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nal of Philosophy 6; Summer 1975. Arbib, Michael A. In Search of the Person (University of Massachusetts

Press, 1985). Annstrong, Robert "The Right to Life," Journal of Social Philosophy 8,

January 1977. Bajema, Clifford E. Abortion and the Meaning of Personhood (Grand

Rapids: Baker Book House, 1976). Baron, Charles H. " The Concept of Person in the Law," Shaw and

Doudera, 1983. Beauchamp, Tom L. and James F. Childress, eds., Principles of Bio­

medical Ethics, (Oxford University Press, 1979). Beauchamp, Tom L. and LeRoy Walters, eds., Contemporary Issues in

Bioethics (Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1981). Becker, Lawrence C. "Human Being: The Boundaries of the Concept,"

Philosophy and Public Affairs 4, 4, Summer 1975. Benjamin, Martin and Joy Curtis Ethics in Nursing (Oxford University

Press, 1981). Bertocci, Peter A. "The Essence of a Person," Monist 61, January 1978. Bertocci, Peter A. "The Person, His Personality and Environment,"

Review of Metaphysics 32, June 1979. Black, Max "Humaness," The Prevalence of Humbug and Other Essays

(Cornell University Press, 1983). Bok, Sissela "Ethical Problems of Abortion," Hastings Center Report,

vo1. 2, January 1974. Bok, Sissela "Who Shall Count as a Human Being?" Robert L. Perkins,

ed.,1974. Bondeson, W. B. et al., eds., Abortion and the Status of the Fetus (D.

Reidel Publishing Co., 1983).

309

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Brody, Baruch "On the Humanity of the Fetus," Robert L. Perkins, ed., 1974.

Brody, Howard Ethical Decisions in Medicine (Little, Brown and Co., 1981).

B rungs , Robert "Human Life vs Human Personhood," Human Life Review, Summer 1972.

Bukala, C. R. "The Existential Structure of Person," Personalist 49, Spring 1968.

Callahan, Daniel Abortion: Law, Choice and Morality (Macmillan, 1970).

Carrier, L. S. "Abortion and the Right to Life," Social Theory and Prac-tice 3, Fall 1975.

Carter, W. R. "Death and Body Transfiguration," Mind 92,371, 1981. Carter, W. R. "Do Zygotes Become People?" Mind 93, January 1982. Carter, W. R. "Once and Future Persons," American Philosophical

Quarterly 17, 1, January 1980. Cheng, Charles L. Y. "On Puccetti's Two-Person View of Man," South­

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Summer 1968. Clouser, K. Danner "Biomedical Ethics: Some Reflections and Exhor­

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Philosophical Quarterly 4, 3, July 1967. Daniels, Charles "Abortion and Potential," Dialogue 18, June 1979. Daniels, Norman "Moral Theory and the Plasticity of Persons," Monist

62, July 1979. Danto, Arthur C. "Persons," Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 6, Paul

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(Humana Press, 1978). Delattre, Edwin "Rights, Responsibilities, and Future Persons," Ethics

82, April 1972. Dennett, Daniel C. "Conditions of Personhood, " Identities of Persons, A.

O. Rorty, ed. (University of California Press, 1976). Dennett, Daniel C. "Where Am I?" Brainstorms (MIT Press, 1981). Deutch, Eliot Personhood, Creativity and Freedom (Honolulu: Univer­

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311 Bibliography

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Engelhardt Jr., H. Tristram "Medicine and the Concept of Person, " Beau­champ and Walters, op. cit.

Engelhardt Jr., H. Tristram "Ontology of Abortion," Ethics 84, April 1974.

English, Jane" Abortion and the Concept of a Person," Canadian Journal of Philosophy 5, 2, October 1975.

Feinberg, Joel, ed., The Problem of Abortion, 2nd ed. (Wadsworth Pub­lishing Co., 1984).

Fletch, Leonard M. "Abortion, Defonned Fetuses, and the Omega Pill," Philosophical Studies 36, October 1979.

Fletcher, Joseph Humanhood: Essays in Biomedical Ethics (prom­etheus Books, 1979).

Fletcher, Joseph "Indicators of Humanhood: A Tentative Profile of Man," Hastings Center Report, vol. 2, November 1972.

Frankfurt, Harry C. "Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person," Journal of Philosophy LXvm, 1, January 14, 1971.

French, Peter "Kinds and Persons," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 44, 2, December 1983.

Fromer, Margot Joan Ethical Issues in Health Care (C. V. Mosby Co., 1981).

Glantz, Leonard "Is the Fetus a Person? A Lawyer's View," see Bon­deson, 1983.

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Gorovitz, Samuel Doctor's Dilemmas (Oxford University Press, 1982). Govier, Trudy "What Should We DO About Future People?" American

Philosophical Quarterly 16,2, 1979. Green, O. H., ed., Respect for Persons, vol. XXXI of Tulane Studies in

Philosophy. Grobstein, Clifford" A Biological Perspective on the Origin of Human

Life and Personhood," Shaw and Doudera, 1983. Hampshire, Stuart Thought andAction (University of Notre Dame Press,

1982). Haugeland, John "Heidegger on Being a Person," Nous 16, March 1982. Haworth, Lawrence "Dworltin, Rights, and Persons," Canadian Journal

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Locke, John An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, P. H. Nidditch, ed. (Oxford University Press, 1975). See esp. book 11, chapter XXV, "Of Identity and Diversity".

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1980. Rorty, Richard Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Princeton Univer­

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the Unborn," Shaw and Doudera, 1983. Sendaydiego, Henry B. "I am Who/What I am and More," Journal of the

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Index

Abbott, Thomas K., 182n Abortion, vii-viii, 12,20--21,29,33-34,42,46,58,67,83-116,118,121,123-125,

173-174,178,183,199-201,209-210,213-229,232,236,251-263,269,281, 285,287,290

as birth control, 20 laws, 125

Activity self-motivated, 4, 6, 8

Agency moral, 1, 16,23, 123, 148,269

Allport, Gordon, 45-46, 48, 54n Anscombe, G. E. M., 148-149, 158-159, 161, 165n, 166n Apallic syndrome, 275, 277 Aquinas, St. Thomas, 8, 174, 183n, 210n Arey, L. B., 80n Aristotle, 8,51, 147, 174, 183n Ashley, Peter, 153-154, 157 Autonomy, 171-173 Austin, J. L., 185, 193 Ayer, A. J., 143n

Bandman, Bertram, 261n Bandman, Elsie L., 261n Banton, Michael, 54n Beauchamp, Tom L., 26n Becker, Ernest, 47, 54n Becker, Lawrence, 2, 9-10, 25n, 57, 121, 124n, 125n, 126n Becoming, 45-46

/being boundary, 9-10, 58-69, 74,78-79 Beecher, Henry K., 80n Behaviorism, 152-153 Being

/has been boundary, 9, 59, 73-79

315

316

Benn,S.I.,I84n,254 Berrill, N. J., 8On, 210n Biggers, John D., 262n Blackmun, Harry, 199 Blackstone, William T., IBn Blastocyst, 204, 268 Boethius, 37 Bok, Sissela, 19,29,213, 227n, 228n Brandt, R B., 262n Brodbeck,~y,52n Brody,Baruch,20-21,124n, 126n, 229 Brungs, Robert, 23-24, 281 Buber, ~,46-47, 54n Buddha, 218 Bulmer, M. G., 79

Callahan, Daniel, 8,10-11, 16, 19, 25n, 29, 201, 21On, 227n, 232 Capacity

innate, 45, 49 Carter, W. R, 17-18,21,185 Caspari George, 38, 53n Chisholm, Roderick, 140 Claim(s),22,251,253-255,257-258,260-261 Communicate

ability to, 119, 167 Communication, 157

complex, 4-5, 8, 15 verbal, 6, 14-15,117,148-149, 156-157, 159, 161

Conception descriptive interpretation of, 202-208

Index

event, definition of, 200 momento~10,18,21,27,29-30,61-63,68,79,95-97,115,182,187,199-210,

214,216-218,222,229-233,240-243,251,259 Conceptus, 2, 19,62-63,199,201-202,205,261,268 Consciousness, 1, 14,22-23,77,118,146-147,151-152,159,165-167,232,266,

274 agents, 171 self (concept of continuing), 5, 7,12,14-15,17,19,26,70,94,100,111,118-

119,146,148,151,159, 167, 178,182-184,201,218,251,254,261,270 subject of, 92-95, 127

Coon, Carleton S., 40, 53n

Danley, John, 308n Davidson, Donald, 308n

Index

Death bnrin, 169-171,275,278 definition of, 57, 73-78, 81,170,173,182,247

Decalog, 123 de Chardin, Teilhard, 219 Demarco, D., 211n Denes,~gda,262n Dennett, Daniel, 6,14-16, 19,23, 27n, 145, 166n, 272, 279n Descartes, Rene, 8 Desrre(s),2, 11,92-94,99, 112, 129-130, 149-152, 162-163,300

effective, 130, 135 flfst-order, 13, 129-135, 137-138, 141-143, 162-163 flfst-order, conflicting, 135,138 future, 11 higher orders of, 138-139 present, 11 second-order, 13,128-135,138, 143-144,162-163 second-order, conflicting, 138 third-order, 139

de Sousa, Ronald, 165n Determinism

problem of, 142 Diamond, J., 211n Diggory, Peter, 262n Digni~, 145,171-175, 178-180,204,209,287-290 Dobzhansky, T., 41, 54n Donagan,AJan, 190, 196n Donceel, Joseph, 96, 113n, 211n Double effect

principle/doctrine of, 114, 123 Dubos, Rene, 54n Duhem, Pierre, 32, 52n Dupre, John, 294, 307n

317

Du~(ies) (obligations),4,12-13,16, 70-72,89-90,104-105,109,120-124,172-173,175,177-179,184,191-196

objects of, 121-122

Electroencephalogram (BEG), 76,274, 276, 278-279 Elias, Hans, SOn Ellington, James, 182n Embryo(s),20,35-36,49,60,62,92,175,179,201,214-215,217,221-222,224,

260-261,268,289 development, 64

Engelhardt, H. Tristram, 16-19,21, 80n, 169, 182n, 184n, 254, 261n, 262n, 279n

318

English, Jane, 197n Ensoulment, see soul Erasmus, 218 Essentialism, 47 Eugenics, 23-24, 284-287,290 Euthanasia, 58, 76-78,183,214,225,232,277 Evans, Illtud, 54n

Fauser, 263n Feigel, Herbert, 52n Feinberg, Joel, 26n, 86, 88, 183n, 1960,2610,2620 Feldman, Fred, 196n

Index

Fetus(es), 1,9, 11, 16, 19-22,32,35-36,60,62,64,68-69,83,91,95,99, 100, 115, 117-120,123-125,173-176,178-180,183,185,187,189-190,193-194,213, 215,221-225,229,231-234,238,241-242,245,248-252,257-260,263,268, 270,279,289

as organism, 76 status of, viii, 20-21,117,229-250,258

Fletcher, George P.,81n Fletcher, Joseph, 220, 227n Flew, A., 148, 1650 Foot, Philippa, 1140 Frankel, Charles, 290 Frankeoa, William, 122, 1260 Frankfurt, FhuTy, 6, 13-14, 26n, 127, 148-149, 162-163, 164n, 1650, 1660,190,

194,1960,271-272,2790 Freedom

of actioo, 136-137 of the will, 4,14,127,136-143,162 reproductive, 23, 282 right to, 122

Freeman, John M., 183n Freoch,Pe~r,24-25,293,3070,308n Fromm, Erich, 47, 530

Gallup, Gordon, 271, 2800 Gametogeoesis, 64 Gaytio, Willard, 81n, 170, 182n Geertz,Clifford,44-45,48-50,540 Genetic code, 4-5, 7,21,230,243,249 Geriatrics, 51 Gestalt(en), 36,40 Gestatioo,51,66-67,76,210 Gestational process, 35

Index

Gilbert, Margaret, 166n Ginsberg, Benson E., 54n Glover, Jonathan, 196n Godlovitch, Roslind, 124n Godlovitch, Stanley, 124n Goffman, Erving, 156, 166n Golden Rule, 148 Goodpaster, Kenneth, 196n Gorovitz, S., 164n, 280n Green, Ronald M., 262n Gregor, Mary 1., 261n Grene,~orie,33-35,38,41-42,49-50,53n,55n Grice, H. P., 148, 156-159, 166n Grisez, G., 124n Gunderson, K., 165n Gustafson, James, 33, 52n, 263n

Hall, R. E., IBn Hallowell, A. Irving, 39,43-44, 53n, 54n Hand, Learned, 301 Hardy, 1. D., 280n Hare, R. M., 117, 124n, 267, 280n Harman, Gilbert, 197n Harris, John, 124n Harris, Marvin, 43, 54n Hart, H. L. A., 121-122, 126n Heidbreder, Edna, 36 Heidegger, Martin, 254 Hellegers, Andre, 210n Hertig, Arthur T., 183n Hick,John, 273,280n Hilgers, Thomas, 2100 Hintikka, J., 147, 160, 164n, 166n Histogenesis, 63-64, 69

319

Homicide, 10--11, 17, 19,58,67-68,70--73 llon1Osapiens,3,8,12,43-44,62,85,87,98-99,106-107,112,115-117,190,288,

295-296,299 Human beings

as artifacts, 283 as natural kinds, 295-296

Human being vs human person, 281-291, 299 Humanhood, vii-viii, 1-3

criteria for, 3, 5 Humanity

as a natural kind, 247-248 concept of, misuse of, 219-220

320

criterion of, 235-236 defmition of, 116,218-220 essence of, 248-249

Humankind/humanity/man essence of, 8, 21, 37-39, 46

Humanness, I, 3-4, 29-32, 37-47 nonns of, 287 point of entry into, 72

Human vs person, 1-5,7,11-12, 14,24,296-298 Humber, James M., 79n Hume, David, 220 Huxley, J. S., 54n

Imbrie, J., 39, 53n

Index

Infanticide, vii,12,16,58, 70,83-114,118-119,121,125,174,214,223-226,252, 258,260,270

Ingvar, D. H., 274, 2800 Intention(al)(ity),24-25, 148, 153, 156, 165,304

agenvagency, 293, 302,305 preconscious, 159 predicates, 147 stance, 149-150, 152, 155, 160 systems, 149-151, 162

fll'St-order, 154 second-order, 151-154, 162

unconscious, 158, 159 Interest principle, 86-113 Interests, 11,86-113, 160 Intrauterine Device (IUD), 204, 257 Iseminger, Gary, 263n

Joyce, Mary, 2100 Joyce, Robert, 10, 18-19, 27n, 199,21On Justice, 122,304

Kahler, Erich, 50, 55n Kant, 1,7, 147,171-173, 182n, 259, 261n Katz, Jay, 81n Kiefer, H. E., 165n Killing, 20, 89, 104,106-107, 109, 115,126,219-222,226,260,268,299

vs letting die, 105-106 Kitcher, Patricia, 307n Knutson, Andre L., 30-31, 52n Korein, J., 2800 Kripke,Saul,293-295 Kroeber, A. L., 38, 50, 53n

Index

LaFave, Wayne R., 80n Langer, William, 227n Langerak, Edward A., 10,21-23,251 Laughlin, William S., 54n Lee, Daniel, 263n Lehrer, K., 144n Lejeune, Jerome, 205, 21On, 211n Levitan, Max, 79n Lewis, David, 185, 196n Libby,Wlllard,38,53n Liley, A. M., 211n Locke, John, 146,294,296,298,307n Lorber, John, 183n Lucretius, 1,265,268,276,278

Mackay, D. M., 148, 165n Marshner, W., 211n Marx, Karl, 166n Mates, Benson, 26n Mayr, Ernst, 38-40,42, 53n, 54n Mead, George Herbert, 8, 38, 53n Mead, J. S., 54n Means, Cyril C., 249n Meldon, A. 1.,187, 190, 196n Memory, 94, 273 Metamorphic process, 9, 64 Metamorphosis, 58, 60, 62, 64-65, 67, 69, 80 Mind

as distinct from brain, 95 Montagu, M. F. Ashley, 53n, 79n Montefiore, Alan, 196n, 197n Moraczewski, Albert S., 25n Moral comparability principle, 109-110 Moral object, 269-270, 272 Moral reasoning, 33,119 Moral subject, 269-270, 272 Moral symmetry principle, 104, 106, 108-110 Moravcsik, Julias, 294, 307n, 308n Morgan, Lloyd, 152 Morphogenesis, 35, 63 Morphology, 59,61,66 Munitz, M. K., 165n Murder, 147,213,217,222,251-252,260 Murray, William, 288

321

322

Nagel, Ernest, 53n Nagel, Thomas, 148 Naturalistic fallacy, 240 Natural kinds, 246-248, 293-307 Neitzsche, Frederick, 166n, 218 Neocortex, 45 Neonate(s),8, 11, 17,35,51,62,80,175,269 Nicholls, William, 53n Nilsson, Lennart, 238

Index

Nonperson(s), 4, 6-7, 18,21-23, 117, 119-120, 172,186,188,190-192, 19 5,249, 272,287

Noonan, John, 3, 26n, 27n, 2100, 214,217, 227n, 230,235,241-243, 249n,2 62n Nozick, Robert, 191

Objectivity, 33 Obligation(s), see duties O'Connor, John, 234-237, 240 Oehser, Paul E., 53n Ontogenesis, 36,49-51 Organism, 9, 58, 63, 75,83,91,97,99,101-103,110,170,186-187,204,254,265-

266,272,274,300 death of, 74, 76, 101 moral status of, 87

Organs, 5, 77,202,230,256 histolically differentiated, 9, 59, 61, 65-66

PadUt,Derek,92, 185, 194, 196n,250n,267,28Oo Parker, A. S., 54n Peel, John, 262n Penfield, Wilder, 277-278, 2800 Perkins, Robert L., 261n Perry, John, 273, 2800 Personality, 30,68, 70,204

moral, 172 Personhood

capacity for, 21, 253-254 concepto~12,24,26, 127,136,145,169-184,293,299-300 condition(s) of/for, vii, 6-7, 12-17, 19,21,23, 118-119, 145-167, 173,251,253,

261,272 criteria for, 5,118,220,254,260 degrees of, 17-18, 185, 193 legal, 23 metaphysical, 14-15,27, 146-147 163-164 moral, 14-15,27,146-147, 149, 163-164,166,293 problems of, vii-viii

Index

Person{s) acturu,21, 23,204,253-254, 259,261, 270-272 as a custom-governed kind, 301 as a natural being, 200-201 as ends in themselves, 1,24, 171-172 as natural kinds, 24, 293-295 beginning, 23, 269-271 dysfunctional, 306 essence of, 300 former, 23, 272-277, 306 legal, 287, 289 marginal, 17-18,21,23, 195-196 moral, 293, 304-307 possible, 21-23, 27, 253-254, 267, 268 porential, 10-11,22-23,91,97-110, 121,253-254,256-262,268-270 prebirth, 19 prenatal, 19 social, 16, 19,21, 175-181 strict, 16, 18,21,27,172-173,175,181

Physicalism mechanistic, 152

Plantinga, Alvin, 196n Platt, John R., 53n Pluhar, Werner S., 262n Polanyi, Michael, 33-35, 50-51, 52n, 53n, 55n Portmann, Adolf, 49

323

Potential(ity), 10-11,19,45,47-52,85, 174,183,199,201-202,204 ,206,210,214, 216,242,254-256,258

principle of, 10, 18-19,21,26,98-113,252-254,256-258,261-263,268 Potts, Malcolm, 262n Protecting life

reasons for, 20, 221-222 Puccetti, Roland, 22-23, 265, 280n Putnam, H., 148, 165n, 293-296, 298,301-303, 307n

<2uickening,69-70,84,97,117,215,229,232-233,252,259-261 <2uinlan, Karen, 7,18, 26n

Ramsay, Paul, 230-231, 238, 249n,250n Rational(ity), 1,4-7,14, 17,37,49,147,150, 152, 157,161,166,17 4,178,183,194,

201-202,208 choice, 90

Rawls, John, 146-148, 159-161, 164n, 166n Regan, Tom, 26n, IBn Responsibility{ies), see duties Richards, L. A., 213

324 Index

Right concept of, 89

Right(s),3-4,12-14,21,23,26, 71,86,146,169,172,175,177,179,186-187,190-191,217,219,229,234,261,287

human, 57, 73,237 offetuses, 121,234 to life, 1,4-7,10-13,16-17,20,26,69-72, 79,83-84,87-113,115-117,120-

123,125-126,183,186-187,190,192-193,220,270-272,279,282 Roevs~ade, 19,23-24,201,227,254,281,284-287,289-290 Rorty, Arnelie 0., 148, 164n, 196n, 307n Rorty, Richard, 2, 4-5, 26n Roslansky,John D., 52n Russell, Bertrand, 91

St. Augustine, 219, 227n St. Francis, 218 Sanford, David, 196n Sartre, J-P., 148 Schopenbauer, JU1hur, 252 Schowalter, John E., 184n Schwartz, Stephen P., 307n Scott, Austin W. Jr., 80n Scott, Nathan, 38, 53n Searle, John, 157, 165n Sellars, W., 148 Shelley, Mary, 25n Shils, Edward, 227n Shoemaker, Sydney, 187 Simpson, George Gaylord, 40--42, 54n Singer, Peter, 2,26n,l13n, 124n Skinner, B. F., 145-146, 165n Smith, Ronald Gregor, 54n Smythies, J. R., 165n Soul, 19,46,80,96,207,247

ensoulment, 18-19,57,206 Species, 39-41,46,48-49, 54, 58,60,62,68, 113,119, 124, 127-128, 145, 148,

154,271,288,294,297,299-300 -problem, 39-40

Spratt, Nelson, 80n Stone, Alan, 227n Stone, Christopher D., 227n Stoutland,Frederick,263n Sttawson,P.F.,127, 147-148, 164n Suicide, 222--223

Index

Talbot, Nathan B., 227n Taxonomy,40,42,299 Teilhard de Chardin, 219 Teleology/teleological, 35-36, 49-51, 262 Thoday, J. M.,40-41, 54n Thomas, J. B., 80n

325

Thomson, Judith Jarvis, 113n, 115, 120,123-124, 124n, 125n, 126n, 196n, 228n Tooley, Michael,2, 10--13, 16-18,26n, 70,80n, 83, 115-116, 118-121, 124n, 125n,

174,183n, 196n, 262n, 268,270--271,28On Toulmin, Stephen, 38, 53n Tribe, L., 227n Truth

divinely revealed, 96 Twinning, 69,79,205,231

monozygotic,62-63,182

Van de Vate, Dwight, 148 Veatch, Robert M., 184n Viability, 19,68-69,84, 117,224-225,227,229,232-234,252,259-261 Volitions

second-order, 6, 13-14, 17,26, 132-144, 162-163, 166, 194,271

Walters, LeRoy, 26n Wann, T. W., 165n Wanton, 133-134,136, 138, 162,272

addict(s), 135-136,142 Warren, Mary Anne, 12,26n, 115, 118, 121, 124n, 125n Weiss, Roslyn, 12-13, 115 Wertheimer, Roger, 120, 124n, 126n, 231, 237-240, 261n Wiggins, David, 295, 298-301, 307n Williams, Bernard, 165n Williams, Glanville, 249n Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 217, 247 World Health Organization (WHO), 285

Xirau, Ramon, 47, 53n

Zygote(s), 1, 11, 18-20,32,35-37,84,86-87,97-99, 102, 174-175, 179, 182-183, 199,202-203,205-208,231,257-258,261,268-269