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Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 2
Contents
1.1. Why water supply selection?Why water supply selection?
2.2. Availability of resources.Availability of resources.
3.3. Technical criteria.Technical criteria.
4.4. Steps to select a water sourceSteps to select a water source
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 3
1.Why Water Source Selection?
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 4
• QuantityQuantity• QualityQuality• AccessAccess• DistributionDistribution• SafetySafety• Camp SiteCamp Site• Local Communities / Local GovernmentLocal Communities / Local Government
ONCE DECIDED IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO CHANGEONCE DECIDED IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO CHANGE
1. Why Water Source Selection?1. Why Water Source Selection?
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 5
2. Availability of Resources
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 6
• SURFACE WATERSURFACE WATER– LakesLakes– RiversRivers
• GROUNDWATERGROUNDWATER– WellsWells– BoreholesBoreholes– SpringsSprings
• RAIN WATERRAIN WATER
2. Availability of Resources2. Availability of Resources
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 7
HumanitarianHumanitarianHumanitarianHumanitarian
HydrologyHydrologyHydrologyHydrology
AccessibilityAccessibilityAccessibilityAccessibility3. Technical Criteria
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 8
HumanitarianHumanitarian
• Type of emergencyType of emergency
• Needs of affected populationNeeds of affected population
• SPHERE WATSAN indicatorsSPHERE WATSAN indicators
4. Technical Criteria4. Technical Criteria
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 9
Natural causesNatural causes
-droughts-droughts-floods-floods-huricanes-huricanes-earthquakes-earthquakes-volcanic activity-volcanic activity
-wars-wars-accidents-accidents-famine-famine
Human causesHuman causes
EMERGENCYEMERGENCY
DisastersDisasters
HumanitarianHumanitarian4. Technical Criteria4. Technical Criteria
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 10
Needs of affected populationNeeds of affected population
The amount of water supplied to the population might vary The amount of water supplied to the population might vary according to climatological, hydrological and geographical according to climatological, hydrological and geographical
conditions as well as the habits of the population. conditions as well as the habits of the population.
Mínimum:Mínimum:
15 litres of water per day per person (Sphere)15 litres of water per day per person (Sphere)
HumanitarianHumanitarian4. Technical Criteria4. Technical Criteria
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 11
Sphere Water Minimum StandardsSphere Water Minimum Standards
• Average water use for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene at least 15 l./ person / day
• The maximum distance to the nearest water point is 500 metres
• Queuing time at a water source no more than 15 minutes
• No more than three minutes to fill a 20-litre container
• Appropriate quantities of water are available consistently or on a regular basis
• One washing area per 250 people
• Septic tanks more than 30m away from any groundwater source.
• Latrines 1.5 m. above water level
• Drainage system in water collection points
• Average water use for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene at least 15 l./ person / day
• The maximum distance to the nearest water point is 500 metres
• Queuing time at a water source no more than 15 minutes
• No more than three minutes to fill a 20-litre container
• Appropriate quantities of water are available consistently or on a regular basis
• One washing area per 250 people
• Septic tanks more than 30m away from any groundwater source.
• Latrines 1.5 m. above water level
• Drainage system in water collection points
HumanitarianHumanitarian4. Technical Criteria4. Technical Criteria
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 12
• AVAILABILITY OF WATER SOURCESAVAILABILITY OF WATER SOURCES
• QUALITY QUALITY – WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO) WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO) – GOVERMENT REGULATIONSGOVERMENT REGULATIONS
• QUANTITY QUANTITY – Current needsCurrent needs– Forecasted needsForecasted needs
• RAIN WATER DRAINAGERAIN WATER DRAINAGE
HydrologyHydrology4. Technical Criteria4. Technical Criteria
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 13
• Access to the water source (ERT)Access to the water source (ERT)• Access to water distribution points (Beneficiaries)Access to water distribution points (Beneficiaries)
All people have safe and equitable access to a sufficient quantity of water for drinking, cooking and personal and domestic hygiene.
Public water points are sufficiently close to households to enable use of the minimum water requirement
All people have safe and equitable access to a sufficient quantity of water for drinking, cooking and personal and domestic hygiene.
Public water points are sufficiently close to households to enable use of the minimum water requirement
AccessibilityAccessibility4. Technical Criteria4. Technical Criteria
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 14
a.- a.- Compilation of informationCompilation of information
b.- Selection of survey areas b.- Selection of survey areas
c.- Field survey and c.- Field survey and completion of formscompletion of forms
d.- Public bodies / NGOs / Beneficiariesd.- Public bodies / NGOs / Beneficiaries
e.- Selection of water source & camp sitee.- Selection of water source & camp site
4. Steps to select a water source
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 15
5. Steps to Select a Water Source5. Steps to Select a Water Source
a.- a.- Compilation of informationCompilation of informationa.- a.- Compilation of informationCompilation of information
WHAT? WHAT? – Maps (Hydrological, topographic, infrastructures-water supply, etc)Maps (Hydrological, topographic, infrastructures-water supply, etc)
– Reports (Government, Red Cross (FACT) , NGOs)Reports (Government, Red Cross (FACT) , NGOs)
– Aerial photographsAerial photographs
WHERE?WHERE?• IFRCIFRC
• ICRCICRC
• Local Chapter / BranchLocal Chapter / Branch
• Central GovernmentCentral Government
• Local GovernmentLocal Government
• NGOsNGOs
• Local PopulationLocal Population
• InternetInternet
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 16
5. Steps to Select a Water Source5. Steps to Select a Water Source
b.- b.- Selection of survey areasSelection of survey areasb.- b.- Selection of survey areasSelection of survey areas
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 17
– Individual basic equipmentIndividual basic equipment• Maps, compass, GPS Maps, compass, GPS
– Water analysisWater analysis• Conductivity meter Conductivity meter
• pH meter pH meter
• Turbidíty meter Turbidíty meter • NitatesNitates• Nitrites Nitrites
• Delagua kit Delagua kit • HardnessHardness
5. Steps to Select a Water Source5. Steps to Select a Water Source
c.- c.- Field surveyField surveyc.- c.- Field surveyField survey
Searching for a water source & a site campSearching for a water source & a site camp
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 18
5. Steps to Select a Water Source5. Steps to Select a Water Source
c.- c.- Field surveyField surveyc.- c.- Field surveyField survey
Water analysisWater analysis
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 19
5. Steps to Select a Water Source5. Steps to Select a Water Source
c.- c.- Field surveyField surveyc.- c.- Field surveyField survey
Completion of Completion of
assessment formsassessment forms
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 20
Water source Nº:_______ Date:__________________
Type of source (River, stream, canal, well, borehole, etc)
Current uses of the water source
Current uses of water upstream or above the source
Current quantity of flow
Colour and odder of water
Is the water source seasonal? Specify the periods when flow is higher and lower
Average waking distance to households
Are the surroundings used for defecation?
Type of surrounding vegetation
Type of surrounding fauna
5. Steps to Select a Water Source5. Steps to Select a Water Source
c.- c.- Field surveyField surveyc.- c.- Field surveyField survey
FIELD LOG BOOKFIELD LOG BOOK
Physical characteristics of water sourcesPhysical characteristics of water sources
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 21
Date
Source Nº
Date
Source Nº
Date
Source Nº
Date
Source Nº
Coeliforms (Nº x 100ml)
Hardness (mg/l)
Conductivity (µS/cm)
pH Nitrates (mg/l)
Nitrites (mg/l)
Turbidity (NTU)
5. Steps to Select a Water Source5. Steps to Select a Water Source
c.- c.- Field surveyField surveyc.- c.- Field surveyField survey FIELD LOG BOOKFIELD LOG BOOK
Analysis of water sourcesAnalysis of water sources
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 22
5. Steps to Select a Water Source5. Steps to Select a Water Source
d.- d.- Talks toTalks to Local Chapter, Public Bodies, Community Leaders, NGOsLocal Chapter, Public Bodies, Community Leaders, NGOsd.- d.- Talks toTalks to Local Chapter, Public Bodies, Community Leaders, NGOsLocal Chapter, Public Bodies, Community Leaders, NGOs
Selection of water sources in emergency operationsWATSAN M15 ERUWATSAN M15 ERU 23
The Team Leader decides The Team Leader decides
the water source & the water source &
camp site location basedcamp site location based
on the analysis of :on the analysis of :– ReportsReports– MapsMaps– Field surveysField surveys– Field Log Book dataField Log Book data– Talks to Public bodies/NGOs/Talks to Public bodies/NGOs/
BeneficiariesBeneficiaries
5. Steps to Select a Water Source5. Steps to Select a Water Source
e.- e.- Selection of the water source & camp siteSelection of the water source & camp sitee.- e.- Selection of the water source & camp siteSelection of the water source & camp site