LECTURE OVERVIEW

1. Water sources

2. Water treatment process

3. External and internal distributions

4. Water supply to residential buildings – direct & indirect system

Water sources

Background: How does drinking water gets to your home?

Surface Sources & Underground Sources

• Surface: Lakes, rivers, reservoirs, run off from roofs and paved areas (Fred hall & Roger Greeno, 2004)

• Underground: Shallow wells, deep wells, artesian wells (Fred hall & Roger Greeno, 2004)

Natural Lake

Artesian Well

Deep Well

Reservoir

Water Cycle

Customer Wastewater treatment

plant

Rivers, lakes, groundwater,

etc.

Water treatment

plant

Unchlorinated clean water

Chlorinated clean water

Dirty water

Water Treatment Process

Water Treatment Process (continued) • Water diverted from the river into treatment plant.

• Coagulation process start with adding Alum and other chemical. Forming “floc to attract dirt particles.

• Flocculation – Water is stirred to mix with alum

• Sedimentation – Water is allowed to settle.

• Filtration – Water passes through filters that help to remove smaller particles.

• Disinfection – Water is mixed with chlorine to kill any bacteria or microorganisms. Fluoride is added for dental health.

• Storage – Water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir.

• Water is first diverted from the river or lake into the treatment plant. When the water first comes into the plant it is screened to remove sticks, trash or other large pieces of contaminants.

• •Coagulation Alum and other chemicals are added to water to form tiny sticky particles, called floc, that attract dirt particles.

• •Flocculation The water is stirred slowly with paddles to mix the alum with the dirty water.

• Sedimentation The water is no longer stirred and is allowed to settle. The heavy particles (floc) settle to the bottom and clear water moves off the top to the filtration chamber.

• Filtration Water passes through filters that help remove even smaller particles. Our filters consist of gravel, sand, garnet and charcoal. Each layer filters out a smaller and smaller particle. The charcoal not only acts as a filter but neutralizes taste and odor.

• Disinfection After filtration, the water moves into a disinfection chamber where it is mixed with chlorine. A small amount of chlorine is added to kill any bacteria or microorganisms that may be in the water. It is at this step that we also add a small amount of fluoride for dental health.

• Storage Water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir where it flows through pipes to homes and businesses in the community.

Additional Information – Natural Reservoir

• Setia Eco Park

Additional Information – Natural Reservoir

• Putrajaya Lake

Water Supply

• Water supply guidelines under local authorities and state control.

• Each state has different guidelines.

• Reticulation calculation base on "Demand & Supply”.

• Architect and M&E Engineer’s role is to ensure guidelines and procedures are met.

• Water supply require to meet international standard of quality (Refer to Jabatan Bekalan Air).

Selangor Domestic Water Supply

Syarikat Bekalan Air

Selangor Sdn. Bhd. (SYABAS)

• Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd (SYABAS), a subsidiary of Puncak Niaga Holdings Berhad (PNHB) was incorporated on 8th July 1996 under the Malaysian Companies Act, 1965 to undertake the privatisation of water supply services in the State of Selangor and the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. SYABAS’ key business is to provide quality services to the consumers. Therefore, it strives to meet the needs and demands of its consumers in order to ensure that the services provided are of highest standard.

• •The services include supplying uninterrupted clean water to consumers and apart from that, SYABAS performs periodical and regular maintenance of infrastructure and water-related assets, such as replacing aging pipes and water meters. SYABAS also does its part in CSR activities through various programmes to create consumer awareness on water-related issues to ensure the standard quality of life is sustained.

External and Internal Distributions

Domestic Water Supply • Providing the consumers clean cold and hot water.

• Gravity storage tanks on the top floor of the building (old building).

• Pressurised tanks connected to the supply pumps (new building).

External gravity tank

Pressurized tank

SERVICE PIPE

DISTRIBUTION PIPE / SUPPLY PIPE

RISER

FIXTURE BRANCH

FIXTURE SUPPLY PIPE

Water Supply and Distribution System

Connecting pipes: Service Pipe

The pipe from the water main or other source of portable water supply to the water distribution system of the building served.

Distribution Pipe / Supply Pipe

A pipe within the structure or on the premises which conveys water from the water service pipe or meter to the point of utilization.

Riser

A water supply pipe that extends one fully story or more to convey water to branches or to a group of fixtures.

Fixture Branch

The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe and the water distributing pipe.

Fixture Supply Pipe

A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.

Illustration of Incoming Domestic Water Supply

Water Supply to Residential Buildings

1. Direct System

2. Indirect System

Direct System

Direct System

Definitions:

• Water main - the system of pipework which is to be found buried beneath the roads and streets which is to convey water.

• Ferrule - An insertion or connection to a water main is made by placing a special type of valve directly on top of the main.

• Communication pipe - The short length of buried pipe connecting the ferrule and the boundary stop valve.

Definitions:

• Boundary stop valve - Normally found just at the perimeter of the property which it feeds.

• Service stop valve - the service pipe terminates inside the building. A control device at the end of the pipe.

Definitions:

• Rising main – pipes that distribute cold water vertically.

• The direct system of cold water supply, all the cold water draw-off points are connected directly to the rising main.

• Branch pipes - Direct water supply to water supply points, sanitary appliances.

Indirect System

Indirect System

Direct System & Indirect System

? System ? System

Comparison – Direct System & Indirect System

THANK YOU

CHILDREN ARE QUICK AND ALWAYS SPEAK THEIR MINDS

Teacher: Maria, go to the map and find North America. Maria: Here it is.

Teacher: Correct. Now class, who discovered America?

Class: Maria.