125270357.xls.ms_office

A B C D Fluid Properties -- from Batzle and Wang models 1 2 Inputs Conversion Ta (abs) 3 Temperature 80 C 4 Pressure P (MPa) 2,500 (psi) 5 Gas gravity Rho(G) at surface 0.55 s.grav. 6 Gas-Oil Ratio Rg (l/l) 400 (scf/stb) 7 Oil Gravity Rho(0) at surface 25 API 8 Brine salinity S(ppm/1,000,000) 18,000 (ppm) 9 10 Results: 11 12 Gas Density: 13 Gas Modulus: 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Dead Oil Density: Dead Oil Modulus: Max GOR for this Oil: Live Oil (max) Density: Live Oil (max) Modulus: Live Oil (spec) Density: Live Oil (spec) Modulus: Brine Density: Brine Modulus: Max GWR for this Brine: Live Brine Modulus: Mixtures: Gas Saturation Oil Saturation Brine Saturation Bubble Point Pressure

E

F

G Constants Gas Constant Rho (air)

H

I

J

K

353.15 17.2369 0.0006721 71.24 0.90 0.02

8.3145 0.001222

0.10 g/cm3 34 MPa 0.87 g/cm3 1,521 MPa 319 scf/stb 0.77 g/cm3 970 MPa 0.76 g/cm3 898 MPa 0.993 g/cm3 2,552 MPa 12 scf/stb 2,312 MPa 0.00 0.75 0.25

Ppr = 3.6915 Gamma0 = 1.9457 RhoT = 0.8653 V = 1,325.7 Rgmaxfrac = 56.84 Rlot = 0.7712 Vl = 1,121.3 Rlotspec = 0.7587 Vlspec = 1,087.9 Rhobrine = 0.9929 Vbrine = 1603.35 Rgwfrac = 2.1068 Kbl = 2311.81

Tpr = 1.8722 dZdPpr = 0.0024 RhoP = 0.9130

E = 0.1329 D = -0.2432

Z = 0.9235 A = 0.0527

Rlop = 0.8136 Rpr = 0.7286 Rlopspec = 0.8005 Rprspec = 0.6995 Rhofresh = 0.9806 Vfresh = 1589.09 LogRgw = 0.3236

Rhg = 0.8019 Rhgspec = 0.7883

B = 1.1743 Bspec = 1.2066

Calculator: 80.00 F -> C 26.67 70.00 MPa->psi 10153 3000.00 ft/s->m/s 914.40

======> Mixture Results: Density Dead Modulus Velocity Mixture Results: 20.78 MPa Density 3013 psi Modulus Velocity Mixture Results: Density Modulus Velocity

Dead Fluids + Gas 0.90 g/cm3 1692 MPa 4505 ft/s Live Fluids (Spec) 0.82 g/cm3 1060 MPa 3737 ft/s Live Fluids (Max) 0.83 g/cm3 1134 MPa 3843 ft/s

These two sets of calculations assume that the brine is "live"

Wayne D. Pennington

MOC-PTC

5:28 AM 1/21/2013

Gassmann Modeling Measured inputs (Sw=1) ft/s, g/cm3 us/ft km/s Fluid properties dyne/cm2 E+10 (=GPa) psi E+06 Grain properties dyne/cm2 E+10 (=GPa) psi E+06 Computed properties dyne/cm2 E+10 (=GPa) psi E+06 Dry Rock properties dyne/cm2 E+10 (=GPa) psi E+06 Vp 9000 111 2.743 Kw 2.200 0.319 Kg 40.0 5.8 Kb 9.39 1.36 Kr 4.77 0.69 Vs 5000 200 1.524 Rhow 1.090 Rhog 2.650 Gb 4.92 0.71 Vpr 8350 PRb 0.28 Vsr 5504

Est'd Rhob Castag. 2.120 Tosaya Han MUDRK Khyd Rhohyd .0100 0.100 .0015

Vs 5286 4729 4675 3912

Vclay -0.06 0.06 0.2310000

Fluid Substitutions, Knowing VsVpsw Vssw Vp/Vsw

2.40 2.30 2.20

Help SonPor .332 compare

9000

8000 2.107000 2.00 1.90 1.80 Vp/Vs

Velocity (ft/sec)

Vp/Vsb 1.80 PRr 0.12

Eb 12.57 1.82 Vp/Vsr 1.52

Por .340 Rhor 1.75 Angle: 30 Kfsw AI/1000 EI/1000 .010 14.77 0.134 .011 14.91 0.135 .012 15.05 0.136 .014 15.18 0.137 .017 15.32 0.139 .020 15.46 0.14 .025 15.60 0.142 .033 15.75 0.145 .049 15.90 0.15 .096 16.11 0.162 .184 16.31 0.187 .409 16.69 0.262 .690 17.12 0.38 2.200 19.08 1.639 0.881

6000

50004000

1.701.60 3000 2000 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.50 1.40

1-Kr/Kg =alpha= Sw 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.95 0.98 0.99 1.00 Vpsw 8279 8203 8129 8058 7988 7922 7858 7799 7747 7720 7755 7900 8089 9000 Vssw 5451 5400 5351 5303 5256 5211 5167 5123 5081 5040 5020 5008 5004 5000 PRsw Vp/Vsw Rhosw 0.12 1.52 1.784 0.12 1.52 1.817 0.12 1.52 1.851 0.12 1.52 1.885 0.12 1.52 1.918 0.12 1.52 1.952 0.12 1.52 1.985 0.12 1.52 2.019 0.12 1.52 2.053 0.13 1.53 2.086 0.14 1.54 2.103 0.16 1.58 2.113 0.19 1.62 2.117 0.28 1.80 2.120

Water Saturation30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Impedance (ft/s*g/cc)/1000AI/1000 EI/1000

Spreadsheet by Wayne D. Pennington

Michigan Technological University

This example printed 5:28 AM 1/21/2013

Gassmann Modeling Measured inputs Vp Rhob ft/s, g/cm3 8500 2.120 us/ft 118 km/s 2.591 Fluid properties Kw dyne/cm2 E+10 (=GPa) 2.500 psi E+06 0.363 Grain properties dyne/cm2 E+10 (=GPa) psi E+06 Kg 35.0 5.1 Rhow 1.027 Rhog 2.650 Gb 3.08 0.45 Vpr 7461 Vpsw 7384 7400 7422 7451 7490 7543 7616 7718 7867 8099 8269 8399 8448 8500

Est'd PRr 0.25 Castag. Tosaya Han MUDRK Rhohyd 0.750

Vs 4754 4238 4194 3481

Vclay 0.06 0.17 0.34

Fluid Substitutions, Assuming Dry-Frame PRrVpsw Vssw PRsw

Khyd .4820 .0699

0.50

Help Vs 3952 253 SonPor .351 compare Por .327 Rhor 1.78 Kfsw .482 .524 .575 .636 .712 .808 .935 1.108 1.361 1.762 2.067 2.307 2.400 2.500 Velocity (ft/sec)

9000 8000

0.40

7000

Computed properties Kb dyne/cm2 E+10 (=GPa) 10.13 psi E+06, us/ft 1.47 Dry Rock properties dyne/cm2 E+10 (=GPa) psi E+06 This worksheet assumes that you do NOT know Vs and have to assume a dryframe Poisson's ratio PRr. If you know Vs, use the "Fluid Subs Vs" worksheet instead. Consider using "Fluid Subs Vp" if you do not know Vs; you might compare your results from this worksheet with the results from that one. Kr 5.13 0.74 Sw 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.95 0.98 0.99 1.00

PRb 0.36 Vsr 4308 Vssw 4039 4030 4021 4013 4004 3995 3986 3978 3969 3961 3956 3954 3953 3952

Vp/Vsb 2.15 PRr 0.25 PRsw 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.36

Eb 8.38 1.22 Vp/Vsr 1.73 Rhosw 2.030 2.039 2.048 2.057 2.066 2.075 2.084 2.093 2.102 2.111 2.115 2.118 2.119 2.120

60005000

0.30

Poisson's Ratio

40003000

0.20 0.10

2000

10000.00 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Water Saturation1-Kr/Kg =alpha=

0.854

Spreadsheet by Wayne D. Pennington

Michigan Technological University

This example printed 5:28 AM 1/21/2013

Computing Fluid Substitutions When Vs is not available -- using M, the Compressional-Wave Modulus Only Input: Vp (ft/s) Rhob (g/cc) Porosity K fluid (GPa) M matrix (GPa) M original (GPa) M dryframe (GPa) K fluid' (GPa) Rhob' (g/cc) M new (GPa) Result: Vp new (ft/s) 10,000 2.2 0.28 2.2 100 20.44 15.01 0.03 1.94 15.08 9,148 density calculations: Rho matrix 2.65 Rho fluid' 0.12 Porosity 0.28 Rhob' 1.94 porosity calculations: Rho matrix 2.65 Rho fluid 1.05 Rhob 2.20 Porosity 0.28

Computed

New Fluid

To turn comments off [or on], go to "Tools" then "Options" and select "None" [or "Comments only"] from

mpressional-Wave Modulus Only

"None" [or "Comments only"] from the "View" tab for Comments.

CRACK MODEL: Note: The value placed in c(por) must not exceed the value of the corresponding aspect ratio! KUSTER - TOKSOZ c(por) phi g F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 matrix K 70 aspect > .080 000 7E-1 -4E-1 5E-1 0.2 0.5 0.5 ### 0.5 matrix u 40 .990 000 .050 000 1E-1 -2E-2 5E-1 0.1 0.2 0.9 4E-1 0.1 matrix rho 2.71 .100 000 .020 000 Chart values 7E-2 -4E-3 5E-1 0 0.1 0.9 4E-1 0 fluid K 2.4E+0 .050 000 .005 000 from this 2E-2 1.000 000 -2E-4 6E-1 0 0 1 4E-1 0 fluid u 0 .010 000 .000 000 portion shown 8E-3 -5E-5 6E-1 0 0 1 4E-1 0 fluid rho 1 .005 000 .000 000 in PINK 2E-3 -2E-6 6E-1 0 0 1 4E-1 0 Vp matrix 22,132 .001 000 .000 500 .000 000 8E-4 -5E-7 6E-1 0 0 1 4E-1 0 Vs matrix 12,605 .000 100 .000 000 2E-4 -2E-8 6E-1 0 0 1 4E-1 0 Vp/Vs mat 1.76 .100 000 .000 000 8E-5 -5E-9 6E-1 0 0 1 4E-1 0 effective K 31.09 .000 050 .000 000 2E-5 -2E-10 6E-1 0 0 1 4E-1 0 effective u 20.39 .000 010 total .155 000 R 0.3 B 0 bulk rho 2.44 62.4 Vp/Vs1 Vp1 16,018 .010 000 105.5 1.69 Vs1 9,475 matrix K matrix u matrix rho fluid K fluid u fluid rho Vp matrix Vs matrix Vp/Vs mat effective K effective u bulk rho Vp1 Vs1 Summary Vs Vp/Vs 70 aspect > 40 .990 000 2.71 .100 000 2.4E+0 .050 000 0 .010 000 1 .005 000 22,132 .001 000 12,605 .000 500 1.76 .000 100 30.64 .000 050 15.69 .000 010 total 2.44 66.4 15,068 120.3 8,312 Top 9,475 1.69 Bottom 15,068 8,312 1.81c(por) .080 000 .050 000 .020 000 Chart values .005 000 from this .000 000 portion shown .000 000 in GREEN .000 500 .000 000 .000 000 .000 000 .155 500 phi

Pore As

Crack Porosity

g -4E-1 -2E-2 .001 -4E-3 -2E-4 -5E-5 -2E-6 -2E-8 -5E-9 -2E-10

F1 5E-1 5E-1 000 5E-1 6E-1 6E-1 6E-1 6E-1 6E-1 6E-1 R 010

F2 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3

F3 0.5 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F4

F5

F6 0.5 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7E-1 1E-1 7E-2 2E-2 8E-3 2E-3 8E-4 2E-4 8E-5 2E-5

0.5 ### 0.9 4E-1 0.9 4E-1 1 4E-1 1 4E-1 1 4E-1 1 4E-1 1 4E-1 1 4E-1 1 4E-1 B 0

.000 100 -5E-7 6E-1

.000

Vp/Vs1 1.81 Change -5.9% -12.3% 7.2%

.000 001 .990 000 .100 000 .050 000

Vp 16,018

Crack Aspect Rati

ue of the corresponding aspect ratio!F7 0.989100225 1.867530047 1.971790622 1.985781186 1.997137742 1.998567707 1.999713355 1.999856666 1.999971331 F8 -0.021175 -0.283959 -0.32157 -0.326682 -0.330842 -0.331366 -0.331787 -0.331839 -0.331881

(Intermediate calculations are behind the graph -- drag it aside to see.)F9 -0.039678136 cT1 5E-1 7E-1 3E-1 7E-22 0E+0 0E+0 0E+0 0E+0 0E+0 2.522814001 cT2 8E-1 7E-1 7E-1 2E-21 0E+0 0E+0 0E+0 0E+0 0E+0 3.218117812 0.99 0.1 0.05 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005 0.0001 0.00005 0.00001 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.005 1E-23 1E-23 1E-23 1E-23 1E-23 1E-23

Pore Aspect 0.037053254 Distribution 1E+0 Ratio 1.754048978 -0.244068 1E+00.022365792 0.005200183 0.002649594 0.000537979 0.000269498 5.3981E-05 2.69956E-05 5.39994E-06

A -1

F7 0.989100225 1.754048978 1.867530047 1.971790622 1.985781186 1.997137742 1.998567707 1.999713355 1.999856666 1.999971331

F8 -0.021175 -0.244068 -0.283959 -0.32157 -0.326682 -0.330842 -0.331366 -0.331787 -0.331839 -0.331881

F9 -0.039678136 0.037053254 0.022365792 0.005200183 0.002649594 0.000537979 0.000269498 5.3981E-05 2.69956E-05 5.39994E-06

cT1 5E-1 1E+0 7E-1 3E-1 0E+0 0E+0 4E-2 0E+0 0E+0 0E+0 2.565829213

cT2 8E-1 1E+0 7E-1 7E-1 0E+0 0E+0 1E+0 0E+0 0E+0 0E+0 4.314616707 0.99000 0.10000 0.05000 0.01000 0.00500 0.00100 0.00050 0.00010 0.00005 0.00001 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.005 1E-23 1E-23 0.0005 1E-23 1E-23 1E-23

A -1

.100 000 .050 000 .010 000 .005 000 .001 000 .000 500 .000 100 .000 050 .000 010

Crack Aspect Ratio (1=sphere~.99)

TITLE: Enter DescriptionLyr 1 2 3 4 5 Vp (ft/s) 4,500 7,500 8,500 9,500 8,000 R(0) = -.1555 PR .00 .25 .25 .35 .18 Rhob 1.000 2.000 2.100 2.300 2.000 sign grad 0.092 ft to base 500 2000 2400 2800 3200 Vs 3,182 4,330 4,907 4,564 4,998

.000 -.050 -.100 -.150 -.200 -.250 0 2500 Offset (in feet) Bottom Reflector Amplitude as Function of Square of Angle of Incidence .000 1.6Shuey approx shown by shaded line

----->

5000

.7 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2 .1 .0 -.1 -.2 -.3 0

Individual Reflector Amplitudes 12 (standard scale)

-.050 23 34 -.100 -.150 -.200 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 -.250 0.00

1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.50

>

Angle of Incidence

0.25 [ sin (angle) ]^2

-0.4

Wayne D. Pennington

Marathon Oil Co. PTC

5:28 AM 1/21/2013

Units in = Units out

Vp(fluid)

Vp(matrix) Porosity Vp(Wyllie) Vp(Raymer) Vp("Field") 0.000 5.800 5.800 5.800 0.025 5.412 5.551 5.584 0.050 5.073 5.310 5.367 0.075 4.774 5.075 5.151 0.100 4.508 4.848 4.934 0.125 4.270 4.628 4.718 0.150 4.056 4.416 4.501 0.175 3.862 4.210 4.285 0.200 3.686 4.012 4.069 0.225 3.526 3.821 3.852 0.250 3.379 3.638 3.636 0.275 3.243 3.461 3.419 0.300 3.118 3.292 3.203 0.325 3.003 3.130 2.987 0.350 2.895 2.976 2.770 0.375 2.795 2.828 2.554 0.400 2.702 2.688 2.337 Matrix properties: Typical Ranges: m/s ft/s Sandstone 5480 5950 17,979 Limestone 6400 7000 20,997 Dolomite 7000 7025 22,966 (Ranges taken from Mavko et al, Rock Physics Handbook)

1.5 5.8

C=

0.67

Vp versus Porosity7.000 6.000 5.000 4.000 Vp 3.000 2.000 1.000 0.000 0.0

19,521 22,966 23,048

Vp(Wyllie)

Vp versus Porosity

Vp(Raymer) Vp("Field")

0.1

0.2 Porosity

0.3

0.4

ms/ft km/s ft/s 1524.0 0.2 656 762.0 0.4 1,312 508.0 0.6 1,969 381.0 0.8 2,625 304.8 1.0 3,281 254.0 1.2 3,937 217.7 1.4 4,593 190.5 1.6 5,249 169.3 1.8 5,906 152.4 2.0 6,562 138.5 2.2 7,218 127.0 2.4 7,874 117.2 2.6 8,530 108.9 2.8 9,186 101.6 3.0 9,843 95.2 3.2 10,499 89.6 3.4 11,155 84.7 3.6 11,811 80.2 3.8 12,467 76.2 4.0 13,123 72.6 4.2 13,780 69.3 4.4 14,436 66.3 4.6 15,092 63.5 4.8 15,748 61.0 5.0 16,404 58.6 5.2 17,060 56.4 5.4 17,717 54.4 5.6 18,373 52.6 5.8 19,029 50.8 6.0 19,685 49.2 6.2 20,341 47.6 6.4 20,997 46.2 6.6 21,654 44.8 6.8 22,310 43.5 7.0 22,966 Velocity and DT one 20,000 other 50

Velocity Conversions8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 Velocity (km/s) 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5

1.00.5 0.0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 DT (slowness) usec/ftPR Vp/Vs 0.00 1.41 0.05 1.45 0.10 1.50 0.15 1.56 0.20 1.63 0.25 1.73 0.30 1.87 0.35 2.08 0.40 2.45 0.45 3.32 Vp/Vs to PR Vp/Vs 1.939 PR 0.319

Vp/Vs from Poisson's Ratio

3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 .00 .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35

Vp/Vs ratio

.00PR to Vp/Vs PR 0.333 Vp/Vs 2.000

.05

.10

.15

.20

.25

.30

.35

PR (Poisson's ratio)

26,000 24,000 22,000 20,000 18,000Velocity (ft/s)

Find Average Properties of 3 Minerals HELP Porosity 0.200 Fraction mineral 1: 0.250 Fraction mineral 2: 0.300 Fraction mineral 3: 0.250 Kg mineral 1: Kg mineral 2: Kg mineral 3: Rho mineral 1: Rho mineral 2: Rho mineral 3: 70.0 40.0 50.0 2.650 2.770 2.330

16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 400 450 500

Find Average Properties of 2 Minerals HELP Porosity 0.250 Fraction mineral 1: 0.250 Fraction mineral 2: 0.500 Kg mineral 1: Kg mineral 2: Rho mineral 1: Rho mineral 2: 70.0 70.0 2.650 2.710 Find Average Properties of 2 Fluids HELP Fraction fluid 1: Fraction fluid 2: Kw fluid 1: Kw fluid 2: Rho fluid 1: Rho fluid 2: 0.400 0.600 2.4200 0.4800 1.080 0.740

Find Density from Porosity or Porosity from Density HELP Mineral density 2.700 Fluid density 1.000 Rock Density 2.150 Porosity 0.320 Porosity 0.324 Rock Density 2.156

.35

.40

.45

.50

.35

.40

.45

.50

es of 3 Minerals Solid fraction 0.313 0.375 0.313 Kg total grains: 49.8

Meters to Feet Meters 1500 Feet 4921 Feet to Meters Feet 5280 Meters 1609 deg C to F deg C 0 deg F 32 deg F to C deg F 212 deg C 100

Rhog total grains: 2.595

es of 2 Minerals Solid fraction 0.333 0.667 Kg total grains: 70.0 Rhog total grains: 2.690 MPa to psi MPa 10 psi 1450 psi to MPa psi 2000 MPa 13.79

ies of 2 Fluids

Kw total fluid: 0.7066 Rho total fluid: 0.876

Use this worksheet for any application you desire If you create something you would like to share, let me know, and I'll credit you in future editions! A note on locked cells: If you want to change a cell in a worksheet that is "locked" -go to "Tools" and "Protection" and select "Unprotect Sheet". Test it on this "merged" and "locked" cell! For more details on locking and unlocking cells, see Excel help. Wayne D. Pennington Version 1.5 Not for resaleFreely released; credit welcome. To use the prepared worksheets: In general, you can enter data where the existing numbers are bold and red, and the answers you are probably seeking are bold and blue. Other, or intermediate, results, are also indicated in other colors and regular fonts.

in future editions!

can enter data where the ers you are probably e, results, are also