike
ConclusionsConclusions
We Can no Longer Accept the High Cost of Life or Ensuing We Can no Longer Accept the High Cost of Life or Ensuing Economic Losses When Natural or ManEconomic Losses When Natural or Man--Made Disasters StrikeMade Disasters Strike
We Cannot We Cannot ““PreventPrevent”” nor nor ““PredictPredict”” l l DisastersDisasters
ConclusionsConclusions
We Can no Longer Accept the High Cost of Life or Ensuing We Can no Longer Accept the High Cost of Life or Ensuing Economic Losses When Natural or ManEconomic Losses When Natural or Man--Made Disasters StrikeMade Disasters Strike
We Cannot Be We Cannot Be ““PreventPrevent”” nor nor ““PredictPredict”” DisastersDisasters
We Now Have the Means to Better We Now Have the Means to Better ““PreparePrepare”” for Disastersfor Disasters
ConclusionsConclusions
We Can no Longer Accept the High Cost of Life or Ensuing We Can no Longer Accept the High Cost of Life or Ensuing Economic Losses When Natural or ManEconomic Losses When Natural or Man--Made Disasters StrikeMade Disasters Strike
We Cannot Be We Cannot Be ““PreventPrevent”” nor nor ““PredictPredict”” DisastersDisasters
We Now Have the Means to Better We Now Have the Means to Better ““PreparePrepare”” for Disastersfor Disasters
We Now Have the Means to We Now Have the Means to ““RespondRespond”” Immediately Following a DisasterImmediately Following a Disaster
ConclusionsConclusions
We Can no Longer Accept the High Cost of Life or Ensuing We Can no Longer Accept the High Cost of Life or Ensuing Economic Losses When Natural or ManEconomic Losses When Natural or Man--Made Disasters StrikeMade Disasters Strike
We Cannot Be We Cannot Be ““PreventPrevent”” nor nor ““PredictPredict”” DisastersDisasters
We Now Have the Means to Better We Now Have the Means to Better ““PreparePrepare”” for Disastersfor Disasters
We Now Have the Means to We Now Have the Means to ““RespondRespond”” Immediately Following Immediately Following a Disastera Disaster
We Now Have the Means to Quickly We Now Have the Means to Quickly and Effectively and Effectively ““RestoreRestore”” Defective Defective Structures Following a DisasterStructures Following a Disaster
Questions?Questions?
Thank YouThank You andand
Have a Nice DayHave a Nice Day