Select Bibliography

General

CARSTEN, F. L. The Rise of Fascism. Berkeley: University of Cali­fornia, 1967.

DE FELICE, RENZO. Le interpretazioni del fascismo. Bari: Laterza, 1969.

LAQUEUR, WALTER, and GEoRGE L. MossE (eds.). International Fas­cism, 1920-1945 ("Journal of Contemporary History," No. 1). New York: Harper & Row, 1966.

LIPSET, SEYMOUR M. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. Garden City: Doubleday, 1960.

NoLTE, ERNST. Die faschistischen Bewegungen: Die Krise des liber­alen Systems und die Entwicklung der Faschismen. Munich: Deut­scher T aschenbuch-Verlag, 1966.

---. Theorien uber den Faschismus. Cologne: Verlag Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1967.

---. Three Faces of Fascism: Action Fran9aise, Italian Fascism, National Socialism. Trans. from German by Leila Vennewitz. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1966.

RoGGER, HANS, and EuGEN WEBER (eds.). The European Right: A Historical Profile. Berkeley: University of California, 1965.

WEBER, EuGEN. Varieties of Fascism. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand, 1964.

WEiss, joHN. The Fascist Tradition: Radical Right-wing Extremism in Modern Europe. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.

WooLF, STUART J. (ed.). European Fascism. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968.

Italy

ALATRI, PAOLO. Le origini del fascismo. Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1956. AQUARONE, ALBERTO. L'organizzazione dello stato totalitario. Turin:

Einaudi, 1965. BAER, GEoRGE W. The Coming of the Italian-Etbiopian War. Cam­

bridge: Harvard University, 1967. BINCHY, DANIEL A. Church and State in Fascist Italy. London: Oxford

University, 1941.

352 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

BoTTAI, GIUsEPPE. Vent'anni e un giorno, 24 luglio 1943. Milan: Garzanti, 1949.

CASSELS, ALAN. Fascist Italy. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1968. ---. Mussolini's Early Diplomacy. Princeton: Princeton University,

1970. CAsuccr, CosTANZO (ed.). ll Fascismo: Antologia di scritti critici.

Bologna: 11 Mulino, 1961. CHABOD, FEDERICO. A History of Italian Fascism. Trans. from Italian

by Muriel Grindrod. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1963. CHiuRco, GIORGIO A. Storia della rivoluzione fascista. 5 vols. Florence:

Vallecchi, 1929. CIANO, GALEAzzo. The Ciano Diaries, 1939-1943. Ed. by Hugh Gibson.

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1952. CLOuGH, SHEPARD B. The Economic History of Modern Italy. New

York: Columbia University, 1964. --- and SALVATORE SALADINO. A History of Modern Italy: Docu­

ments, Reading and Commentary. New York: Columbia University, 1968.

DEAKIN, F. W. The Brutal Friendship: Mussolini, Hitler and the Fall of Italian Fascism. New York: Harper & Row, 1962. Rev. ed., 2 vols. New York: Doubleday Anchor, 1966.

DE FELICE, RENZO. Mussolini il rivoluzionario, 1883-1920. Turin: Einaudi, 1965.

---. Mussolini il fascista: Parte 1: La conquista del potere, 1921-1925. Turin: Einaudi, 1966.

---. Mussolini il fascista: Parte II: L'organizzazione dello stato fascista, 1925-29. Turin: Einaudi, 1969.

---. Storia degli ebrei italiani sotto il fascismo. Turin: Einaudi, 1961.

DEL GIUDICE, MAURo. Cronistoria del processo Matteotti. Palermo, 1954.

DELZELL, CHARLES F. Mussolini's Enemies: The Italian Anti-Fascist Resistance. Princeton: Princeton University, 1961. Reprinted, New York: Howard Fertig, 1971. Rev. Italian version, I nemici di Musso­lini. Turin: Einaudi, 1966.

Dr NoLFo, ENNIO. Mussolini e Ia politica estera italiana, 1919-1933. Padua, 1960.

Documenti diplomatici italiani. Settima Serie, 1922-1935; Ottava Serie, 1935-1939; Nona Serie, 1939-1943. Ministero degli Affari Esteri. Rome: Libreria della Stato, 1957ff.

DoRsa, Gumo. Mussolini alia conquista del potere. Milan: Mondadori, 1961.

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 353

EINAUDI, MARIO. "Fascism," in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (1968), V, 334-341.

Fascismo e antifascismo (1918-1948): Lezioni e testimonianze. 2 vols. Milan: F eltrinelli, 196 3.

FERMI, LAURA. Mussolini. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1961. FINER, HERMAN. Mussolini's Italy. London: Gollancz, 1935. Reprinted,

New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1965. GARoscr, ALDo. Storia dei fuorusciti. Bari: Laterza, 1953. GERMINo, DANTE L. The Italian Fascist Party in Power: A Study in

Totalitarian Rule. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1959. HALPERIN, S. WILLIAM. Mussolini and Italian Fascism. Princeton:

D. Van Nostrand, 1964. HuGHES, H. STUART. The United States and Italy. 2d rev. ed. Cam­

bridge: Harvard University, 196 5. jEMOLO, ARTURO CARLO. Chiesa e Stato in Italia dalla unificazione a

Giovanni XXIII. Turin: Einaudi, 1965. KIRKPATRICK, lvoNE. Mussolini: A Study in Power. New York: Haw­

thorn, 1964. MAcK SMITH, DENIS. Italy: A Modern History. New ed. revised and

enlarged. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1969. MEGARO, GAUDENS. Mussolini in the Making. Boston: Houghton

Mifflin, 1938. Reprinted, New York: Howard Fertig, 1967. MINIO-PALUELLO, LoRENzo. Education in Fascist Italy. London: Ox­

ford University, 1946. MoNELLI, PAoLO. Mussolini: An Intimate Life. Trans. from Italian.

London, 1953. MussoLINI, BENITO. Opera Omnia di Benito Mussolini. Ed. by Edoardo

and Duilio Susmel. 35 vols. Florence: La Fenice, 1951-62. PERTICONE, GIACOMO. La politica italiana nell'ultimo trentennio. 3 vols.

Rome: Edizioni Leonardo, 1945. PINI, GIORGIO, and Duiuo SusMEL. Mussolini: L'uomo e l'opera. 4 vols.

2d ed. Florence: La Fenice, 1957-58. RosENGARTEN, FRANK. The Italian Anti-Fascist Press, 1919-1945. Cleve­

land: Case-Western Reserve University, 1968. RosENSTOCK-FRANcK, Loms. L'economie corporative fasciste en doc­

trine et en fait. Paris: Librarie Universitaire J. Gamber, 1934. Rossi, ERNESTO. I padroni del vapore. Bari: Laterza, 1955. SAITTA, ARMANDO. Dal Fascismo alla resistenza: Profilo storico e docu­

menti. Florence: La Nuova ltalia, 1961. SALVATORELLI, LuiGI, and GIOVANNI MIRA. Storia d'ltalia nel periodo

fascista. 4th ed. Turin: Einaudi, 1962. Original edition, Storia del Fascismo: L'ltalia dal1919 al1945. Rome: Novissima, 1952.

SALVEMINI, GAETANO. Under the Axe of Fascism. New York: Viking, 1936.

354 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

ScHMIDT, CARL T. The Corporate State in Action: Italy under Fascism. New York: Columbia University, 1939.

ScHNEIDER, HERBERT W. Making the Fascist State. New York: Oxford University, 1928.

SETON-WATSON, CHRISTOPHER. Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870-1925. London: Methuen, 1967.

TAMARO, ATTILIO. Due anni di storia, 1943-1945. Rome: Tosi, 1949. TAscA, ANGELO. Nascita e avvento del fascismo: L'Italia dal 1918 al

1922. Florence: La Nuova ltalia, 1950. Original English edition under pseudonym, A. Rossi, The Rise of Italian Fascism, 1918-1922. London: Methuen, 1938. Reprinted, New York: Howard Fertig, 1966.

VIVARELLI, RoBERTO. II dopoguerra in ltalia e l'avvento del fascismo (1918-1922). Vol. 1: Dalla fine della guerra all'impresa di Fiume. Naples: Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Storici, 1967.

WEBSTER, RICHARD A. The Cross and the Fasces: Christian Democracy and Fascism in Italy. Stanford: Stanford University, 1960.

WELK, WILLIAM G. Fascist Economic Policy: An Analysis of Italy's Economic Experiment. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1938.

WisKEMANN, ELIZABETH. The Rome-Berlin Axis: A History of the Relations between Hitler and Mussolini. London: Oxford Univer­sity, 1949.

Spain

APARICIO, juAN (ed.). Antologfa: La conquista del estado. Barcelona: Ediciones F. E., 1939.

ARRARAs, joAQUIN ( ed.). Historia de la Cruzada espanola. 8 vols. Madrid, 1939-43.

ARRESE, JosE: Lms DE. Escritos y discursos. Madrid: Vicesecretaria de Educaci6n Popular, 1943.

CARR, RAYMOND. Spain, 1808-1939. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966. DETWILER, DoNALD S. Hitter, Franco und Gibraltar: Die Frage des

spanischen Eintritts in den Zweiten W eltkrieg. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, 1962.

Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945. Series D (Ger­many and the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939). Washington: Depart­ment of State, 1950ff.

DoussrNAGUE, JosE: MARIA. Espana tenia raz6n (1939-1945). Madrid, 1950.

Falange espanola tradicionalista y de las Juntas ofensivas nacional­sindicalistas, Vicesecretaria de Educaci6n Popular. Fundamentos del Nuevo Estado. Madrid: Ediciones de la Vicesecretaria de Educaci6n Popular, 1943.

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 355

FEIS, HERBERT. The Spanish Story: Franco and the Nations at War. New York: Knopf, 1948.

FERNANDEZ CuESTA, RAIMUNDO. Intemperie, victoria y servicio: Di­scursos y escritos. Madrid: Ediciones del Movimiento, 1951.

FRAGoso DELToRo, VICTOR. La Espana de ayer: Recopilaci6n de textos hist6rico-politicos. 2 vols. Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1965.

jACKSoN, GABRIEL. Historian's Quest: A Twenty-Year Journey into the Spanish Mind. New York: Knopf, 1969.

--.The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939. Princeton: Princeton University, 1965.

[LEDESMA RAMos, RAMIRo.] ;,Fascismo en Espana? (Sus origines, su desarrollo, sus hombres), by Roberto Lanzas [pseud.]. Madrid: Ediciones "La Conquista del Estado," 1935.

LIVERMORE, HARoLD. A History of Spain. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1958.

LLOYD, ALAN. Franco. Garden City: Doubleday, 1969. MARTIN, CLAUDE. Franco, soldat et Chef d'Etat. Paris, 1959. NELLESSEN, BERND. Die V erbotene Revolution: Aufstieg und Nieder­

gang der Falange. Hamburg: Leibniz, 1963. PAYNE, STANLEY G. The Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism. Stan­

ford: Stanford University, 1961. ---. "Falangism," in International Encyclopedia of the Social

Sciences (1968), V, 288-292. ---.Franco's Spain. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1967. ---. Politics and the Military in Modern Spain. Stanford: Stanford

University, 1967. PRIMO DE RIVERA, Jos:E ANTONIO. Obras completas. Compiled and edited

by Augustin del Rio Cisneros and Enrique Conde Gargollo. Madrid: "Diana," 1942.

---. Textos ineditos y epistolario. Madrid: Ediciones del Movi­miento, 1956.

Puzzo, DANTE A. Spain and the Great Powers, 1936-1941. New York: Columbia University, 1962.

REDONDO, 0NESIMO. Obras completas. 2 vols. Madrid: Publicaciones Espafiolas, 19 54-55.

SERRANO Su:NER, RAMON. Entre Hendaya y Gibraltar. Mexico City, 1945.

SYDNOR, CHARLES W., jR. "Spanish-German Relations: April 1, 1939-June 22, 1941." M.A. thesis, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., 1967.

THOMAS, HuGH. The Spanish Civil War. New York: Harper & Row, 1961.

WELLES, BENJAMIN. The Gentle Anarchy. New York: Praeger, 1965. WHITAKER, ARTHUR P. Spain and the Defense of the West: Ally and

Liability. New York: Harper, 1961.

356 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Portugal

DERRICK, MICHAEL. The Portugal of Salazar. London, 1938. FERRAZ DE SousA, ABEL. Ressurgimento em Portugal. Sao Paulo: Edi­

tora Lep S.A., 1962. LIVERMORE, H. V. A New History of Portugal. New York: Cam­

bridge University, 1966. MARTINS, H. "Portugal," in S. ]. Woolf (ed.), European Fascism.

London: W eidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968. MASSIS, HENRI. Salazar face a face: Trois dialogues politiques. Paris­

Geneva: La Palatine, 1960. Political Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. Lisbon: S.N.I.,

1957. Portugal: The New State in Theory and in Practice. Lisbon: S.P.N.,

1938. Salazar, Prime Minister of Portugal, Says ... Lisbon: S.P.N., [1940]. S:ERANT, PAUL. Salazar et son temps. Paris: Les Sept Couleurs, 1961.

Index Academic freedom, 147 Accademia dei Lincei, 148 Acciaierie Lombarde, socialization of,

251 Acerbo, Giacomo, 56 Acerbo electoral law (1923), 69 Action Fran~aise, xiv, 331, 332 Africa, Italy's attitude toward, 189 Agrarian issues, 18-21, 24, 136-137, 276 Agrarian reform, 137 Albania, 138 Amendola, Giovanni, 56, 61, 90 Alfa Romeo, socialization of, 251 Alfonso XIII, King of Spain, 257, 258 Allied Military Government, 254 Allies, 225, 327 Anglo-German naval agreement (1935),

192 Anti-Comintern Pact, 205-207 Anti-Semitism, 173-184. See also Jews Aosta, Duke of, 44 Arbeitsdienst (Nazi labor-service pro-

gram), 148 Arditi, 7 Arendt, Hannah, xviii Armed Resistance. See Resistance forces Armistice, between Italy and Allies,

224-227 Army (Italian), xii, 42. See also Militia;

Italian military forces Army (Spanish), uprising of, 283 Arrese, Jose Luis de, 327, 328 Arriba! (Madrid), 279 Artajo, Alberto Martin, 328 Asia, 189 Atatiirk, Mustafa Kemal, xvi Attlee, Clement, 329 Austria, 48, 185, 187, 190 Avanguardisti, 138, 139-142 Avanti!, 4, 6, 11 Aviation industry, 137 Aventinian secession, 56, 60, 61 Axis, Rome-Berlin, 173 Azione Cattolica ltaliana, 164, 166, 234

Badoglio, Pietro, 199, 221, 223, 224, 225, 229, 230

Balbo, Italo, 25, 26, 27, 37, 40 Baldwin, Stanley, 193, 199 Balearic Islands, 201 Balilla Youth Organization, 138, 139-

143, 156 Balkans, 208, 220 Barres, Maurice, xiv Bergson, Henri, 23

Bianchi, Michele, 6, 7, 40, 44 Bill of Rights, 256 Birth control, 255 Birth rate, Mussolini on, 134 Bissolati, Leonida, 4 Blanqui, Louis Auguste, 23 Blackshirts. See Squadristi Blue Shirt Militia (Spain), 279, 287. See

also Falange Espanola Bolshevism, 8, 96, 105, 205, 292 Bonomi, lvanoe, 4, 26, 37, 221, 230, 234 Borgese, Giuseppe A., 148 Bottai, Giuseppe, 148, 177, 221 Bourbon dynasty, 258

monarchy (Spain), overthrow of, xiv Boy Scouts. See Catholic Boy Scouts Brazil, 331 Britain, 195-197, 207, 220, 228-229, 326,

347,349 Bulgaria, 48, 185

Caballero, Francisco Largo, 283 Caetano, Marcello, 350 Calendar, revolutionary fascist, 148 Capitalism, 275 Capo del Governo. See Head of the

Government Cardinal's Mistress, The (Mussolini), 3 Carlos Hugo de Bourbon Parma, 330 Carmona, Antonio 6scar de Fragoso,

332 Casti Connubi (Pius XI), 134 Catholic Action (Spain), 328. See also

Azione Cattolica Italiana Catholic Boy Scouts, 156 Catholic Church, xii, 27

and Fascist state, 156-173 Jonsistas' view of, 258 and marriage, 163 participation in Italian politics, 1 Portuguese Constitution on, 342-343 and religious education, 163-164, 347 in Spain, 312

Catholicism, 24, 25, 49, 105, 270-271 Catholic Popular Party, 2, 37, 55, 156 Caudillo. See Franco, Francisco Cavour, Camillo Benso di, 1 CEDA (Spanish Confederation of Au-

tonomous Rightist Groups), 258 Central Bureau of Statistics, 123 Central Committee of Corporations, 128 Chamber of Deputies, 52, 128-129, 165 Chamber of Fasces and of Corporations,

128, 129-132 Chamberlain, Neville, 207

358

Charter of Labor. See Labor Charter Cheka, Mussolini on, 57, 58 Church and State, 28, 156--173. See also

Catholic Church Churchill, Winston, 217, 234 Ciano, Galeazzo, 184, 186, 201, 207, 211,

217, 220, 221, 321 Civilta Cattolica, 177 Civil War, Falange view of, 274-275

Salazar on, 335 Clergy. See Ecclesiastics Coburg-Braganza, House of, 331 Collar of the Annunciation, 173 Collective bargaining, 255 Colonization and colonialism, 20, 31, 349 Committee of National Liberation for

Upper Italy (CLNAI), 252-254 Committees of National Liberation, 229,

230,242,252,254,256 Communism, xi, 335 Communist Manifesto, 101 Communists

Italian, 3, 52 Portuguese, 346 Spanish, 283

Communion Tradicionalista, 258 Confindustria, 108--109 Conquista del Estado, La, 257 Constituent Assembly, 256 Constitution for the Italian Republic

(1948), 256 Corporations, 29, 126-128, 335 Corporative State, 107-108, 255 Corriere della Sera (Milan), 53 Cortes (Spanish national assembly), 328 Countermanifesto (Croce), 90 Courts. See Labor Courts; Supreme

Constitutional Court Critica, La (edited by Croce), 90 Croce, Benedetto, xvii, 90 Cuesta, Raimundo Fernandez, 279, 286,

303, 312, 315 Currency, Italian, devaluation and re­

valuation of, 136 Czechoslovakia, 207

Dalser, Ida Irene (mistress of Mus­soHni), 5

D'Annunzio, Gabriele, 1, 2-3, 22, 108, 146

DeAmbris, Alceste, 7n, 108 DeBono, Emilio, 27, 40, 199 Decalogues. See Fascist Decalogues De Gasperi, Alcide, 156 De la Tour du Pin, Rene, 332 Del Noce, Augusto, xviii Delgado, Humbero da Silva, 349 Democracy, 100-101 De Mun, Albert, 332

Depression, the, xi, 136 De Ruggiero, Guido, 90 De Sanctis, Gaetano, 147 De' Stefani, Alberto, 133

INDEX

De Vecchi, Cesare Maria, 27, 40, 55 Dictatorship, safeguards against, 256 Difesa della razza (Defense of the

Race), 173 Divenire Sociale (Leone), 97 Doenitz, Karl, 349 Dole, the (Italian), 137 Dollfuss, Engelbert, 190 Donati, Giuseppe, 64 Don Juan de Borbon y Borbon, Prince,

330 Duce, II. See Mussolini

East Africa, 199, 220 Ecclesiastics, 158-159, 161-162 Economy

Italian, 136-138 Portuguese Constitution on, 341-342

Eden, Anthony, 195, 199, 219n Education, 125-126

elementary, 146 Falange view of, 277 Portuguese Constitution on, 342

Edward VIII, King of England, 201 Einaudi, Luigi, 90 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 224, 225 El Fascio, 259 Employment Bureaus, 124-125 Enciclopedia ltaliana, 91 Eritrea, 199 Esploratori Cattolici. See Catholic Boy

Scouts Estado Novo (Portuguese New State),

337, 346 Ethiopia, conquering of by Italy, 199-

200 Ethiopian War (193 5) , economic con-

sequences of, 137-138

"Face to the Sun" (Marti), 279 Facta, Luigi, 37, 40, 44 Faculty of Political Science (Perugia),

146 Falange Espanola, xiv

and the Army, 280-282 basic points of, 267-271 founding of, 259-266 German and Italian policy toward,

287-289 loss of power in Franco's regime, 327,

328-329 and Requetes, 311-312 role of women in, 311 statutes revised (1939), 296-303 taken over by Franco, 296

INDEX

Falange Espanola (Cont.) troops sent to Russia, 327 Twenty-Six Point Program of (1937),

273-277 Falange Espanola de las Juntas de

Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista, 271

Falange Espanola Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional­Sindicalista (FET y de las JONS), 293

Falangist Oath, 272 Family, the, Portuguese Constitution on,

340 Farinacci, Roberto, 56, 61, 80, 173, 234 Fasci, xiii Fasci di Combattimento, 4, 11, 13, 77-79,

82-90 Fasci Giovanile di Combattimento, 78--

81, 83 Fasci Italiani di Combattimento, 97 Fascia, 7 Fascism, xi

appeal of, in Italy, xii attitude toward Catholic Church, 24

class in society, 23-24 Communists, 23-24 divorce, 24 Socialists, 2 3

birth of, 1ff. Catholic view of, xviii Communist view of, xvii democratic-radical view of, xvii end of, in Italy, 255 explanation of, 91-106 and Jews, 173-186 liberal-conservative view of, xvii and naziism, 202-203 as "universal phenomenon," 186-190

Fascist Crimes, purge law on, 230-234 Fascist Decalogues, 145-146 Fascist dictatorship, resistance to, xiii.

See also Resistance forces Fascist electoral law (1928), 70--74 Fascist Grand Council, 52, 69, 74-77,

177, 198, 221-222 Fascist March on Rome, xiii, 7, 44, 45 Fascist Revolutionary Party, 96 Fascist School Charter, 148-155 Fascists, and Catholic Action (Azione

Cattolica Italiana), 172 conquest of power, 44 contrasted to Socialists, 11 defeat and punishment of, 252-253 dismantle some police, 251-252 educational goals of, 148-155 election to Chamber of Deputies, 21 gains of, 17 power, redistribution of, 62-64

359

Fascists, and Catholic Action (Cont.) program of, 12-13 terrorism by, 17, 25, 37 and working class, xiii and youth, xiii S.Pe also National Fascist Party

Fascist State, 95-96 Fascist University (Bologna), 146 Fascist University Groups (GUF), 143,

148, 149, 166 Federzoni, Luigi, xvii Ferrero, Guglielmo, 90 Fiat, socialization of, 251 Florence, liberation of, by Allies, 243 Four-Power Pact, 186 France

Mussolini and, 185, 187, 207 Third Republic, fall of, xv, 347

Franco, Francisco and Allies, 327-328 and Army uprising, 283 chooses successor, 329-330 and Falange, xiv, 282 German and Italian policy toward,

287-289 and Hitler, 318, 322 and Mussolini, 321 and Salazar, 327 sends troops to aid Germans in Russia,

327 on unification of forces, 289-295 wins Spanish Civil War, 314-315

Fran co-Italian armistice (1940), 215 Freedom

Falange view of, 270, 274 Portuguese Constitution on, 339-340 restrictions on, 314--315, 317-318

Friedrich, Carl, xviii Fromm, Erich, xviii "Fuero de los Espaii.oles" (Spanish bill

of rights), 328 Fiibrer. See Hitler, Adolf Futurists and Futurism, 7, 14, 102

Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 102 Gasparri, Pietro, 156 Gazzetta Ufficiale, 69, 72, 112, 115 General Confederation of Fascist Cor-

porations, 108--109 General Confederation of Italian In­

dustry. See Confindustria General Confederation of Labor

(Italy), 14 General Confederation of Labor (Por­

tugal), 346 Gentile, Giovanni, 90, 146 German-Spanish Treaty of Friendship

(1939), 318-321 Germany, 188, 203-205, 215-217, 219-

220

360

Germany (Cont.) annexation of Austria, 173, 207 evicted from northern Italy, 230 fascism in, xi and Spain, 285-286, 321-323, 326-328

Gil Robles, Jose Maria, 258 Giolitti, Giovanni, 1, 21, 22, 37, 44, 55,

56,97 Gioventu ltaliana del Littorio. See Ital­

ian Youth of the Lictors "Giovinezza" (Fascist party marching

anthem), 138 Giulino di Mezzegra, 253 Giunta, Francesco, 39 Giuriati, Giovanni, 80, 173 Goebbels, Joseph, 234 Gomes da Costa, Manuel de Oliveria,

332 Gomez Jordana, 318 Governing class, 11 Grandi, Dino, 25, 26, 185-186, 200-201,

221-222 Graziani, Rodolfo, 199 Greece, 217-219 Guardia Fiscal (Portugal), 347 Guardia Nacional Republicana (Portu­

gal), 347 Guidi, Edda (daughter of Mussolini), 5 Guidi, Rachele (Mussolini's wife), 5

Head of the Government, 61, 74-77, 222-223

Hedilla, Manuel, 287, 296 Hegel, Georg F. W., xiv Heimwehr (Home Defense Units), 185 High Council of the Magistracy, 256 Hitler, Adolf, xi, 186, 199, 202, 207-208,

210-211, 212, 326-328 aids Spanish rebels, 283 death of, 349 and Franco, 318-322,326-328 origins of, xvi

Hitler-Mussolini Conference (1940), 323-326

Hoare, Samuel, 199 Hoare-Laval pact, 199 Holy See, 156-164. See also Catholic

Church; Vatican Humbert, Prince of Piedmont, 230, 255 Hungary,48, 185,187

"If" (Kipling), 279 Illiteracy, decline of, 146 Industrialists (Italian), xii, 109

and Mussolini, 138 government interest in, 137 industrial revolution, 1 monopolies, 137

INDEX

Industry (Italian) Mussolini's attitude toward, 9, 136, 137 socialization of, 251 types of industries: See individual

listings Institute for Industrial Reconstruction

(IRI), 255 "lntegralismo Lusitano," 332 "Integral nationalism," 27 International Fascist Congress (1934),

277-278 International Police for the Defense of

the State (PIDE) (Portugal), 347, 350

Italian Academy (1927), 146 Italian Catholic University Federation

(FUCI), 166 Italian Corps of Liberation, 228, 255 Italian-German-Spanish Secret Protocol

(1940)' 322-323 Italian military forces, 215, 217, 219, 220.

See also Militia; Army (Italian) Italian race, defense of, 178-183 Italian Socialist Party. See Socialist

Party (Italian) Italian Social Republic, 236-242 Italian Somaliland, 199 Italian Youth of the Lictors, 143-146,

148, 149 Italy

civil war in, 3, 25, 43 Communists, 3, 52 divided, 224-225 and Germany, 223-224 present-day, 256 surrender of, 225-227 tripartite declaration of Moscow on,

228-229

James, William, xiv Japan, 205-207, 216-217 Jesuits, 312 Jews, xvii, 173-184, 238 John XXIII (Pope), 184 J onsistas, 271 Jose Felix de Lequerica y Erquiza, 328 Juan Carlos de Borb6n y Borb6n,

Prince, 329-330 Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindical­

ista (JONS), 258, 271 Justice and Liberty (Italian anti-Fascist

emigre organization), 285

Kipling, Rudyard, 279 Kraft durch Freude, 133

Labor Charter (1927) (Italian), xii, 120-126, 148, 338

INDEX

Labor Charter (Spanish), 304-311 Labor Courts, 116-118, 121-123 Labor-management relations, 122-123,

255 Labor unions

beginnings of, 2 elimination of, by Fascists, xii Fascist, 25 leftist, resistance to fascism, xii

Lagardelle, Hubert, 96 Land reform, 137 Landholders, xii Lateran pacts (1929), xvii, 70, 91, 156-

164, 255 Latifondo (landed estates), 18, 19, 20.

See also Agrarian issues; Agrarian reform; Land reform

Latin language, 35 Lausanne Conference, 48 Laval, Pierre, 193, 199, 323 League of Nations, 8, 11, 27, 188, 194

sanctions against Italy, 195-197 Ledesma, Ramos Ramiro, 257-258, 271,

278, 286 Leftist political parties, resistance to

Fascism, xiii Lenin, Nikolai, 24 Leone, Enrico, 97 Leo XIII (Pope), 107, 167,332 LePlay, Frederic, 332 Liberalism, parliamentary and demo­

cratic, xi, 94, 101, 102, 103, 260-261

Liberal party, 55 Libertad, 257 Libya (Italian), 193 Lipset, Seymour, xviii Lira di Pesaro, 136 Lisbon, 349 Locarno pacts, 185-186 Lotta di classe, 3 Loyalty Oath for Professors, 147 Lupa, La, 97

Machiavelli, Niccolo, xiv Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals

(Gentile), 90, 146 Manifesto of the Racist Scientists

(1938), 173-174 March on Rome. See Fascist March on

Rome Marconi, Guglielmo, 146 Margherita, Queen Mother, 44 Marinetti, Filippe, 7, 14 Maritain, Jacques, xviii Marriage, and race, 178, 183 Marshes, draining of, 136 Marxism, xi. See also Bolshevism; Com­

munism; Socialism

361

Masonic Lodge, 61, 156 Masonry and Communism, suppression

of, 315-316 Matteotti, Giacomo, xiii, 56 Maurras, Charles, xiv, 27, 331, 332 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 102 Meinecke, Friedrich, xvii "Me ne frego," 99 Metaxas, John, 219n Mezzadri, 137 Migrant workers. See Mezzadri Military service, 36, 343 Militia (Italian), 50 Ministry of Corporations, 123 Ministry of Syndical Organization

(Spain), 304 Mit brennender Sorge (Pius XI), 176-

177 Mola, Emilio, 279, 282 Monarchy, xii, 39-40, 54, 55, 102-103 Montecatini, socialization of, 251 "Monti di Pied," 136 Morocco, Spanish, 283 Mosca, Gaetano, xiv Mosley, Oswald, xvi Motherhood, 134 Munoz Grandes, 315, 318 Mussolini, Benito

achievements of, 255 aids Spanish rebels, 283, 285 arrest of, 223 attempts on life of, 64 attitude toward Hitler, 201 and Azione Cattolica, 166 background of, xvi, 3-5 on "bourgeois spirit," 190 capture of British Somaliland, 217 character of, 5-6 charisma of, xiii on church and state in Italy, 165 congress at Montreux, 190 death of, xviii, 252-254 declares war (1940), 213-215 on democracy, 42 doctrine of fascism, 91-106 drags Italy into World War I, 1 election to Chamber of Deputies, 21 emerges as leader of Fascists, 14 Fascist party of, xi foreign policy, 185, 200-201, 239 and Hitler, 202, 210-212, 213, 221 and House of Savoy, 235-236 invades Albania, 207 on Jewish policy, 177, 238 last public address, 243-251 loss of prestige, 220, 221 and the poor, 199 rescued by Hitler, 234

362

Mussolini, Benito (Cont.) signing of Lateran pacts, 156 on social issues, 239-242 tries to regain power, 237 victory in Ethiopia, 199-200 on violence, 38 war in Ethiopia, 192-195

Muti, Ettore, 80

National Constituent Assembly, 11 National Economic and Labor Council,

256 National Fascist Institute of Culture

(Rome), 146 National Fascist Party, 26-37

economic reconstruction, 31-33 education, 34-35, 48 financial policy, 31-33 foreign policy, 30-31, 46-47 on justice, 35-36 on militia, 31 organization of, 77-90 program of, 27-37 social policy, 33

National Institution for Leisure Time. See Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro

Nationalism, Salazar on, 336-337 Nationalist party, xii, xvii National Organization for Maternity

and Child Welfare, 134-136 National party, 55 National self-sufficiency, 136, 242 National-syndicalist labor union, 7n National Technical Councils, 27, 28 National Union (Uniao Nacional)

(Portugal), 332, 338, 350 Navigation, 32 Nazis, Munich Beer Hall Putsch, xi Nietzsche, Friedrich, xiv, 3 Nitti, F. S., 14 Non abbiamo bisogno (Pius XI), 169-

172 North Atlantic Treaty Organization,

349

Olivetti, Angelo, 97 Olivetti, Gino, 109 Opera Nazionale Combattenti (Na­

tional Land Program for Veter­ans), 19

Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro, 133-134 Orano, Paolo, 97 Order of the Wolf, 138 Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, 2 Ortega y Gasset, Jose, 258 Osservatore Romano, L', 166, 169, 177 Ottoman Empire, xvi

INDEX

Pacelli, Eugenio Cardinal. See Pius XII Pact of Steel, 208-210 Pagine Libere (Olivetti), 97 Palazzo Chigi pact, 108-109 Pareto, Vilfredo, xiv, 3 Parliament, 41, 42, 61 Partiti di massa, 2 Partito Fascista Repubblicano (PFR),

237 Partito N azionale Fascista (PNF). See

National Fascist Party Partito Popolare Italiano. See Catholic

Popular Party Party and State, xvi Party bosses, local. See Ras Pavolini, Alessandro, 237 Pawnshops. See Monti di Piet:l Peguy, Charles, 96 Penal Code of 1889, 252 Per Necessita Familiari, 77 Petacci, Claretta (Mussolini's mistress),

253 Petain, Henri Philippe, xv, 323, 331, 347 Petroleum production industry, 137 Piazzale Loreto, 253 Pilsudski, Joseph, 332 Pirandello, Luigi, 90 Pius XI (Pope), 134, 156, 332

and anti-Semitism, 176-177 on Azione Cattolica ltaliana, 169-172 death of, 184 and Mussolini, 165-166 on social organization, 167-168

Pius XII (Pope), 156, 173, 184, 213 Plebiscite of 1929, 165 Poland, 212, 332 Police state. See individual organizations Policia de Seguran~a Publica (Portu-

gal), 347 Political parties, Falange view of, 268-

269 Polverelli, Gaetano, 17 Pope, the, Mussolini on, 157-158, 161.

See also individual popes Popolo d'ltalia, ll, 4, 5, 7, 11, 96, 97, 166 Portugal, xv, 321, 331, 346, 349

Constitution of (1933), 337-346 Portuguese Legion (Legiao Portuguesa),

346-347 Predappio, 253 Press censorship, 53-55, 312-313 Preziosi, Giuseppe, 173 Price-rigging, 137 Primo de Rivera, Jose Antonio, xiv,

258-259,271,278,279,282,287 Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 258 Primo de Rivera, Pilar, 279 Private enterprise, 33, 122

INDEX

Property private, xii, 27 5 and family, 310

Public safety, 64-66 Public works, 137 Purge trial (Verona), 242 Purges. See Fascist crimes

Quadragesimo anno (Pius XI), 166--169, 332, 338

Quota novanta, 136

Raccolta Ufficiale delle Leggi e dei De-creti del Regno, 132

Racism, 173 Rahn, Rudolf, 237 Railroads, 32 Ras, 55 Redondo, Ortega, Onesimo, 257-258,

286 Referendum of 1946, 255-256 Religion, Falange view of, 277. See also

Catholicism Repressive measures, 64-66, 67-69. See

also Freedom, restrictions on Republicans, 283 Requetes, 258, 287, 311-312 Rerum novarum (1891) (Leo XIII), xv,

107, 332 Resistance forces, 234, 242, 251, 252, 255 Revolution, 277, 331 Ricci, Renata, 139, 143 Roatta, Mario, 285 Rocco, Alfredo, xvii, 91, 110, 133 Roman Empire, xiii, 43, 204 Roman Question, 156 Roman Republic, xiii, 101 Rome, liberated by Allies, 230 Rome-Berlin Axis, 201-205 Rome Congress (1921), 26 Rommel, Erwin, 220 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 327 Rosselli, Carlo, 285 Rossi, Cesare, 14 Rossoni, Edmonda, 107, 109 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 259-260 Ruiz de Alda, Julio, 262n, 271, 286 Russia, xi, 48, 185, 220, 228-229, 283

Salandra, Antonio, 44, 56 Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira

biographical information, 332-333 death of, 349-350 establishes Estado Novo, xv, 166 political and economic doctrines, 333-

337 in World War II, 347-349

Salvatorelli, Luigi, xvii, 90 Salvemini, Gaetano, 64

363

Savoy, House of, xvii, 37, 42, 213, 228, 255-256

School of Fascist Mysticism, 143 Schools, structure of, 150-155 Schuster, Cardinal, 253 Scorza, Carlo, 80, 173 Selassie, Haile, 199, 220 Senate, the, 51,128,256 Serena, A., 80 Serrano Sufier, Ramon, 287, 293, 303,

312, 315, 318, 321, 322, 327 Sforza, Carlo, 22, 230, 234 Sharecroppers. See Mezzadri Shipbuilding industry, 137 Sicily, Allied invasion of, 221 Skorzeny, Otto, 234 Social classes, 94 Social Contract, The (Rousseau), 260 Socialism, 94, 96, 100, 262 Socialist party (Italian), 2, 4, 9, 107, 234 Socialists, 52 Social welfare, Spanish Labor Charter

on, 309-311 Soleri, Michele, 44 Sorel, Georges, xiv, 3, 96, 107 South America, 48-49 Sovereign pontiff. See Pope, the Soviet Constitution of 1936, 256 Soviet Union. See Russia Spain

beginning of Fascist movement in, xiv, 257

Falange view of, 262-263, 267-268, 273-274

Franco on, 290-292 and Germany, 318ff liberalization in, 328 ousted from U.N., 329

Portuguese government, a model for, 331

Second Republic, 257 during World War II, 321-323, 326-

329 since World War II, 329-330

Spanish Civil War, xiv, 138, 201, 283, 284-285, 314, 346-347

Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rightist Groups. See CEDA

Spanish Popular Front, 279 Special Tribunal, 67-69 Spellman, Francis, 169 Squadrismo, 17, 37 Squadristi, xii, 26, 27, 252 Stalin, Joseph, 207, 329 Stampa, La (Turin), 53 Starace, Achille, 80, 128, 138, 143 Starhemberg, Prince Ernst von, 185, 190 State, the, 95, 104-106

authority of, 50

364

State (Cont.) Falange view of, 269, 274 function of, 25, 28 Portuguese Constitution on, 343-346 Salazar on, 333-334

State capitalism, 137 State Youth Movement (Mocidade Por-

tuguesa) (Portugal), 346-347 Statuto Albertina (1848), 128 Stresa Conference, 190-192 Stresa Front, 192 Strikes and lockouts, 34, 118-120, 221 Sturm Abteilung (Storm Troopers), 315 Sturzo, Don Luigi, 2, 37, 156 Supreme Constitutional Court, 256 Syndicalism, 107 Syndicalist movement (Spanish), 257 Syndicates, 111-116

Tacchi-Venturi, Pietro, 173 Tariffs, 136 Tasca, Angelo, xvii Tenant farmers. See Mezzadri Terrorism (Spain), 314 Textiles (Italian), 137 Thomaz, Americo Deus, 349, 350 Three-Power Pact (1940), 215-217 Togliatti, Palmiro, 229 Totalitarian (term coined by Musso­

lini), xvii Tourism, 136 Trade-unionism, 94. See also Labor

unions Treaties, between Holy See and Italy,

157-164 Truman, Harry, 329 Turkey, 48

Unemployment, 136 Ungaretti, Giuseppe, 90 Union Patri6tica, 259 Unity, Italian, 102 Unitary Socialist party, 56 United Nations, censures Spain, 329 United States, xi, 48, 220, 228-229, 327,

349 Universal suffrage, 10, 12

V aldecasas, Alfonso Garda, 262 Vargas, Getulio, 331

INDEX

Vatican, the, 156, 213. See also Catholic Church

Vatican City, 157 Vecchi, Ferruccio, 7, 14 Veneto, Vittorio, 195 Venturi, Lionello, 148 Versailles Treaty, 188 Vichy regime (1940-44), xv, 321, 331 Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy,

xvii, 1, 44, 45, 56, 128, 199-200, 207,221,224,228,229-230

Vidoni Palace Pact, 109-110 Vidussoni, Aldo, 80 Volpe, Gioacchino, 146 Volpi, Giuseppe, 133 Volunteer Militia for National Security,

52-53 Von Ribbentrop, Joachim, 208 Von Schuschnigg, Kurt, 201 Von Stohrer, Eberhard, 318 Voting rights, women's, 256

Wages, farm workers', 137-138 Wavell, Archibald P., 217 Weimar Germany, 185 Welfare, 125 Wolff, Karl, 237, 252 Women, right to vote, 256 Work

Falange view of, 269 Spanish Labor Charter on, 305-308

"Work, Family, Country," xv Working classes, 242 Working people, post-World War I

malaise, 2 Work week, forty hour, 137 World War I, xi, 2 World War II, xi, 255

Xavier de Borb6n Parma, Prince, 330

Young Fascists, 138-139 Young Turks, xvi Youth, 138-139 Youth movements, 346-347 Yugoslavia, 185, 187

Zog, King of Albania, 207

DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION Edited by Eugene C. Black and Leonard W. Levy

ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL HISTORY OF THE WEST

Morton Smith: ANCIENT GREECE *

A. H. M. Jones: A HISTORY OF ROME THROUGH THE FIFTH CENTURY

Vol. I: The Republic Vol. II: The Empire

Deno Geanakoplos: BYZANTINE EMPIRE *

Marshall W. Baldwin: CHRISTIANITY THROUGH THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

Bernard Lewis: ISLAM TO 1453 *

David Herlihy: HISTORY OF FEUDALISM

William M. Bow sky: RISE OF COMMERCE AND TOWNS*

David Herlihy: MEDIEVAL CULTURE AND SOCIETY

EARLY MODERN HISTORY

Hanna H. Gray: CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE RENAISSANCE*

Florence Edler de Roever: MONEY, BANKING, AND COMMERCE, THIRTEENTH THROUGH SIXTEENTH CENTURIES *

V. J. Parry: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE *

Ralph E. Giesey: EVOLUTION OF THE DYNASTIC STATE *

J. H. Parry: THE EUROPEAN RECONNAISSANCE: Selected Documents Hans J. Hillerbrand: THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

John C. Olin: THE CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION*

Orest Ranum: THE CENTURY OF LOUIS XIV *

Thomas Hegarty: RUSSIAN HISTORY THROUGH PETER THE GREAT*

Marie Boas Hall: NATURE AND NATURE'S LAWS

Barry E. Supple: HISTORY OF MERCANTILISM*

Geoffrey Symcox: IMPERIALISM, WAR, AND DIPLOMACY, 1550-1763 *

Herbert H. Rowen: THE LOW COUNTRIES *

C. A. Macartney: THE HABSBURG AND HOHENZOLLERN DYNASTIES

IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES

Lester G. Crocker: THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

Robert and Elborg Forster: EUROPEAN SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

REVOLUTIONARY EUROPE, 1789-1848

Paul H. Beik: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

David L. Dowd: NAPOLEONIC ERA, 1799-1815 *

Rene Albrecht-Carrie: THE CONCERT OF EUROPE

John 8. Halsted: ROMANTICISM

R. Max Hartwell: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION * Mack Walker: METTERNICH's EUROPE

Douglas Johnson: THE ASCENDANT BOURGEOISIE*

John A. Hawgood: THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 * NATIONALISM, LIBERALISM, AND SOCIALISM, 1850-1914

Eugene C. Black: VICTORIAN CULTURE AND SOCIETY

Eugene C. Black: BRITISH POLITICS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Denis Mack Smith: THE MAKING OF ITALY, 1796-1870

David Thomson: FRANCE: Empire and Republic, 1850-1940

Theodore S. Hamerow: BISMARCK'S MITTELEUROPA * Eugene 0. Golob: THE AGE OF LAISSEZ FAIRE *

Roland N. Stromberg: REALISM, NATURALISM, AND SYMBOLISM:

Modes of Thought and Expression itt Europe, 1848-1914 Melvin Kranz berg: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY *

Jesse D. Clarkson: TSARIST RUSSIA: Catherine the Great to Nicholas II* Philip D. Curtin: IMPERIALISM*

Massimo SaJvadori: MODERN SOCIALISM

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Jere C. King: THE FIRST WORLD WAR*

S. Clough, T. and C. Moodie: ECONOMIC HISTORY OF EUROPE:

Twentieth Century W. Warren Wagar: SCIENCE, FAITH, AND MAN:

European Thought Since 1914 Paul A. Gagnon: INTERNATIONALISM AND DIPLOMACY BETWEEN THE WARS, 1919-1939 *

Henry Cord Meyer: WEIMAR AND NAZI GERMANY*

Michal Vyvyan: RUSSIA FROM LENIN TO KHRUSHCHEV * Charles f. Delzell: MEDITERRANEAN FASCISM, 1919-1945

Donald C. Watt: THE SECOND WORLD WAR*

* In preparation