Selected Community Selected Community Development FramesDevelopment Frames

There are many There are many approaches called approaches called community community development!development!

Not all community Not all community development is the development is the same!same!

Community Community Development?Development?

What is community?What is community? Who is involved?Who is involved? What is the extent of their What is the extent of their

participation?participation? What is developing or being What is developing or being

transformed?transformed? How is the process carried How is the process carried

out?out? Why is the process being Why is the process being

carried out – underlying carried out – underlying values?values?

Community seen as Community seen as beneficiaries or beneficiaries or recipientsrecipients

May be May be consultationconsultation, but , but most decisions made most decisions made outside communityoutside community

Priorities set by those Priorities set by those who no better for who no better for “benefit” of community“benefit” of community

People participate in all People participate in all aspects of decision aspects of decision making and have control making and have control over the processover the process

Those people generally Those people generally excluded are involved in excluded are involved in an equitable manneran equitable manner

Initiatives are owned by Initiatives are owned by the participantsthe participants

Capacity building of Capacity building of those directly involved is those directly involved is considered a priorityconsidered a priority

Community-

Oriented

Community-Driven

Exogenous Exogenous Endogenous Endogenous

Focus is on reforming Focus is on reforming economic systemseconomic systems

CED as a means of CED as a means of economic growtheconomic growth

Community defined in Community defined in terms of terms of administrative administrative boundariesboundaries

Resource privitizationResource privitization Financial system Financial system

reformreform Industry attractionIndustry attraction

Focus is on the economic Focus is on the economic capacities of groupscapacities of groups

CED as a means to CED as a means to foster individual and foster individual and collective collective empowerment and empowerment and control of resourcescontrol of resources

Community self-Community self-defined: a group that defined: a group that shares a “common shares a “common bondbond

Community-based Community-based resource managementresource management

Village banks, credit Village banks, credit unions, cooperativesunions, cooperatives

Community enterprisesCommunity enterprises

Focus is on the economic Focus is on the economic capacities of individualscapacities of individuals

CED as a means of CED as a means of enhancing the capacity enhancing the capacity of the poor to become of the poor to become more self reliantmore self reliant

Community tends to Community tends to have a demographic have a demographic dimension – focus on dimension – focus on those economically those economically marginalizedmarginalized

Extension servicesExtension services Microfinance Microfinance

institutionsinstitutions Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship

developmentdevelopment

from Mathie & Cunningham, 2002

Community-Driven ModelCommunity-Driven ModelWHAT THE MODEL SEESWHAT THE MODEL SEES:: People organize for change, so People organize for change, so

they can effectively manage own they can effectively manage own livelihoodslivelihoods

People participate in decisions People participate in decisions affecting their livesaffecting their lives

Strengthening the collective Strengthening the collective power of the disadvantaged and power of the disadvantaged and drawing on larger community.drawing on larger community.

Common good served by Common good served by opportunities for all to live well.opportunities for all to live well.

Adult education helps to address Adult education helps to address social and economic issues and social and economic issues and mobilize assetsmobilize assets

Links local to national and globalLinks local to national and global Leads to a restructuring of Leads to a restructuring of

economic, social and political economic, social and political systemssystems

WHAT THE MODEL DOESN’T SEE:WHAT THE MODEL DOESN’T SEE: Blind to structural factors and Blind to structural factors and

appears to blame people for their appears to blame people for their own conditionsown conditions

Often assumes community Often assumes community homogeneous and misses homogeneous and misses diversity and inequalities within diversity and inequalities within communitiescommunities

Can assume a level playing field Can assume a level playing field and that equal opportunity will and that equal opportunity will result in equal results for allresult in equal results for all

Blind to inequities in access and Blind to inequities in access and control of resources and global control of resources and global structuresstructures

Community can be co-opted by Community can be co-opted by national and global agendasnational and global agendas

Can impose a restructuring that Can impose a restructuring that is unwanted is unwanted

Ladder of ParticipationLadder of Participation

Placation

Inform

Consultation

Partnership

Delegated power

Citizen Control

Therapy

Manipulationfrom Sherry Arnstein, 1969

Community-driven Community-driven Development Development (Coady (Coady Definition)Definition)

Drawing on the principles of the Drawing on the principles of the Antigonish Movement, the Coady Antigonish Movement, the Coady Institute works towards social and Institute works towards social and economic justice by economic justice by strengthening the strengthening the collective power of the disadvantagedcollective power of the disadvantaged and by drawing on the strengths of the and by drawing on the strengths of the larger community of which they are a larger community of which they are a part. part.

Community-driven development is Community-driven development is grounded in the belief that the grounded in the belief that the common common good is best served by opportunitiesgood is best served by opportunities for for all to live well and responsibly, within the all to live well and responsibly, within the bounds of environmental sustainability.bounds of environmental sustainability.

Fundamental to a community-driven Fundamental to a community-driven approach is approach is people organizing for change people organizing for change in their own communitiesin their own communities and societies. and societies.

For the Coady Institute, a program of action for For the Coady Institute, a program of action for community-driven development is therefore community-driven development is therefore one that:one that:

Employs community-based adult education Employs community-based adult education to address the economic and social to address the economic and social conditions of people’s lives and enables conditions of people’s lives and enables them to them to mobilize their assetsmobilize their assets;;

Initiates and strengthens the various Initiates and strengthens the various institutional forms of people organizing for institutional forms of people organizing for change, so that people who have been change, so that people who have been marginalized marginalized can effectively control and can effectively control and manage their own livelihoodsmanage their own livelihoods, and , and participate in the decisions that affect their participate in the decisions that affect their lives;lives;

Links local initiatives to regional, national Links local initiatives to regional, national and global institutions and and global institutions and networksnetworks that that further those interests; andfurther those interests; and

Leads to a Leads to a restructuring of economic, social restructuring of economic, social and political systemsand political systems that prejudice those that prejudice those interests at local, national and global levels.interests at local, national and global levels.

1. Liberation Model1. Liberation ModelWHAT THE MODEL SEES:WHAT THE MODEL SEES:

Struggle between oppressor and Struggle between oppressor and oppressed.oppressed.

Consciousness raising and action Consciousness raising and action leading to liberation needed.leading to liberation needed.

Oppressed to take power to Oppressed to take power to improve their lives and situations.improve their lives and situations.

Oppressor often considered Oppressor often considered internalized.internalized.

Oppressor embedded in unjust Oppressor embedded in unjust structures and situations.structures and situations.

WHAT THE MODEL DOES WHAT THE MODEL DOES NOT SEE:NOT SEE:

Blind to basic human Blind to basic human relations issuesrelations issues

Blind to the need for personal Blind to the need for personal healing and growthhealing and growth

Sees enemies and conflicts, Sees enemies and conflicts, but can miss allies and but can miss allies and opportunitiesopportunities

Often ignores spiritual and Often ignores spiritual and cultural dimensioncultural dimension

Often fails to see biases Often fails to see biases within its own model and within its own model and methods which come from methods which come from the dominant culturethe dominant culture

from Bopp & Bopp, 2001

2. Therapeutic Model2. Therapeutic Model

WHAT THE MODEL SEES:WHAT THE MODEL SEES:

Personal and community Personal and community dysfunction is from dysfunction is from accumulated hurt, grief and accumulated hurt, grief and learned responses to trauma. learned responses to trauma.

Requires healing to release Requires healing to release people from non-productive people from non-productive ways of thinking feeling and ways of thinking feeling and acting.acting.

WHAT THE MODEL DOES WHAT THE MODEL DOES NOT SEE:NOT SEE:

Personalizes the entire Personalizes the entire problem of development.problem of development.

Individual healing seen as the Individual healing seen as the solution to everything.solution to everything.

Blind to structural inequities Blind to structural inequities embedded in the system.embedded in the system.

Fails to address political and Fails to address political and economic dimensions.economic dimensions.

Ignores complex social level Ignores complex social level problems such as problems such as environmental crisis, ethnic environmental crisis, ethnic conflict, etc.conflict, etc.

3. Issue Organizing Model3. Issue Organizing ModelWHAT THE MODEL SEES:WHAT THE MODEL SEES: Identifies issues people can Identifies issues people can

organize around for change.organize around for change. Organizations and coalitions Organizations and coalitions

formed.formed. Projects or programs carried out.Projects or programs carried out. Citizen participation as key Citizen participation as key

driving force.driving force. Building assets important.Building assets important. Sometimes single issue focus Sometimes single issue focus

(eg. environment, poverty, (eg. environment, poverty, human rights)human rights)

Sometimes a number of issues Sometimes a number of issues woven together in coalition.woven together in coalition.

WHAT THE MODEL DOES WHAT THE MODEL DOES NOT SEE:NOT SEE:

Once issue fades away Once issue fades away people often retreat back into people often retreat back into families.families.

Blind to building human Blind to building human relationships that make up a relationships that make up a living community.living community.

Focus on meetings and Focus on meetings and getting things done without getting things done without an integrated vision.an integrated vision.

Often dominated by strong Often dominated by strong personalities.personalities.

Unable to grasp full meaning Unable to grasp full meaning of participation, but simply of participation, but simply see it as a means to an end.see it as a means to an end.

4. Community 4. Community Organization ModelOrganization Model

WHAT THE MODEL SEES:WHAT THE MODEL SEES: Need for people to cooperate.Need for people to cooperate. Provide improved services for Provide improved services for

themselves.themselves. Act as organized block to ensure Act as organized block to ensure

government policy and outside government policy and outside influences managed to benefit influences managed to benefit community.community.

Eg. community associations and Eg. community associations and neighbourhood groups.neighbourhood groups.

WHAT THE MODEL DOES WHAT THE MODEL DOES NOT SEE:NOT SEE:

Glosses over or ignores Glosses over or ignores difficult issues whether difficult issues whether interpersonal or structural.interpersonal or structural.

Focus only common Focus only common concerns easiest to resolve.concerns easiest to resolve.

Faith in the system, with Faith in the system, with some lobbying to get what some lobbying to get what you want.you want.

Not usually concerned with Not usually concerned with social change or with social change or with rectifying basic development rectifying basic development problems.problems.

5. Economic Development 5. Economic Development / Trickle Down Model/ Trickle Down Model

WHAT THE MODEL SEES:WHAT THE MODEL SEES:

Material prosperity as the Material prosperity as the foundation of human and foundation of human and community well-being.community well-being.

Economic development solves Economic development solves most issues.most issues.

Enterprises which bring Enterprises which bring prosperity to any part of prosperity to any part of community will cause wealth to community will cause wealth to trickle down to the poorest.trickle down to the poorest.

WHAT THE MODEL DOES NOT WHAT THE MODEL DOES NOT SEE:SEE:

Blind to social concerns.Blind to social concerns. Health promotion, education, Health promotion, education,

youth development, social youth development, social problems all considered subset of problems all considered subset of the economic development the economic development challenge.challenge.

Focused on making money.Focused on making money. Blind to social determinants of Blind to social determinants of

prosperity and well-being.prosperity and well-being. Believes wealth producers are the Believes wealth producers are the

rightful controllers of society’s rightful controllers of society’s resources.resources.

Blind to social and economic Blind to social and economic inequalities that influence inequalities that influence people’s capacity to participate in people’s capacity to participate in and benefit from the economic and benefit from the economic activities.activities.

6. Cultural – Spiritual 6. Cultural – Spiritual ModelModel

WHAT THE MODEL SEES:WHAT THE MODEL SEES: Beliefs, values, attitudes and Beliefs, values, attitudes and

dominant thinking patterns are dominant thinking patterns are the key to well-being/prosperity. the key to well-being/prosperity.

Traditional culture and religion Traditional culture and religion may provide the principles to may provide the principles to guide action.guide action.

Issues and problems are a loss Issues and problems are a loss of core values.of core values.

Solutions in reconnecting Solutions in reconnecting people’s minds and hearts to people’s minds and hearts to core values.core values.

Builds on peoples’ traditional Builds on peoples’ traditional ways of knowing.ways of knowing.

Guided by the principles and Guided by the principles and wisdom of people’s own culture.wisdom of people’s own culture.

WHAT THE MODEL DOES WHAT THE MODEL DOES NOT SEE:NOT SEE:

Blind to political and Blind to political and economic dimensions.economic dimensions.

Unable to see how to bring Unable to see how to bring strengths of the past forward strengths of the past forward for a sustainable future.for a sustainable future.

People can insist their way of People can insist their way of expressing universal truths is expressing universal truths is the only way.the only way.

Sometimes blind to Sometimes blind to multicultural nature of multicultural nature of development.development.

Can be blind to differences Can be blind to differences that exist within developing that exist within developing communities (young/old, communities (young/old, women/men, women/men, traditional/modern)traditional/modern)

7. Ecological Systems 7. Ecological Systems ModelModel

WHAT THE MODEL SEES: WHAT THE MODEL SEES: Integrated model that weaves Integrated model that weaves

together other ideas.together other ideas. Spirit and culture as primary Spirit and culture as primary

driving forces for authentic driving forces for authentic development.development.

Balances personal, political, Balances personal, political, economic, social and cultural economic, social and cultural factors.factors.

People’s participation and People’s participation and processes of empowerment processes of empowerment fundamental.fundamental.

Healing and personal growth Healing and personal growth prerequisites for community prerequisites for community development.development.

Capacity building so people and Capacity building so people and organizations can carry out their organizations can carry out their own development.own development.

Humans and individuals as parts Humans and individuals as parts of ecological and environmental of ecological and environmental systems.systems.

WHAT THE MODEL DOES WHAT THE MODEL DOES NOT SEE:NOT SEE:

Can seem too preoccupied Can seem too preoccupied with the big picture.with the big picture.

Leaves people wondering Leaves people wondering how they fit in.how they fit in.

Draws heavily on the Draws heavily on the knowledge base of many knowledge base of many other models.other models.

Can make the solving of Can make the solving of problems complex and problems complex and overwhelming.overwhelming.

HolisticHolistic

DevelopmentDevelopment

from Bopp & Bopp, 2001

Elements of the Great Elements of the Great Turning: Turning: (adapted from Korten, 1993)(adapted from Korten, 1993)

Material-centredMaterial-centredgrowthgrowth

Growth in economic outputGrowth in economic output People’s new skills, knowledge People’s new skills, knowledge

and attitudes can promote and attitudes can promote economic growtheconomic growth

Helping the rich helps everyone Helping the rich helps everyone (trickle down)(trickle down)

Supply basic needsSupply basic needs Follow the pastFollow the past consumeristconsumerist

People-centredPeople-centredtransformationtransformation

People empowered to work People empowered to work togethertogether

Need to transform our institutions, Need to transform our institutions, technology, values and behaviortechnology, values and behavior

JusticeJustice SustainabilitySustainability InclusivenessInclusiveness Mutual empowermentMutual empowerment New visionNew vision ParticipatoryParticipatory HolisticHolistic Creativist!Creativist!

The endThe end