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SeismicQualificationofNPPStructures,SystemsandEquipmentComponents
MarekTengler
NuclearResearchInstitutein e,November2125,2011
SeismicEngineeringKnowledgeTransferSeminar
ww
w.s
teve
nson
.cz
remsed00711.ujv.rev0
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OverviewofExistingStandards PrinciplesofEquipmentSeismicQualification(SQ) AnalysisMethods ExperimentalMethods MethodologyofSQincludingGIPandPracticalExamples
TOPICS
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1.OVERVIEWOFEXISTINGSTANDARDS
National Nuclear Law,
Convention on Nuclear Safety
Documents of the National Nuclear Authority,
relevant IAEA documents
Other relevant national and international codes, norms and standards, industrial standards
as IEC, IEEE, ASME, PNAE, KTA etc.
HierarchyofLegislation,Codes,NormsandStandardsRelatedtoSeismicQualification
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2.OVERVIEWOFEXISTINGSTANDARDS (Contd)
~4500OtherStandardsCitedinRegulatoryDocuments
Reference:NUREG/CR5973,PNL8462Rev.3,CodesandStandardsandOtherGuidanceCitedinRegulatoryDocuments,PublishedAugust1996.
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2.SEISMICQUALIFICATION MOTHERHOOD STD.
IEC 980:1989 IEEE Std 344-2004
ASME QME-1-2007 Consequentialapplicablestandardsofseismicqualification:
Partialstandardsoftribalstandards:IECseries600682,600683(standardsformechanicalandvibrationresistance)
Specificstandards:IEC255213,C37.981987,IEEEStd3822006,IEEEStd3171983etc.
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2.SEISMICQUALIFICATION INTRODUCTION
WithintheseismicsectionoftheEQprogram,allsafetyrelatedequipmentmustproveitsseismicadequacytowithstandtheeffectsoftheearthquakecorrespondingtothemaximumdesignearthquake(SSE,S2,SL2).Onepartoftheseismicadequacyverificationisthedemonstrationtheequipmentiscapabletowithstandthecumulativedegradationeffectoffiveprojectdesignearthquakes(OBE,S1,SL1),whichmustnotaffecttheresistanceoftheequipmenttotheimpactofthemaximumdesignearthquake(SSE,S2,SL2).
Theseismicqualificationmustassuretheequipmentwillholditscapabilitytoperformtherequiredsafetyfunctionsduringand/orafteraseismiceventkeepingsuchastatethatcorrespondstotheendofitsqualifiedlife.
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2.SEISMICQUALIFICATION SEISMICCLASIFICATION
TheequipmentofanNPPsafetysystemsisgroupedintoseismicclasses (subclasses)accordingtothefollowingdefinitions(Generaldefinition):
1(A)fullfunctionalityisrequireduptoandincludingthemaximumdesignearthquakelevel(SSE,S2,SL2).
1(B)onlymechanicalintegrityisrequired(i.e.strengthandleaktightness)inaccordancewithrelevantstrengthstandardsandregulations;partialfailuresofthefunctionalityareadmitteduptoandincludingthemaximumdesignearthquakelevel(SSE,S2,SL2).
1(C)onlystabilityisrequired,i.e.toavoidseismicinteractionswithotherSSC(tokeepthestablepositionmostly);partialfailuresofthefunctionalityaswellasthemechanicalintegrityareadmitteduptoandincludingthemaximumdesignearthquakelevel(SSE,S2,SL2).
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2.SEISMICQUALIFICATION SEISMICINPUT
Seismicconditions ofthebuildings arerepresentedbyrequiredresponsespectra(RRS)ofthelocations,onwhichtheequipmentsubjecttoqualificationisinstalled.
FiguresonnextpageshowanexampleoftheRRS(smoothed)formaximumdesignearthquake(SSE,S2,SL2).
ThesmoothingofcalculatedRRScanbedoneusingthemethoddescribedinUSNRCRG1.122.
Thespectrashallcorrespondtothesignificantplaces(floororstructures)situatedinsidetheseismicclassifiedcivilstructures(buildings)whereclassifiedequipmenttobeinstalled.
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2.SEISMICQUALIFICATION SEISMICINPUT(Contd)
RRSenvelope,horizontaldirection.EarthquakelevelSSE,S2,SL2.
RRSenvelope,verticaldirection.EarthquakelevelSSE,S2,SL2
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2.SEISMICQUALIFICATION SEISMICINPUT(Contd)
Theaccelerationsneededtodeterminetheseismicexcitationwiththeintensityoftheprojectdesignearthquake(OBE,S1,SL1)arederivedfromtheshownRRSofmaximumdesignearthquakeastheonehalfoftheaccelerationRRSSSE(S2,SL2)forthespecifiedfrequency.
Fortheequipmentwhichisconnectedwithapipelinesysteminaverygoodmanner,liketemperaturesensors,valveactuatorsetc.,andwhichrequirethedemonstrationoftheirfunctionality,aspecifictechniqueoftheseismicqualificationneedstobeapplied.Suchequipmentactsasthepipelinecomponentsandtheyaresubjectedtoveryhardseismicloads.Theseloadsaregeneratedintheplaceoftheequipmentastheseismicresponseofthepipelinesystem.Amplifiedexcitationforcesareofthediscretenaturewithasingledominantfrequency.ToqualifytheequipmentconnectedwithpipelinesystemstheseismicexcitationderivedfromtheRIMcurvemustbeadditionallyappliedtogenericseismicqualificationRRStests.
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2.SEISMICQUALIFICATION SEISMICINPUT(Contd)
RequiredInputMotion(RIM)curve(seeIEEEStd382).LevelSSE,S2,SL2.
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2.SEISMICQUALIFICATION METHODS
Todemonstratetheseismicadequacyofseismiccategory1structures,systemsandequipmentcomponentsthefollowingmethodsareused:
(a)seismicanalyses(mainpipelines,mainmechanicalcomponents,anchorageofequipment),
(b) seismictests(activemechanicalcomponents,electricalandI&Ccomponents),
(c)earthquakeexperienceandindirectprocedures(smallborepipes,HVACducts,additionalapproachtoverifyseismicadequacyofequipmentcomponentsasmountedusingtheGIPVVERprocedure).
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4.QUALIFICATIONBYSEISMICANALYSIS
Purpose:Tedeterminedcriticalresponseparametersofequipmenttobeevaluatedforoperationalandseismicloadsbycalculation.
Generalmethodsofresponsecalculation:
Handcalculus(simplyequation);
FiniteElementMethod;
Combinationofbothabovementioned.
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4.QUALIFICATIONBYSEISMICANALYSIS(Contd)
Methodsofthecalculationofseismicresponse
- Staticanalysisforstiffcomponentswithnaturalfrequencyabove33Hz;
Equivalentstaticanalysisforsimplycomponents
Responsespectramethodcomplexcomponentslineardynamicbehaviorassumed
Timehistorymethodcomplexcomponentslinearandnonlineardynamicbehaviorassumed
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4.QUALIFICATIONBYSEISMICANALYSIS(Contd)
Assessmentofbaseparametersofcomponentcapacity
- Integrityofpressureboundary(housing,nozzles);
Capacityofinternals;
Supports(supportingstructure)capacity;
Anchor/fixtureresistance.
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4.QUALIFICATIONBYSEISMICANALYSIS(Contd)
Assessmentofperformancecapabilityofcomponent
Inaddition,fordocumentationofperformancecapability(functionality)ofactivemechanicalcomponentsareevaluatedparametersthataffectingtheirperformanceofdemandedsafetyfunction:
- Totalrelativedisplacementsofmovingandstaticpartstoassesstheircollisionsduringinducedseismicmotionsdepletionofdesignspacingsbetweenparts.
Totalreactionforcesandoveralldisplacementsinpointofpartsplacingjamingofbearings.
Totaldeformationinplacesofacontactofsealingareasviolationofpressuretightness.
- Otherspecificparametersrelatingtoevaluatedcomponent.
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4.QUALIFICATIONBYSEISMICANALYSIS EXAMPLE
MathFEmodeloftheflapvalveDN1000
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4.QUALIFICATIONBYSEISMICANALYSIS EXAMPLE(Contd)
SeismicexcitationRIMaccordinglyIEEEStd3822006
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4.QUALIFICATIONBYSEISMICANALYSIS EXAMPLE(Contd)
MaximumresultingdistributionoftotaldisplacementsatexcitationinZdirection,max.11.4mm
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Evaluation Maximum Displacements
Place of maximum displacement Loading
Max. displ. X [mm]
Max. displ. Y [mm]
Max. displ. Z [mm]
Max. displ [mm]
Max. total displacement
[mm]
Allowable displacement
[mm]
NOC 0,0 0,0 0,3 0,3
SSE X 1,5 2,0 1,5 2,6
SSE Y 4,7 5,6 2,9 5,7 Disc of flap
SSE Z 1,1 1,6 11,3 11,4
11,5 20,0
Evaluation of sliding bearings in flap shaft
Loading Fy [kN] Fz
[kN] Stress [MPa]
Max. stress [MPa]
Allowable stress [MPa]
NOC 1,43 3,83 1,29
SSE X 5,00 1,07 1,62
SSE Y 12,25 1,24 3,90
SSE Z 3,30 11,42 3,77
5,19 30,0
4.QUALIFICATIONBYSEISMICANALYSIS EXAMPLE(Contd)
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5.QUALIFICATIONBYSEISMICTEST GENERALLY
TheseismictestsofequipmentinNPPsaregenerallypreferredmethodsforthequalificationprogramof
Activetechnologicalequipment(e.g.valvesandtheiractuators)
Electricalequipment(e.g.switchgears)
I&Cequipment(cabinetsandpanels)
Sensitiveequipmentcomponentslikerelays,contactors,circuitbreakers,transmitters,sensorsetc.
Theseismiccapacityofsuchequipmentinregardoftheirfunctionalityduringandafteranearthquakeisimpossible,difficultorunreliabletoevaluatebyothermethods.
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5.QUALIFICATIONBYSEISMICTEST DIVISION
SEISMICINPUTMOTION
Singlefrequencymotion(withassumptiontheequipmentwillbesubjectedtosteadyvibrationswithonedominantfrequency,seeRIM,or,iftheexaminationofthenaturalfrequenciesandthedampingvaluesoftheequipmentisperformed);
Multifrequencymotion(generallypreferredfortheverificationoftheseismiccapabilityoftheequipment,themotionsimulationisveryclosetothetypicalearthquakemotion).Inmultifrequencyseismictestingtwoapproachesareapplied:
o Testwithrandomexcitation(inputseismicmotionappliedonthetestpieceisgivenbysynthetictimehistory;TRScorrespondstorealquakemotion);
o Testwithcomplexsineexcitation(inputseismicmotionappliedonthetestpieceisgivenbythesuperpositionofcomplexsinewaves)
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5.EXPERIMENTALMETHODS EXCITATIONDIRECTIONS
TESTSAMPLEORIENTATION
Singleaxistests(seismicinputmotionisappliedonlyinonedirection);
Biaxialtests(seismicinputmotionisappliedintwodirections)
o Biaxialinstallationtestingfortwoindependentdirections(seismicinputmotionforeachdirectionisstatisticallyindependent);
o Singleaxisinstallationtestsfortwodependentdirections(seismicplatformmovesoninclinedplane);
Triaxialtests(seismicinputmotionappliedinthreedirections/axesofatestpiecesimultaneously).
o Triaxialinstallationtestperformedwithsimultaneousbutindependentinputwaveformintothethreepreferredaxesofthespecimen;
o Biaxialinstallation(vertical/horizontal)testswithindependentsimultaneousexcitationsignalsinhorizontalandverticalplane.
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5.EXPERIMENTALMETHODS RRS
RequiredResponseSpectrum(RRS)istheresponsespectrumissuedbytheuserofthequalifiedequipmentorbytheusersagentaspartofthespecificationforqualification.RRSrepresentsarequirementtobemet.Theyarepreparedforallthreeorthogonalspacedirectionsoratleastforhorizontalandverticaldirections.
RequiredResponseSpectrapreparation
Createdtocoverapplicationforwholebuilding/wholeplant;
EnvelopeofbroadenedandsmoothedFRSforequipmentinstallationlocation(equipmentanchoredtotherelevantfloor/structure);
MultipleofbroadenedandsmoothedFRSduetoexcitationappliedonlyinonedirection(factor1.5);
MultipleofbroadenedandsmoothedFRSduetoequipmentinstallationonotherstructuresorequipment(usingamplificationfactor);
Combinationofpreviousboth.
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5.EXPERIMENTALMETHODS RRSVS.TRS
TestResponseSpectra(TRS)arecalculatedfromtherecordingsoftheactualmotionoftheshakingtable.TRSshallenveloptheRRSortheapplicableportionoftheRRStakingintoaccountthedynamiccharacteristicsoftheequipmenttested(naturalfrequency).TRSshallbecomputedwith1/3octave(ornarrower)bandwidthresolution.
TRSandRRScomparisonismadefororallthreeorthogonalspacedirectionsoratleastforhorizontalandverticaldirectionsandforfiveOBE(S1,SL1)earthquakesfollowedbyoneSSE(S2,SL2)earthquakes.Howeverinsteadof5OBE(S1,SL1)earthquakesthespecimenmaybesubjectedto2testscorrespondingtolevelSSE(S2,SL2).
TRSandRRSarecomparedwhichhavethesamedampingvalue.Recommendeddampingvalueis5%damping.ItisacceptabletocompareRRSwithTRSofhigherdampingvaluethenisthedampingvalueofRRS,nevertheless,TRSmustenvelopRRS.
Iftheresonancephenomenadoesnotexistbelow5Hz,theRRSshouldbeenvelopedforfrequencyvaluesabove3.5Hz.Bandwidth13.5Hz,howevershouldbecovereduptolevelprovidedbytestingdevice.Ifresonancephenomenaexistbelow5Hz,TRSshallenvelopRRSfrom1Hz.
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5.EXPERIMENTALMETHODS RRSVS.TRS(Contd)
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6.QUALIFICATIONBYEXPERIENCE/INDIRECTMETHOD
In1982havebeenestablishedSeismicQualificationUtilityGroup,witapurposedofcoordinatingandfoundingworksondevelopmentofstudyaboutbehaviorofmechanicalandelectricalcomponentsincaseofdestructiveearthquakes.Firstphaseofthoseworksfinishedalreadyin1978,whenhavebeenpublishedreportdefined20equipmentclassesindentifiedasinevitableforsafeshutdownofnuclearunits.Thereportevaluatedfeaturesofdifferentequipmentclassesduringsevereearthquakeandfoundedcriteriaofseismiccapacity,i.e.caveats,thathavebeendevelopedforeachequipmentclass.Ithasbeenalsodeterminedthecapacityspectrumofequipment,socalled,BoundingSpectrum,BS.
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6.QUALIFICATIONBYEXPERIENCE/INDIRECTMETHOD
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6.QUALIFICATIONBYEXPERIENCEGIPThescopeofequipmentcoveredbythe currentversionoftheGIP procedureincludes, thefollowingtwentyclassesofmechanicalandelectricalequipment:
(1)MotorControlCenters;
(2)LowVoltageSwitchgears;
(3)MediumVoltageSwitchgears;
(4)Transformers;
(5)HorizontalPumps;
(6)VerticalPumps;
(7)FluidOperatedValves;
(8)MotorOperatedandSolenoid OperatedValves;
(9)Fans(ventilators);
(10)AirHandlers;
(11)Chillers;
(12)AirCompressors;
(13)MotorGenerators;
(14)EngineGenerators;
(15)DistributionPanels;
(16)BatteriesonRacks;
(17)BatteryChargersand Inverters;
(18)InstrumentsonRacks;
(19)TemperatureSensors;
(20)I&CPanelsandCabinets.
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6.QUALIFICATIONBYEXPERIENCE GIP (Contd)
EuropeanandparticularlyVVERtyperelays,switches,transmittersandelectricpenetrationsaresignificantlydifferentfromthoseincludedintotheoriginalGIPdatabases.ThesetwoclassesofequipmentarenotincludedinspecificmodifiedprocedureforEuropeanNPPs,socalledGIPVVERprocedure(orGIPInternational),andtheirseismicverificationshallbebasedontesting.
Inadditiontotwentyclasseslistedabove,theGIPVVERprocedurealsoincludesguidelinesforsimplifiedanalyticalseismicevaluationofthefollowingclassesofequipment:
(23)CableSupportingStructures(basedmainlyontheEPRImethodology);
(24)Tanks,HeatExchanger,Filters(TANKVcomputercode,basedonthepublicavailabledocuments);
(25)PipelinesandHVACDucts(basedonthepublicavailabledocuments).
GIPVVERalsoincludestwospecialguidelinestoverifyadequacyofanchorageandseismicadequacyofnonbearingmasonrywalls.
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6.GIPVVERPROCEDURE WALKDOWNPROCEDURE
TheGIPaswellastheGIPVVERortheDOEGIPisprimarilyascreeningandwalkdownprocedure.However,ifanequipmentitemisclassifiedasanoutlier,rigorousapproachesastestingonshakingtable,deepstudyofinputdata,sophisticatedanalysisetc.maybeusedtoverifyitsseismicadequacy.Generally,fourmajorstepsofthisprocedurewhenappliedevaluationofseismicadequacyofclassesofequipmentidentifiedaboveareasfollows:
selectionofSeismicReviewTeam(SRT);
identificationofequipmenttheseismicadequacyshallbeevaluatedandsetuptheSeismicEquipmentList(SEL);
screeningverificationandwalkdowns;
outlieridentificationandresolution.
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6.GIPVVERPROCEDURE WALKDOWNPROCEDURE(Contd)
AnengineeringjudgmentisthemajortoolusedbySRTduringthescreeningverificationandwalkdownstoevaluateseismicadequacyoftheequipment.TheSRTshouldincludethesystemengineers,plantoperationpersonnel,experiencedandprofessionallytrainedseismiccapacityengineers,andalsopersonneltoidentifyandevaluateessentialrelays(ifnecessary).
Seismicevaluationengineersshouldhaveatleast3yearsexperienceinseismicdesignorqualificationofnuclearsafetyrelatedstructures,systemsandcomponents.Theyshouldhaveatleastabachelorsdegreeincivilormechanicalengineeringandformalinstructioninstructuraldynamicanalysis.Theyshouldalsohavecompletedatleasta3daycourseincludingfieldanalysisintheuseofGIPVVERmethodologyinseismicevaluationofnuclearfacilitysafetyrelatedSSCs.ItisforbiddentousetheGIPVVERprocedurewithoutdeepstudyofcorrespondingdocumentation,trainingandpracticalexperience.
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6.GIPVVERPROCEDURE CRITERIA
Thebasiccriteriatoverifyseismicadequacyofanequipmentitemduringthescreeningwalkdownare(seealsoschema&flow):
seismiccapacitygreaterthanseismicdemand(bycomparisonofthecorrespondingISRSRLE(SL2,SSE)orGRSRLE(SL2,SSE)totheBoundingSpectrum;
similaritytotheequipmentintheseismicexperiencedatabases(checkingofcaveats,basedonwalkdownandinformationavailablefromdocumentation);
adequateanchorageofequipment (calculationsorengineeringjudgment,basedonwalkdownsandinformationavailablefromdocumentation);
potentialseismicinteractionsevaluated(basedonwalkdowns).
TheGIPVVERprocedureusestwoboundingspectra(BS):
(a) BSattachedtoPGA=0.33g(thesameasintroducedbySSRAPandusedbyGIP);
(b) BSattachedtoPGA=0.50g(1.5timesSSRAPBS)forselectedVVERequipmentclasses,whichareevidentlyrobustandrugged.
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6.GIPVVERPROCEDURE SCHEMA&FLOW
START
DOES CAPACITY EXCEED DEMAND?
ARE INTERACTIONS ACCEPTABLE?
ARE FOUR ABOVE CRITERIA MET?
IS ANCHORAGE ADEQUATE?
ARE CAVEATS MET?
VERIFIED
CHOOSE ALTERNATE METHODSFOR CAPACITY/DEMAND
CAPACITY/DEMAND OUTLIER
CAVEAT OUTLIER
DETAIL INVESTIGATION
ANCHORAGE OUTLIER
INTERACTION OUTLIER
IDENTIFICATION AND RESOLUTION OF OUTLIERS
CHOOSE ALTERNATE METHODSFOR CAPACITY
(DETAIL INVESTIGATION)
DETAIL INVESTIGATION
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
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6.GIPVVERPROCEDURE CAPACITYSPECTRA
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6.GIPVVERPROCEDURE CAPACITYVS.DEMAND
A.ComparisonwithRLE(SL2,SSE)GroundResponseSpectra(GRS)2)
Thiscanbeusedwhentheequipmentitemismountedbelowabout12mabovetheeffectivegradeandwhenthenaturalfrequencyofequipmentisgreaterthan12Hz3)
BSGRSRLE(SL2,SSE)(5%damping)4)
B.ComparisonwithRLE(SL2,SSE)InStructureResponseSpectra(ISRS)1.5xBSrealistic(median,mean,bestestimated)ISRSRLE(SL2,SSE)(5%damping)4)
Notes:(1)Applyatleastoneofthesetworules,whichapplicable.(2)ThecriterionAcanbeusedonlywiththewellrigidbuildingstructuresasthelowerconcretereactorbuilding.Donotusethiscriterionwithevidentlyflexiblebuildingstructures.(3)Donotapplythe12Hzlimitforequipmentmountedonpipingsystems(valves,valveoperatorsetc.).(4)Thesecriteriashallbemetforallthreeorthogonalspatialdirections.
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6.GIPVVERPROCEDURE SIMILARITY
SimilarityofVVERtypeequipmenttoequipmentincludedinthedatabases ofseismicresistantequipmentisthemostimportantkeystoneofpracticalapplicationoftheGIPVVERprocedure.Generally,theprincipalofsimilarityisbaseduponcomparisonofequipmentdynamicandphysicalcharacteristics.Theproceduretoestablishsimilaritywithinaneachequipmentclassincludesthefollowingcomparisons:
mostprobablemodesofmalfunction(basedonrecognizedbehaviorofallcriticaldevices);
predominantresonantandcriticalfrequenciesandmodeshapes;
criticaldamping;
mostimportantphysicalequipmentcharacteristics,likeequipmentsize,massandposition(vertical,horizontal,inclinedetc.);generalmaking,qualityofmaking,ageofequipment;locationofthecenterofgravity,presenceandlocationofcantileveredparts;implementationofheavyand/ormovinginternalparts;implementationofsupportsandanchorage;implementationofattachedlines,substructures,devicesetc.;presenceofdevices(mechanicalorelectrical)sensitivetovibrationsandshocks.
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6.GIPVVERPROCEDURE ANCHORAGE
Thescreeningapproachtoverifyofequipmentanchorageisbaseduponacombinationofinspections,calculations,andengineeringjudgment.
Inspectionsconsistofmeasurementsandvisualevaluationsoftheequipmentanditsanchorage,supplementedbyuseofplantdocumentationanddrawings.Calculationsshouldbeperformedtocomparetheanchoragecapacitytothecorrespondingloading(demand)imposedupontheanchorage.Engineeringjudgmentisalsoanimportantpartintheevaluationofequipmentanchorage.
Generally,evaluationtheadequacyofequipmentanchorageincludes:
anchorageinstallationinspection,
anchoragecapacitydetermination,
anchoragedemanddetermination,
comparisonofcapacitytodemand.
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6.GIPVVERPROCEDURE SEISMICINTERACTIONS
Thefourseismicinteractioneffectsthatareconsideredare:
proximity(impactsofadjacentequipmentorstructuresonsafetyrelatedequipmentduetotheirrelativemotionduringanearthquake),
structuralfailureandfallingofoverheadoradjacentstructures,systems,orequipmentcomponents),
flexibilityofattachedlinesandcables,
floodingduetoearthquakeinducedfailuresoftanksorvessels.