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Limba engleza DREPT I sem. II 2011

1. Complete each blank with the right word:Law, (1)............ of official rules and regulations, generally found in constitutions, legislation,

judicial opinions, and the (2)........., that is used to govern a society and to control the

behaviour of its members. In the most (3).............. sense, there are two kinds of law: naturallaw and positive law. Natural law has (4)............. recognized since the ancient world to be ageneral body of rules of right conduct and justice common to all mankind. This concept grewfrom the observation of the (5)............. of the laws of nature and their uniformity. Positivelaw, on the other hand, consists of regulations formulated by the heads of a country or society.In many cases, natural laws have been written (6)............ positive laws by governments. The

prohibition (7)............ killing, for example, is common to virtually all of mankind, and mostnations have enacted laws against it. The nature and functions of law have varied throughouthistory. In modern societies, some authorized body such as a legislature or a court (8)...........the law. It is backed by the (9)............ power of the state, which enforces the law by means ofappropriate penalties or remedies. Law (10)................. a variety of functions. Laws againstcrimes, for example, help to maintain a peaceful, orderly, (11)............... stable society. Courtscontribute to social stability by (12)........... disputes in a civilized fashion. Property andcontract laws facilitate business (13)............... and private planning. Laws limiting the powersof government help to provide some degree of freedom that would not otherwise be possible.Law has also been used (14)........... a mechanism for social change; for instance, at varioustimes laws have been (15)........... to inhibit social discrimination and to improve the quality ofindividual life in matters of health, education, and welfare.

1. a. organism b. forum c. institution d. body2.a. like b. same c. similar d. such

3. a. general b. generic c. generous d. large4. a. be b. been c. being d. was5. a. operating b. operation c. function d. functioning6.a. in b. inside c. into d. within7.a. of b. against c. for d. about8.a. provides b. provide c. make d. makes9.a. coercitive b. coercive c. coersive d. obligatory10.a. deserves b. illustrate c. serves d. applies11.a. relative b. approximate c. relatively d. approximately12.a. resolving b. helping c. providing d. closing13.a. action b. environment c. status d. activity

14.a. as b. for c. against d. such15.a. resumed b. made c. proposed d. passed

2. Read and translate the following text:

Natural Law

Law is not completely a matter of human enactment; it also includes natural law. Thebest-known version of this view, that God's law is supreme, has had considerable influence inmany Western societies. The civil rights movement, for example, was at least partiallyinspired by the belief in natural law. Such a belief seems implicit in the view that law should

serve to promote human dignity, as for instance by the enforcement of equal rights for all.

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Natural Law, in ethical philosophy, theology, law, and social theory, is a set ofprinciples, based on what are assumed to be the permanent characteristics of human nature,that can serve as a standard for evaluating conduct and civil laws. Natural law is considered

fundamentally unchanging and universally applicable. Thus, natural law may be consideredan ideal to which humanity aspires or a general fact, the way human beings usually act.

Natural law is contrasted with positive law, the enactments of civil society.

Probably the most famous of the ancient God-giving code, however, is that found inthe first five books of the Bible, the laws of Moses. The heart of this code is the TenCommandments presented by Moses to the people of Israel. These commandments are the

basic summary of all moral law designed to regulate the behavior of individuals with regard toeach other.

3. Make up question for the following answers:a. .................................................................................................?

No, its not, it also includes natural law.b. ..?That Gods law is supreme.c.?To promote human dignity.d. ..?A standard for evaluating conduct and civil laws.e..?Unchanging and applicable everywhere.

f. .?Positive law.g?The laws of Moses.h. ..?To regulate the behaviour of individuals among themselves.

4. Complete the text with words from the following:named, valid, between, means, spoke, theory, on, Romans, doctrine, from, erradicate, under

The Ten Commandments

The ancient Greek philosophers were the first to elaborate a (1)...............of naturallaw. In the 6th century BC, Heraclitus (2)............. of a common wisdom that pervades thewhole universe, for all human laws are nourished by one, the divine. Aristotle distinguished(3).............. two kinds of justice: A rule of justice is natural that has the same validityeverywhere, and does not depend (4).......... our accepting it or not; a rule is legal[conventional] that in the first instance may be settled in one way or the other indifferently.The Stoics, especially the philosopher Chrysippus of Soli, constructed a systematic naturallaw (5)................... According to Stoicism, the whole cosmos is rationally ordered by anactive principle, the Logos, variously (6).............. God, mind, or fate. Every individual natureis part of the cosmos. To live virtuously (7).......... to live in accord with one's nature, to live

according to reason. Because passion and emotion are considered irrational movements of thesoul, the wise individual seeks to (8)............. the passions and consciously embrace the

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rational life. This doctrine was popularized among the (9).............. by the 1st-century BCorator Cicero, who gave a famous definition of natural law in his De Republica: True law isright reason in agreement with Nature; it is of universal application, unchanging and

everlasting; it summons to duty by its commands, and averts (10).............. wrongdoing by itsprohibitions. There will not be different laws at Rome and at Athens, or different laws nowand in the future, but one eternal and unchangeable law will be (11)......... for all nations andfor all times. In the Corpus Juris Civilis a compilation and codification of Roman legalmaterial prepared in 534 (12)........ Emperor Justinian I, a jus naturale is acknowledged.

5. Complete the following with the following phrases:the first to hold a chair of natural law, a higher standard than, it was largely replaced in

legal theory by utilitarianism, what the law requires, to those actions and aims

compatible with their beliefs, combined this theory, the phrase of the English jurist.

Christian ConceptionsChristians found the natural law doctrine of the Stoics quite (1)............................. . St

Paul spoke of Gentiles who do not have the Mosaic law doing by nature(2)................................................ (Romans 2:14).

The teaching of St Thomas Aquinas on the natural law is the most widely known. Inhis Summa Theologiae (Summary Treatise of Theology, 1265-1273) Aquinas called therational guidance of creation by God the Eternal Law. The Eternal Law gives all beings theinclination (3)........................................that are proper to them. Thus, according to Aquinas, itis possible to distinguish good from evil by the natural light of reason.

Modern Theories

The Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius is considered the founder of the modern theory ofnatural law. The German jurist Samuel von Pufendorf, (4)......................................in a Germanuniversity, more fully developed the concept of a law of nature. The 17th-century English

philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke proposed an original state of nature from whicha social contract arose and (5).............................. with that of natural law. Locke's doctrinethat nature had endowed human beings with certain inalienable rights that could not beviolated by any governing authority was incorporated in the American Declaration ofIndependence.

In the 19th century a critical spirit dominated discussions of natural law. The existenceof a natural law was generally regarded as unprovable, and (6)........................................,

formulated by the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham as the greatest happiness of thegreatest number, and by legal positivism, according to which law is based simply on thecommand of the ruler, in (7)............................... John Austin.

The atrocities committed by Nazi Germany during World War II revived interest in(8)................................. positive law. The United Nations (UN) Charter declared the faith ofthat organization in human rights, and on December 10, 1948, the UN General Assemblyadopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which, however, is more a moral

pronouncement than a legally enforceable treaty.

6. Read and translate the following text:

Ancient Codes

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Some historians include among early codes the Book of the Covenant and the Book ofthe Law of the Old Testament. The heart of this code is the Ten Commandments presented byMoses to the people of Israel. These commandments are the basic summary of all moral law

designed to regulate the behavior of individuals with regard to each other.One of the best known of the early codes, or collections of written laws, is that of the

Babylonian cuneiform Code of Hammurabi, king of Babylon, who lived about 1800 BC.Four fragments of an earlier Babylonian cuneiform code, known as the Code of Lipit-Ishtar,were discovered in about 1900 and deciphered in 1948. The Code of Hammurabi is the mostcomplete remnant of Babylonian law. The background to the code is the body of Sumerianlaw under which city-states had lived for centuries. The code itself was advanced far beyondancient tribal customs. The stella on which the code is inscribed originally stood in Babylon'stemple of Marduk, the national god. It was discovered at the site of ancient Susa in 1901 bythe French archaeologist Jean-Vincent Scheil. He presented it to the Louvre. The codeconsists of 282 case laws, or judicial decisions, collected toward the end of Hammurabi'sreign. The decisions deal with such matters as family, marriage, and divorce; tariffs; trade andcommerce; prices; and criminal and civil law. In criminal law the ruling principle for

punishment was the ancient lex talionis, or law of retaliation. Penalties were calculatedaccording to the nature of the offense. Capital punishment was common, and the variousmeans of execution were prescribed, depending on the nature of the crime. Neitherimprisonment nor forced labor is mentioned in the code. Unintended manslaughter was

punished by a fine. Willful murder was not mentioned. Carelessness and neglect in theperformance of work was severely punished. In general, the penalties prescribed were animprovement over the brutality of previous Assyrian law.

The ancient Greek city-states began codifying laws in the 7th century BC. The Laws

of Gortyn, named after the ancient town of Gortyna, Crete, are regarded as the closest to asystematic statement of ancient Hellenic law.The Twelve Tables of ancient Roman law are often cited as a classic example of an

early code. It was formalized in 451-450 BC from existing oral law by ten magistrates, calleddecemvirs, and inscribed on tablets of bronze or wood, which were posted in the principalRoman Forum. According to tradition, the code was drawn up to appease the plebs, whomaintained that their liberties were not adequately protected by the unwritten law asinterpreted by patrician judges. Originally, ten tablets of laws were inscribed; two more wereadded the following year. The tablets were destroyed in the sack of Rome by the Gauls in 390BC, but a number of the laws are known through references in later Latin literature. TheTwelve Tables covered all categories of the law and also included specific penalties for

various infractions. . They were largely a declaration of existing customs concerning suchmatters as property, payment of debts, and appropriate compensation or other remedies fordamage to people. The code underwent frequent changes but remained in effect for nearly athousand years.

The Twelve Tables serve as a historical basis for the widespread modern belief thatfairness in law demands that it be in written form. These tables and their Roman successors,including the Justinian Code, led to civil law codes that provide the main source of law inmuch of modern Europe, South America, and elsewhere.

Other compilations of law include the Hindu Code of Manu, believed to date fromabout AD 400, and the code of the Chinese Tang dynasty, issued in AD 630. All othersocieties in the ancient world devised sets of laws. In the 7th century BC, a lawgiver named

Draco drew up a very harsh code that punished offenses, no matter how trivial, with death.Not many years later, another Greek lawgiver, Solon, repealed all but the laws dealing with

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murder. In the Greek city-state of Sparta, there was a legendary lawgiver named Lycurguswho, after giving the Spartans a code of law, left the city with the instruction that the lawswere not to be changed until he returned. He never did return.

7. Answer the followingquestions based on the previous text:a. Why is the Old Testament considered one of the early codes?.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

b. Who was Hammurabi?.......................................................................................................................................................c. When was the Code of Lipit-Ishtar deciphered?.......................................................................................................................................................d. Where did the stells inscribed with the code originally stand?.....................................................................................................................................................e. What does the code consist of?.....................................................................................................................................................f. What do its decisions deal with?.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................g. What does lex talionis mean?.......................................................................................................................................................h. How were penalties calculated?.......................................................................................................................................................i. What offences are not mentioned in the code?

.......................................................................................................................................................j. When did the Greek city-states begin writing law codes?

.....................................................................................................................................................k. When were the 12 Tables of ancient Roman law formalised?.......................................................................................................................................................l. Who were the decemvirs?.......................................................................................................................................................m. Why was this code drawn up?.......................................................................................................................................................n. When were the tablets destroyed?.......................................................................................................................................................

o. What were they concerned with?..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

p. Why is Draco renowned in legal history?.....................................................................................................................................................q. What did Solon do?......................................................................................................................................................r. Who was Lycurgus?.......................................................................................................................................................

8.Complete the following with one word from the list:

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When a crime is (1)________, the police will (2)______ the (3)_______ as soon as possible.Following the arrest the (4)________ must be read to the suspect straightaway. Then thesuspect must be conveyed to the police station for questioning. The suspect is entitled to (5)

_________ by a lawyer during the interview. He or she may be held for up to 24 hours in thefirst instance, and this period may only be extended on application to the magistrates court. Atthe expiration of this period the suspect must either be formally (7)________ with an offenceor (8)_______. If charged, the suspect may either be released on (8)________, or he or shemay be (9)________ if the offence is serious enough. If the latter occurs, his lawyer is entitledto make an (10)______ before the magistrates court. If this application is successful,conditional or unconditional bail may be granted. Examples of conditional bail might be thatthe accused must reside at a particular address (such as a bail hostel) or submit to a(11)__________. Typically, the (12)________ will involve several court hearings before finaltrial of the matter. At one of these preliminary hearings, the defendant will be required to(13)______. If he or she pleads guilty then his or her (14) ____________ will make a(15)________ to assist the court in deciding about (16)________. If the defendant maintainshis or her innocence there will be a trial. At the trial, the (17)_________ will first be(18)___________. After that, prosecution counsel will open the case and evidence will then

be heard from (19)_______. Once all the evidence has been heard, both counsel will have theopportunity to make closing speeches to the court. The judge will then direct the jury to retireto consider their (20) ________.a) jury

b) chargedc) remanded in custodyd) curfew

e) verdictf) sentencingg) enter a pleah) application for baili) released

j) plea in mitigationk) prime suspectl) arrestm) sworn inn) proceedings

o) cautionp) legal representationr) committeds) witnessest) police bailu) counsel

9. Many words which are used in everyday language can have a different meaning when theyare used in legal contexts. Use the items in italics in sentences (1) to (10) below (where theyare used in their everyday context) to fill the gaps in the legal context sentences (a) to (j)which follow.

1) Most citizenspreferto live peacefully.

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2) The hotelprovides only bed and breakfast.3) The barrister stood up and addressedthe jury.4) The letter was sent by express mail.

5) The policefoundnew evidence.6) I am afraid we only have instantcoffee.7) The Roman Emperors ruleda large part of Europe for several centuries.8) It was a great reliefto the parents when their daughter returned home safely.9) He heldhis knife in his left hand.10) The trousers are alright but the jacket does notfit.

a) The problem of long delays in hearing cases will have to be _________.b) The prosecutor decided to _________ charges against the suspect.c) The judge ___________ that the evidence was inadmissible.

d) The Court of Appeal __________ that the defendant was liable.e) The magistrates saw __________ to punish the defendant with imprisonment.f) The judge decided that the precedent did not apply in the __________ case.g) The statute ________ for the compulsory wearing of seat-belts in cars.h) The defendant gave ___________ instructions to his lawyer.i) A majority of the Court of Appeal __________ for the appellant.

j) The judge refused to grant __________ to the plaintiff.

10. Are the statements set out below true or false?

(1) The police are only allowed to hold a suspect for 24 hours without charging him or her.(true/false)(2) The police have final word over whether bail is granted to a suspect. (true/false)(3) Bail can be granted without a curfew attached as a condition. (true/false)(4) The first thing that happens at trial is that the jury are sworn in. (true/false)(5) The witnesses are heard after the closing speeches. (true/false)

11. The sentences below all contain certain words or phrases that are incorrect in the contextand should be replaced by a different word or phrase. Locate these words and phrases andsubstitute the correct terminology. Note that there is only one correct alternative in eachsentence.

1) There were three defendants in court, all of who were charged with serious offences.2) The company, that was based in Birmingham, became insolvent due to the managingdirectors fraudulent dealings.3) The accused claimed that he did not break into the house he said that the door was non-locked, and he merely pushed it open and wandered in.4) The judge is entitled to send you to prison for this offence, and it is quite likely that she cando so.5) In accordance with the witness, the accused was not in the area when the crime wascommitted.

6) The defendant was shown to have lied to almost everyone specially his lawyer.7) This legal principle derives solely from common law, and is therefore unstatutory.

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8) We implied from the judges words that she did not believe the evidence given by thewitness.9) There were less people in the public gallery on the second day of the trial than there had

been on the first.10) The witness alleged that the defendant was the man what she saw outside the building thatnight.

12. Read the following extract from a reference book on criminal law. Choose the best wordor phrase to fill each gap from A, B, C or D below.

In Callow v Tillstone (1900) a negligent (1) _____________ of a (2) ___________ by aveterinary surgeon had (3) _________ in a butcher selling meat which was (4) _______ forhuman consumption. The butcher had (5) _______ the veterinary surgeons certificate andwould have had no reason to believe that he was in breach of the law. He was convicted onthe basis that the (6) _________ was one of strict liability. In other words, his knowledge ofthe condition of the meat and his (7)____________ about its sale were held to be (8)

__________ he had in fact sold meat which was unfit for human consumption. Theveterinary surgeon was charged with aiding and abetting the offence. To add to the butchersmisery, the veterinary surgeon who had certified that the meat was (9) ________ had hisconviction for aiding and abetting quashed because aiding and abetting required knowledge ofthe facts and an intention to encourage. Although he had been negligent in his examination ofthe animal it could not be (10) ___________ that he knew the meat was unsound. (1)(1) a) examination b) study c) check d) registration(2) a) piece of meat b) corpse c) cadaver d) carcass

(3) a) resulted b) ended c) eventuated d) concluded(4) a) bad b) unfit c) unsuitable d) dangerous(5) a) depended on b) trusted in c) relied on d) faith in(6) a) crime b) misdemeanour c) offence d) penalty(7) a) beliefs b) plans c) intentions d) insights(8) a) unpersuasive b) of no legal effect c) inadmissible d) irrelevant(9) a) sound b) fresh c) edible d) safe(10) a) demonstrated b) certain c) proved d) shown

13. Consider the scenario outlined below in the light of the Criminal Damage Act 1971. Whatpoints would tend to incriminate Cyril and what points can be made in his defence? Write a

brief memo outlining the pros and cons of Cyrils position.

Cyril goes to his local shop to buy a packet of cigarettes. As he leaves the shop he meets afriend and stops to talk to her. While doing so he lights a cigarette and throws the matchaway. After his friend leaves, Cyril notices that match has set light to some papers in thedoorway of the shop. The shop is now closed so Cyril walks away. The fire spreads andcauses considerable damage to the shop. Cyril has been charged under the Criminal DamageAct 1971 for damaging by fire a house... intending to do damage to such property orrecklessly as to whether such property was damaged.

14. Tort law is the name given to a body of law that addresses, and provides remedies for,civil wrongs not arising out of contractual obligations. A person who suffers legal damages

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may be able to use tort law to receive compensation from someone who is legally responsible,or "liable," for those injuries. Generally speaking, tort law defines what constitutes a legalinjury and establishes the circumstances under which one person may be held liable for

another's injury. Torts cover intentional acts and accidents.

For instance, Alice throws a ball and accidentally hits Brenda in the eye. Brenda may sueAlice for losses occasioned by the accident (e.g., costs of medical treatment, lost incomeduring time off work, pain and suffering, etc.). Whether or not Brenda wins her suit dependson if she can prove Alice engaged in tortious conduct. Here, Brenda would attempt to proveAlice had a duty and failed to exercise the standard of care which a reasonable person wouldrender in throwing the ball.

One of the main topics of the substance of tort law is determining the "standard of care" - alegal phrase that means distinguishing between when conduct is or is not tortious. Put anotherway, the big issue is whether a person suffers the loss from his own injury, or whether it getstransferred to someone else.

Going back to the example above, if Alice threw the ball at Brenda on purpose, Brenda couldsue for the intentional tort ofbattery. If it was an accident, Brenda must prove negligence. Todo this, Brenda must show that her injury was reasonably foreseeable, that Alice owed Brendaa duty of care not to hit her with the ball, and that Alice failed to meet the standard of carerequired.

In much of the western world, the touchstone of tort liability is negligence. If the injured party

cannot prove that the person believed to have caused the injury acted with negligence, at thevery least, tort law will not compensate them. Tort law also recognizes intentional torts andstrict liability, which apply to defendants who engage in certain actions.

In tort law, injury is defined broadly. Injury does not just mean a physical injury, such aswhere Brenda was struck by a ball. Injuries in tort law reflect any invasion of any number ofindividual "interests." This includes interests recognized in other areas of law, such as

property rights. Actions fornuisance and trespass to land can arise from interfering with rightsin real property. Conversion and trespass to chattels can protect interference with movable

property. Interests in prospective economic advantages from contracts can also be injured andbecome the subject of tort actions. A number of situations caused by parties in a contractual

relationship may nevertheless be tort rather than contract claims, such as breach of fiduciaryduty.

Tort law may also be used to compensate for injuries to a number of other individual intereststhat are not recognized in property or contract law, and are intangible. This includes aninterest in freedom from emotional distress, privacy interests, and reputation. These are

protected by a number of torts such as infliction,privacy torts, and defamation. Defamationand privacy torts may, for example, allow a celebrity to sue a newspaper for publishing anuntrue and harmful statement about him. Other protected interests include freedom ofmovement, protected by the intentional tort offalse imprisonment.

The equivalent of tort in civil law jurisdictions is delict. The law of torts can be categorised aspart of the law of obligations, but unlike voluntarily assumed obligations (such as those of

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(tort)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_tortshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiduciary_dutyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiduciary_dutyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_imprisonmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_obligationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(tort)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_tortshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiduciary_dutyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiduciary_dutyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_imprisonmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_obligations


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contract, or trust), the duties imposed by the law of torts apply to all those subject to therelevantjurisdiction. To behave in 'tortious' manner is to harm another's body, property, orlegal rights, or possibly, to breach a duty owed understatute. One who commits a tortious act

is called a "tortfeasor". Torts is one of the American Bar Association mandatory first year lawschool courses. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort )

15. Answer the questions:a. What is tort law?

b. What does liable mean?.c. What does tort cover?d. What does standard of care mean?e. What is the touchstone of tort liability?

16. Ask questions for the following answers:

a. .?If the injured party cannot prove the defendant acted with negligence.b. .?No, it doesnt only refer to physical injury.c. .?Any invasion of individual rights.d. .?Interfering with rights in real property.e. .?Defamation and privacy torts.f. .?

Anyone who commits a tortious act.

17. Complete the following with the right word from the text:a. It is that you should wear a uniform at school.

b. It is a act to deliberately slap someones face.c. He sells houses, hes a estate agent.d. Breach of contract can become the . of tort actions.e. They . her for trespass.f. The TV star won a suit against The Sun for g. In civil law jurisdictions, tort is equivalent to ..h. The duty obligates a fiduciary (as an agent or trustee) to act with

loyalty and honesty and in a manner consistent with the best interests of thebeneficiary of the fiduciary relationship (as a principal or trust beneficiary).

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i. The tort of intentionally or negligently causing emotional distress is also called.. of mental distress.

j. If a neighbour interferes with a tenants quiet enjoyment of their property, either by

creating smells, sounds, pollution or any other hazard that extends past the boundariesof the property, the affected party may make a claim in .

k. . is a concept of civil law in which a willful wrong or an act ofnegligence gives rise to a legal obligation between parties even though there has beenno contract between the parties.

l. An action taken by a court of law to enforce a right, impose a penalty, or make someother court order to the purpose of resolving a dispute is called a judicial

18. Translate into English:a. A fost condamnat la plata de daune pentru nclcarea propriet ii vecinului su.

b. Chiria ul a pretins daune n justi ie pentru nclcarea contractului de nchiriere. c. Tocmai s-au adugat n contract dou clauze referitoare la prejudicii..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................d. A fost gsit responsabil pentru vtmarea corporal a colegului su...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

e. De i rnirea lor nu era complet previzibil, a fost ac ionat n judecat pentru prejudicii

aduse persoanelor implicate n accidentul de ski...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

19. Complete the following with words from the list:

prohibited; solitary; composed; corporal; on; imposed; property; supervision; failure;parole

Criminal law is distinctive for the uniquely serious potential consequences orsanctions for (1) to abide by its rules. Every crime is (2)..of criminal elements.

Capital punishment may be (3). in some jurisdictions for the most seriouscrimes. Physical or (4)..punishment may be imposed such as whipping orcaning,although these punishments are (5).. in much of the world. Individuals may beincarcerated in prison orjail in a variety of conditions depending (6) the

jurisdiction. Confinement may be (7)... . The length of incarceration may varyfrom a day to life. Government (8). may be imposed, including house arrest, andconvicts may be required to conform to particularized guidelines as part of a (9)..orprobation regimen. Fines also may be imposed, seizing money or (10).from a person convicted of a crime.

6. Five objectives are widely accepted for enforcement of the criminal law by punishments:

rehabilitation and restitution. Jurisdictions differ on the value to be placed on each.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctions_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_(criminal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_punishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarceratedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_(penalty)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_punishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctions_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_(criminal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_punishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarceratedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_(penalty)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_punishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution


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Retribution - Criminals ought to suffer in some way. This is the most widely seengoal. Criminals have taken improper advantage, or inflicted unfair detriment, uponothers and consequently, the criminal law will put criminals at some unpleasant

disadvantage to "balance the scales." People submit to the law to receive the right notto be murdered and if people contravene these laws, they surrender the rights grantedto them by the law. Thus, one who murders may be murdered himself. A relatedtheory includes the idea of "righting the balance."

Deterrence -Individualdeterrence is aimed toward the specific offender. The aim isto impose a sufficient penalty to discourage the offender from criminal behavior.General deterrence aims at society at large. By imposing a penalty on those whocommit offences, other individuals are discouraged from committing those offences.

Incapacitation - Designed simply to keep criminals away from society so that thepublic is protected from their misconduct. This is often achieved through prisonsentences today. The death penalty orbanishment have served the same purpose.

Rehabilitation - Aims at transforming an offender into a valuable member of society.Its primary goal is to prevent further offence by convincing the offender that theirconduct was wrong.

Restitution - This is a victim-oriented theory of punishment. The goal is to repair,through state authority, any hurt inflicted on the victim by the offender. For example,one who embezzles will be required to repay the amount improperly acquired.Restitution is commonly combined with other main goals of criminal justice and isclosely related to concepts in the civil law.

20. Derive verbs from the following nouns: rehabilitation, deterrence, restitution, penalty,

banishment, offence.21. Derive nouns from the following verbs: prevent, convince, relate, inflict, repay, serve,embezzle, commit, transform, require, acquire, discourage, submit, contravene.

22.Employment law

1.1 Overview of employment law

Employment law governs the relations between the employer and the employee and theconditions under which work occurs. In the UK and the US, labour relations are not asheavily regulated as in, for example, most continental European countries. Therefore, the

relationship between the employer and the employee is governed to a great extent by theterms of the employment contract which the parties have agreed. However, the followingprinciples are generally accepted in most spheres of employment:- Discrimination on the grounds of sex, race, disability, religious belief, sexual orientation,marital status, pregnancy or membership of a trade union is not permitted (although there aresometimes certain exceptions to some of these).- All employees have certain statutory rights, including entitlement to at least the nationalminimum wage (if applicable), equal opportunities, itemised pay statements, equal pay forlike work, maternity rights and benefits, notice of termination of employment, a healthy andsafe working environment, statutory sick pay, time off (vacation, public duties,maternity/paternity leave, trade union activities etc), protected rights on transfer of a business,

written statement of terms and conditions of employment.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retributive_justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_(legal)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incapacitation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penaltyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retributive_justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_(legal)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incapacitation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penaltyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)


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Unfair dismissal can be described as dismissal which is technically not in breach of theemployment contract but which is illegal because it breaches the employees statutory rightnot to be unfairly dismissed from work. Note that generally speaking, unfair dismissal is

regarded by employment tribunals as more serious than wrongful dismissal, and claimants areaccordingly often awarded higher sums of money for unfair dismissal claims than for those inrespect of wrongful dismissal. However, an employee must be employed for at least one yearto qualify for the right to claim unfair dismissal, although rights do arise where dismissal isfor sex, race or disability discrimination.1.6 Transfer of undertakings

Prior to the introduction of the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment)Regulations 1981 (commonly known as TUPE), the general position under UK law was thatthe transfer of a business from one owner to another caused the termination of theemployment contracts of all employees.This is no longer the case, since TUPE provides that a relevant transfer shall not terminate a

persons contract of employment and the contract continues after the transfer as if it had beenmade between the employee and the transferee of the business.A relevant transfer is defined as a transfer from one person to another of an undertakingsituated immediately before the transfer in the United Kingdom or a part of one which is sosituated.(http://www.forum-legal.com/Employment_TOC.pdf)

23.Find the equivalents for: concediere abuziv, drepturi legale, angajat temporar, concediude odihn, concediu de boal, contract de munc, regulament pentru personal, sindicat, starecivil, aviz de concediere, salariu minim, concediu de maternitate/ paternitate, angajat,

angajator, jumtate de norm, prim, schem de pensie, angajare pe o perioad nedeterminat,clauza anti-concuren , proprietar, reclamant, disponibilizare, conduit necorespunztoare, nclcare a contractului, a ocupa un post.

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

24.Answer the following questions:a. What does employment law govern?.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

b. What statutory rights do all employees have?.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................c. How may employment contracts be concluded?.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................d. Which clauses does a typical contract contain?

.................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

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e. How can an employment contract for an indefinite period be terminated?.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

f. How long should an employee be employed before he can claim unfair dismissal?.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................g. What is a relevant transfer?..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

25.Translate into English:1. Angajata a solicitat concediul de maternitate de doi ani la care avea dreptul legal prin

contractul de munc..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2. Este de datoria angajatorului de a se asigura c angaja ii temporari sunt trata i n

acela i mod ca i angaja ii permanen i. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3. nainte de a fi disponibiliza i, angaja ii companiei au primit un preaviz. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4. De i aveau dreptul la plata orelor suplimentare, angaja ilor nu au primit drepturile

cuvenite si au declan at greva.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5. Contractul de munc poate fi ncheiat de oricare dintre pr i dup expirarea perioadei

legale de preaviz..................................................................................................................................................

1. Make up sentences to which the underlined words are the answers:

The Romanian legal system is based on the Napoleonic Code. The judiciary is to beindependent, and judges appointed by the president are not removable. The president andother judges of the Supreme Court are appointed for a term of 6 years and may serveconsecutive terms. Proceedings are public, except in special circumstances provided for by

law. The Constitutional Court adjudicates the constitutionality of challenged laws, anddecides on appeals from the regular court system concerning the unconstitutionality of lawsand decrees. The court consists ofnine judges, appointed fora term of 9 years. Three judgesare appointed by the Chamber of Deputies, three by the Senate, and three by the president ofRomania.

2. Fill in with the appropriate word:terms two state to system armed confirmed elected market framework who proclaims human protect with

Romania's 1991 constitution (1) Romania a democracy and (2) economy, in whichhuman dignity, civic rights and freedoms, the unhindered development of (3) personality,

justice, and political pluralism are supreme and guaranteed values. The constitution directs thestate to implement free trade, (4) the principle of competition, and provide a favorable (5)

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for production. The constitution provides for a President, a Parliament, a ConstitutionalCourt and a separate (6) of lower courts that includes a Supreme Court. The (7)-chamber Parliament, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, is the law-

making authority. Deputies and senators are (8) for 4-year terms by universal suffrage. Thepresident is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two 4-year (9). He is the Chief ofState, charged (10) safeguarding the constitution, foreign affairs, and the proper functioningof public authorities. He is supreme commander of the (11) forces and chairman of theSupreme Defense Council. According (12) the constitution, he acts as mediator among the

power centers within the state, as well as between the (13) and society. The presidentnominates the prime minister, (14) in turn appoints the government, which must be (15)

by a vote of confidence from Parliament. (Source: U.S. Department of State)

3. In each line of the following text there is an extra word (some lines are correct!):

.A Romanian lawyer is an "avocat." There are no private law firms in the.Romania; every avocat is works in an avocat's office, and a group of from two.to six such offices forms a barou (from the French barreau). There are in total.all about 4,500 advocates, grouped in 41 barous (one for each district and one.for the city of Bucharest), which form, together, Uniunea Avocatilor din.Romania (The Advocates' Union of Romania). Candidates for the bar must to.obtain an approved law degree; the course lasts four years. Graduates must.then complete two years of the supervised practical training leading to a Bar.Examination. Applicants are then fully qualified. (Source:Kime's Directory )

4. Translate into English:a. Toi candidaii la Facultatea de Drept trebuie s susin un examen.b. Preedintele rii este ales prin vot universal pentru o perioad de patru ani.c. Pentru a-i desvri pregtirea, un medic trebuie s treac printr-o perioad de rezideniat.d. Acest angajat este responsabil de bunul mers al activitilor din acest departament.e. Cazul a fost adus n faa curii supreme, dar a fost retrimis la tribunalul inferior din cauzaunui viciu de procedur.

1 Legal Notes1.1 What is crime?Here are two definitions of crime used in English law: An act (or sometimes a failure toact) that is deemed by statute or by the common law to be a public wrong and is

therefore punishable by the state in criminal proceedings. (Oxford Dictionary of Law)It is not simply anything which the legislature chooses to call a crime. It is not simplyanti-social conduct which public officers are given a responsibility to suppress. It is notsimply any conduct to which a legislature chooses to attach a "criminal" penalty. It isconduct which, if duly shown to have taken Forum Legal English by lawyers forlawyers 5place, will incur a formal and solemn pronouncement of the moralcondemnation of the community. Smith and Hogan, Criminal Law (Butterworths 1988)pp. 22-24

1.2 What makes a criminal offence?The basic maxim applicable to criminal law is actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea = anact does not make a person guilty of a crime unless that person's mind is also guilty. In

other words, in most cases, crime requires an element of intention to do the act which

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constitutes the crime. Each crime is therefore made up of a mental element known asmens rea and a physical element known as actus reus.

1.3 Actus reus

Actus reus is the unlawful act or behaviour, but includes other factors (e.g. an omissionto fulfil a legal duty may constitute an actus reus). The actus reus of an offence mayaccordingly be defined as:(i) the CONDUCT which is the central feature of the crime;

(ii) the surrounding material CIRCUMSTANCES

(iii) the result/CONSEQUENCES of the defendant's actions.

An unlawful intention may be established by itself, but this is not per sepunishable. An actus reusmust be established in each case. As noted above, in certain cases omission to act can constitutean actus reus. For example, in the case ofR v Instan the defendant neglected to give food to P, ahelpless invalid in his care, who as a result died of malnutrition. The court held that the defendant

had breached his common law duty to care for P. Another example of a crime of omission isprovided by the case ofR v Miller [1983] 2 AC 161: The defendant was a vagrant who wassquatting in an unoccupied house. One night he lit a cigarette before falling asleep and later

woke to find that the cigarette had set fire to the mattress. He did nothing to extinguish the fire

but moved to another room where he again fell asleep. The fire caused considerable damage to

the house. Miller was convicted of arson. His appeal was dismissed by the Court of Appeal and

he appealed to the House of Lords. Lord Diplock stated: I see no rational ground for excludingfrom conduct capable of giving rise to criminal liability, conduct which consists of failing to takemeasures that lie within one's power to counteract a danger that one has oneself created, if at thetime of such conduct one's state of mind is such as constitutes a necessary ingredient of theoffence.

1.4 VoluntarinessIt is an essential element of an crime that the defendant controlled his or her actions that these actions were willed. In certain cases, however, the defence ofautomatism canbe raised. This refers to unconscious involuntary conduct caused by some externalfactor. Examples include sleepwalking, hypnotic trance or the acts of a diabetic sufferinga hypoglycaemic episode. It is not a defence if this state is self-induced(e.g. by takingexcessive drink or drugs). Duress is also a complete defence the essence of duress isthat the defendant's actions were involuntary because his or her will to act wasoverborne by threats of immediate death or serious injury. The defence ofprovocation isa mitigatory defence which only applies in cases of murder. Provocation refers to the

situation where the defendant alleges that he or she totally lost control as a response toanother's provocative conduct. If accepted by the court, provocation is sufficient toconvert what would otherwise have been murder into the lesser offence of manslaughter.In the case ofR v Duffy(1949), Devlin J stated that, provocation is some act, or seriesof acts, done by the dead man to the accused, which would cause in any reasonableperson, and actually causes in the accused, a sudden and temporary loss of self-control,rendering the accused so subject to passion as to make him or her for the moment notmaster of his mind.

1.5 Mens reaThe term refers to the mental element of a crime, literally a guilty mind. However,different categories of crime require different levels of mental intention. Certain offences

(e.g. minor traffic offences) are described as strict liability offences meaning thatliability may be imposed upon the defendant without the need to prove intent on the part

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of the defendant. Of those crimes that do require some level of mens rea intent, threecategories may be distinguished:(1) offences requiring intention/knowledge (= an intention to bring about an event

together with foresight that that event will ensue from the conduct used).(2) offences requiring a reckless state of mind (= where the risk of the consequences ofthe defendant's action occurring would be obvious to a reasonable person, but thedefendant closes his or her mind to this obvious risk).

(3) offences requiring a special mental state, e.g. dishonesty in the crime of theft.

1.6 The coincidence of actus reus and mens reaWe have seen that in most cases there are two elements to criminal liability actus reusand mens rea. In addition to proving these elements the prosecution must also prove thatthese elements were concurrent. In most cases these elements will coincide in the sensethat at the time the consequence occurred the accused possessed the requisite mental

element. However, in certain offences involving series of acts or transactions the positionis more complicated. Here are two cases that illustrate this point.Thabo MeliIn Thabo Meli (1954) the appellants acting in concert lured a man into a hut, attackedhim, and, believing him to be dead, took his body to a cliff and rolled it over the edge inthe hope of making the death look like an accident. It transpired that at the time he waspushed over the cliff he was actually still alive and later died from exposure whilst lyingunconscious at the foot of the cliff.It was argued for the appellants that two acts had been carried out, the attack in the hutwhere there was clear intent to kill and the second in pushing the victim over the cliffwhere there was no intent to kill as they believed him already to be dead. It was

maintained that the first act did not cause death, and that the second which did, was notaccompanied by the mens rea of murder, although they could be guilty of manslaughter.The court refused to divide up what was in reality one transaction. The second act wasdependent upon the first which in turn was carried out as a result of the prior planning.ChurchIn Church (1966) similar reasoning was applied, although there was no antecedent plan.The appellant had taken a woman to his van for sexual purposes. He was apparentlyunable to satisfy her and she slapped his face. A fight ensued and he rendered herunconscious. He attempted to revive her for approximately 30 minutes but failed. He thenpanicked and threw her body into a nearby river. It was proved that she had actually diedof drowning.

The court applied the reasoning in Thabo Meli and held that there had been a series of actsculminating in the death of the victim - and held that the accused was guilty of recklessmanslaughter.

2 Language Exercises2.1 Criminal law terminologyRead the passage below and then do the exercises based on it.When a crime is (1)________, the police will (2)______ the (3)_______ as soon aspossible. Following the arrest the (4)________ must be read to the suspect straightaway.Then the suspect must be conveyed to the police station for questioning. The suspect isentitled to (5) _________ by a lawyer during the interview. He or she may be held for upto 24 hours in the first instance, and this period may only be extended on application to

the magistrates court. At the expiration of this period the suspect must either be formally(7)________ with an offence or (8)_______. If charged, the suspect may either be

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released on (8)________, or he or she may be (9)________ if the offence is seriousenough. If the latter occurs, his lawyer is entitled to make an (10)______ before themagistrates court. If this application is successful, conditional or unconditional bail may

be granted. Examples of conditional bail might be that the accused must reside at aparticular address (such as a bail hostel) or submit to a (11)__________. Typically, the(12)________ will involve several court hearings before final trial of the matter. At one ofthese preliminary hearings, the defendant will be required to (13)______. If he or shepleads guilty then his or her (14) ____________ will make a (15)________ to assist thecourt in deciding about (16)________. If the defendant maintains his or her innocencethere will be a trial. At the trial, the (17)_________ will first be (18)___________. Afterthat, prosecution counsel will open the case and evidence will then be heard from(19)_______. Once all the evidence has been heard, both counsel will have theopportunity to make closing speeches to the court. The judge will then direct the jury toretire to consider their (20) ________. Exercise 1: criminal law terminology Insert the

terminology below in the correct places in the text above:a) jury

b) charged

c) remanded in custody

d) curfew

e) verdict

f) sentencing

g) enter a plea

h) application for bail

i) released

j) plea in mitigation

k) prime suspectl) arrest

m) sworn in

n) proceedings

o) caution

p) remanded in custody

q) legal representationr) committed

s) witnesses

t) police bail

u) counselTotal marks available:10

Exercise 2: Words in legal contexts

Many words which are used in everyday language can have a different meaning whenthey are used in legal contexts. Use the items in italics in sentences (1) to (10) below(where they are used in their everyday context) to fill the gaps in the legal contextsentences (a) to (j) which follow.

1) Most citizenspreferto live peacefully.2) The hotelprovides only bed and breakfast.

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3) The barrister stood up and addressedthe jury.

4) The letter was sent by express mail.

5) The police foundnew evidence.

6) I am afraid we only have instantcoffee.7) The Roman Emperors ruleda large part of Europe for several centuries.

8) It was a great reliefto the parents when their daughter returned home safely.

9) He heldhis knife in his left hand.

10) The trousers are alright but the jacket does not fit.

a) The problem of long delays in hearing cases will have to be _________.

b) The prosecutor decided to _________ charges against the suspect.

c) The judge ___________ that the evidence was inadmissible.

d) The Court of Appeal __________ that the defendant was liable.

e) The magistrates saw __________ to punish the defendant with imprisonment.

f) The judge decided that the precedent did not apply in the __________ case.

g) The statute ________ for the compulsory wearing of seat-belts in cars.

h) The defendant gave ___________ instructions to his lawyer.

i) A majority of the Court of Appeal __________ for the appellant.

j) The judge refused to grant __________ to the plaintiff.Total marks available:10

Exercise 3: true or false?

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Are the statements set out below true or false?(1) The police are only allowed to hold a suspect for 24 hours without charging him orher. (true/false)

(2) The police have final word over whether bail is granted to a suspect. (true/false)(3) Bail can be granted without a curfew attached as a condition. (true/false)

(4) The first thing that happens at trial is that the jury are sworn in. (true/false)

(5) The witnesses are heard after the closing speeches. (true/false)Total marks available:5

2.2 Problem words and phrasesThe sentences below all contain certain words or phrases that are incorrect in thecontext and should be replaced by a different word or phrase. Locate these words andphrases and substitute the correct terminology. Note that there is only one correctalternative in each sentence.

1) There were three defendants in court, all of who were charged with serious offences.2) The company, that was based in Birmingham, became insolvent due to the managingdirectors fraudulent dealings.

3) The accused claimed that he did not break into the house he said that the door wasnon-locked, and he merely pushed it open and wandered in.

4) The judge is entitled to send you to prison for this offence, and it is quite likely that shecan do so.

5) In accordance with the witness, the accused was not in the area when the crime wascommitted.

6) The defendant was shown to have lied to almost everyone specially his lawyer.

7) This legal principle derives solely from common law, and is therefore unstatutory.

8) We implied from the judges words that she did not believe the evidence given by thewitness.

9) There were less people in the public gallery on the second day of the trial than therehad been on the first.

10) The witness alleged that the defendant was the man what she saw outside thebuilding that night.Total marks available: 20 (1 for identifying the incorrect wordor phrase, another for replacing it with the correct substitute)

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2.3 VocabularyRead the following extract from a reference book on criminal law. Choose the best wordor phrase to fill each gap from A, B, C or D below. In Callow v Tillstone (1900) anegligent (1) _____________ of a (2) ___________ by a veterinary surgeon had (3)_________ in a butcher selling meat which was (4) _______ for human consumption.The butcher had (5) _______ the veterinary surgeons certificate and would have had noreason to believe that he was in breach of the law. He was convicted on the basis thatthe (6) _________ was one of strict liability. In other words, his knowledge of thecondition of the meat and his (7)____________ about its sale were held to be (8)__________ he had in fact sold meat which was unfit for human consumption. Theveterinary surgeon was charged with aiding and abetting the offence. To add to thebutchers misery, the veterinary surgeon who had certified that the meat was (9)

________ had his conviction for aiding and abetting quashed because aiding andabetting required knowledge of the facts and an intention to encourage. Although he hadbeen negligent in his examination of the animal it could not be (10) ___________ that heknew the meat was unsound. (1)a) examination

b) study

c) check

d) registration

(2)a) piece of meat

b) corpsec) cadaver

d) carcass

(3)a) resulted

b) ended

c) eventuated

d) concluded

(4)

a) badb) unfit

c) unsuitable

d) dangerous

(5)a) depended onb) trusted in

c) relied on

d) faith in

(6)a) crime

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b) misdemeanour

c) offence

d) penalty

(7)a) beliefs

b) plans

c) intentions

d) insights

(8)a) unpersuasive

b) of no legal effect

c) inadmissible

d) irrelevant

(9)a) sound

b) fresh

c) edible

d) safe

(10)a) demonstrated

b) certain

c) proved

d) shownTotal marks available:10

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1. Complete the following with:panel predicted announced estate jury critical Forewoman opportunity

witnesses curb intercom contended reached testimony form

After deliberating for less than four hours, the jury announced that it has (1)averdict.The quick verdict surprised many legal analysts, who had (2).....................it would takeanywhere from two days to two months.When Judge Lance Ito called the (3)........................of 10 women and two men back into court,he said: "You buzzed three times and indicated that after receiving the verdict(4).......................that you have reached a verdict in this case. Is that correct, Madam(5)..............................?""Yes," replied the 51-year-old black woman who was elected by the jurors to lead the(6).......................Earlier in the day, jurors asked to re-hear (7)......................from the limousine driver whodrove Simpson to the airport shortly after the murders.The request for a readback of Allan Park's testimony suggested the jurors were looking at the(8)...........................issue of whether Simpson had enough time to kill Nicole Brown Simpsonand Ronald Goldman.

Park, who picked Simpson up for a trip to the airport, was considered one of the mostimportant time-line (9)................................., joining houseguest Brian "Kato" Kaelin, the lastperson known to see Simpson before the murders. Their testimony created a 78-minutewindow of (10)..........................for Simpson to commit the murders.Simpson (11)......................he was at home preparing for a trip to Chicago, but he presentedno alibi testimony.Park said he arrived at Simpson's house at 10:22 pm the night of the murders and didn't seeSimpson's Bronco parked outside when he was searching the (12).........................for streetnumbers. Park testified that at 10:55 pm he saw a large, shadowy figure of an African-American person at the front door of Simpson's Rockingham (13)........................... Momentslater, Simpson answered the (14).......................that Park had been soundingfor 15 minutes..

On October 3, the verdict is (15)............................... not guilty.(http://www.courttv.com/trials/ojsimpson/weekly/24.html)

2. Translate:A day after the prosecution rested its case, Judge Lance Ito dealt with several important

evidentiary matters.During arguments over the formal introduction into evidence of crime scene photographs,

the prosecution revealed that Nicole Brown Simpson may have armed herself with a butcherknife after hearing suspicious noises outside her condominium moments before the killings.

After the defense objected to the introduction of pictures showing the knife lying on akitchen counter, prosecutor Marcia Clark argued that a fearful Nicole Brown Simpson

possibly retrieved the knife and only placed it on the counter upon Ronald Goldman's arrival.

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Clark said the photos were relevant to show that other than the knife on the counter, thekitchen was clean.

Judge Ito ruled the photos relevant because they showed an orderly, clean kitchen. This,

the judge said, went to the issue of whether there was any intruder or assault inside the house.The judge also ruled that during deliberations the jurors could see the knives used for

demonstration purposes during the state's case. He said they were useful because the exhibitboards displaying the knives were two-dimensional whereas the knives are three-dimensional.

And, to no one's surprise, the judge rejected a defense motion to dismiss the case.(http://www.courttv.com/trials/ojsimpson/weekly/24.html)1. Translate into English:

mbrind opinia c obiectul sintetic al criminologiei l reprezint criminalitatea ca fenomensocial, considerm c, pentru a transforma aceast noiune ntr-un concept operaional care s

permit explicarea fenomenului studiat, este necesar adoptarea unui model sistemic deanaliz. Astfel, ca orice fenomen social, criminalitatea reprezint un sistem cu proprieti ifuncii proprii, distincte calitativ de cele ale elementelor componente. Prin aceasta, modelulnostru de analiz evit considerarea criminalitii ca o totalitate a infraciunilor svrite pe unanumit teritoriu, ntr-o perioad de timp dat, poziie care subliniaz doar latura cantitativ afenomenului studiat. Analiza opereaz, de asemenea, o distincie ntre criminalitatea real,aparent i legal. Criminalitatea real este un concept cantitativ care presupune totalitateafaptelor penale svrite pe un anumit teritoriu, ntr-o perioad de timp determinat.Criminalitatea aparent cuprinde totalitatea infraciunilor semnalate sistemului justiiei penalei nregistrate ca atare. Criminalitatea legal reprezint totalitatea faptelor penale pentru cares-au pronunat hotrri de condamnare rmase definitive.

2. Translate into Romanian:

Law is a system of rules, usually enforced through a set of institutions. It shapes politics,economics and society in numerous ways and serves as the foremost social mediator inrelations between people. Writing in 350 BC, the GreekphilosopherAristotle declared, "Therule of law is better than the rule of any individual."

Law governs a wide variety of social activities. Contract law regulates everything frombuying a bus ticket to trading on derivatives markets. Property law defines rights andobligations related to the transfer and title ofpersonal and real property. Trust law applies to

assets held for investment and financial security, while Tort law allows claims forcompensation if an individual or their property is injured or harmed. If the harm iscriminalised in penal code, criminal law offers means by which the state can prosecute the

perpetrator. Constitutional lawprovides a framework for the creation of law, the protection ofhuman rights and the election of political representatives. Administrative law regulates theactivities the administrative agencies of government, while International law governs affairs

between sovereign nation states in activities ranging from trade, environmental regulation ormilitary action.

Legal systems elaborate rights and responsibilities in a variety of ways. A basic distinction isgenerally made between civil lawjurisdictions and systems using common law. In some

countries, religion informs the law. Scholars investigate the nature of law through manyperspectives, including legal history andphilosophy, orsocial sciences such as economics and

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_economics


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sociology. The study of law raises important and complex issues concerning equality,fairness, liberty andjustice. "In its majestic equality", said the authorAnatole France in 1894,"the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal loaves

of bread." The central institutions for interpreting and creating law are the three mainbranches of government, namely an impartial judiciary, a democratic legislature, and anaccountable executive. To implement and enforce the law and provide services to the public, agovernment's bureaucracy, the military and police are vital. While all these organs of the stateare creatures created and bound by law, an independent legal profession and a vibrant civilsociety inform and support their progress.

2. Complete with the right word:

When the Byzantine (1).......................... Justinian I assumed rule in ad 527, he found the lawof the Roman Empire in a state of great confusion. It consisted (2).................. two masses thatwere usually distinguished (3)............................ old law and new law.

The old law comprised all of the statutes passed under the republic and early empire that hadnot (4)........................... obsolete; the decrees of the Senate passed at the end of the republicand during the first two centuries of the empire; and the writings of jurists and, more

particularly, of those jurists to (5)....................... the emperors had given the right of declaringthe law with their authority. These jurists, in (6)....................... commentaries, hadincorporated practically all that was (7)...................... importance. Of these numerous recordsand writings of old law, many had become scarce or had (8).................. lost altogether, and

some were of doubtful authenticity. The entire mass of work was so costly to produce thateven the public libraries did (9)........................... contain complete collections. Moreover,these writings (10)........................... many inconsistencies.

4. Translate into Romanian:

Mens rea is a Latin phrase, meaning "guilty mind." A guilty mind means an intention tocommit some wrongful act. Intention under criminal law is separate from a person's motive. IfMr. Hood robs from rich Mr. Nottingham because his motive is to give the money to poorMrs. Marion, his "good intentions" do not change his criminal intention to commit robbery.

A lower threshold of mens rea is satisfied when a defendant recognises an act is dangerousbut decides to commit it anyway. This is recklessness. For instance, if C tears a gas meterfrom a wall to get the money inside, and knows this will let flammable gas escape into aneighbour's house, he could be liable for poisoning. Courts often consider whether the actordid recognize the danger, or alternatively ought to have recognised a risk. Of course, arequirement only that one ought to have recognized a danger (though he did not) istantamount to erasing intentas a requirement. In this way, the importance of mens rea has

been reduced in some areas of the criminal law.

Wrongfulness of intent also may vary the seriousness of an offense. A killing committed withspecific intent to kill or with conscious recognition that death or serious bodily harm will

result, would be murder, whereas a killing effected by reckless acts lacking such aconsciousness could be manslaughter. On the other hand, it matters not who is actually

26
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_societyhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/308858/Justinian-Ihttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482426/public-libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention_in_English_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motive_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_Nottinghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid_Marionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robberyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recklessness_(criminal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is-ought_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens_reahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grievous_bodily_harmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_societyhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/308858/Justinian-Ihttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482426/public-libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention_in_English_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motive_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_Nottinghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid_Marionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robberyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recklessness_(criminal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is-ought_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens_reahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grievous_bodily_harm


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harmed through a defendant's actions. The doctrine oftransferred malice means, for instance,that if a man intends to strike a person with his belt, but the belt bounces off and hits another,mens rea is transferred from the intended target to the person who actually was struck

5. Aswer the following questions:a. What is the difference between murder and manslaughter?

b. What is the doctrine of transferred malice?c. What do courts often consider when judging the seriousness of offense?d. What is the difference between intention and motive?e. Does it matter who the victim of the defendant is?

6. Give questions for the following answers:a. It means guilty mind.

b. Yes, it is. It is separate from the persons motive.c. It is called recklessness.d. Poisoning.e. The seriousness of an offense.f. Erasing intent.

7. Complete with the following phrases:a willful disregard for the rights of others; are divided into two broad classes; where the

actual monetary injury to plaintiff(s); a court can order a defendant to pay damages;

are never awarded in a civil case; a losing defendant; incarceration in a jail or prison

One of the most fundamental distinctions between civil and criminal law is in the notion of

punishment. In criminal law, a guilty defendant is punished by either (1) (a).., (2) fine paid to the government, or, in exceptional cases, (3) execution ofthe defendant: the death penalty. Crimes (b).: felonies have a maximum

possible sentence of more than one year incarceration, misdemeanors have a maximumpossible sentence of less than one year incarceration. In contrast, a defendant in civil litigationis neverincarcerated and never executed. In general, (c)in civil litigation onlyreimburses the plaintiff for losses caused by the defendant's behavior. So-called punitivedamages (d). under contract law. In a civil case under tort law, thereis a possibility of punitive damages, if the defendant's conduct is egregious and had either(1) a malicious intent (i.e., desire to cause harm), (2) gross negligence (i.e., consciousindifference), or(3) (e).. The use of punitive damages makes a public example

of the defendant and supposedly deters f

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