Semantic Copyright Expression Options

3rd CC Tech Summit Torino 26 June 2009: Roland Alton - Options for Expressing More Permissions Licenses in Creative Works

Which route should we follow, when representing CC+ ?


Where are we now?

• osAlliance is running two registries– digital timestamping as key asset– storage– certificates– double licensing, including payment clearance

• osAlliance business model– co-operative with 46 IT / media / design consultants– Open Source / Open Content / Open Innovation – We mainly do consultancy in complex

environments– We run laboratories and infrastructure for our

members





Intermediaries collect and distribute• Rights Collecting

Societies• Cultural Flat Rate

• Revenue Sharing Providers

• CCplus

Do you remember the Creative Commons slogan: Skip the Intermediaries?

But: CC non-commercial license options still dominate!

CC-nc: 67,5% in 2006 (http://wiki.creativecommons.org/License_statistics)



International Standard Recording Code The ISRC system is the key to royalty collection for

recordings in the digital information age.• ISRC is a unique, reliable, international identification

system.• ISRC provides a unique tool for the purpose of rights

administration.• ISRC is a useful identification tool in the electronic

distribution of music.• ISRC coding is compatible with standards developed

in the field of consumer electronics and is readable by hardware already used in the recording industry.

• ISRC is cost effective - it can be put into operation without requiring special investment in equipment or technologies.

http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_resources/isrc_handbook.html


CC+ in CC Rights Expression Language• ccREL

– Creative Commons Rights Expression Language (ccREL) is a proposed metadata language for descriptive metadata to be appended to media that is licensed under any of the Creative Commons licenses. According to the draft submitted to the W3C, it is to come in the forms of RDFa for (x)HTML pages and XMP for standalone media.

• RDFa– RDFa (or Resource Description Framework - in -

attributes) is a set of extensions to XHTML which is now a W3C Recommendation. RDFa uses attributes from XHTML's meta and link elements, and generalises them so that they are usable on all elements. This allows annotating XHTML markup with semantics.Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at

<a rel="cc:morePermissions" href="http://www.registeredcommons.org/grid/RC-01-LIZ0000000829-8">Registered Commons</a>.


• ccREL used by Creative Commons schema– enough for CC licenses– but does not scale to CC+ scenarios– CC Schema (18 classes, 10 properties)

• XML approaches (ODRL, MPEG-21 REL,...)– XML limited expressivity, just formal syntax– Internet/Web is open and heterogeneous– Copyright is a complex domain – Requires high level of abstraction

(not bits or pixels)

Limitations with ccREL


Semantic approaches

• ODRL – The Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL) Initiative is

an international effort aimed at developing and promoting an open standard for rights expressions.http://www.w3.org/TR/odrl/

• RDF/OWL – The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a family of

knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies, and is endorsed by the W3C. http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/


• Profit from the greater expressive power of

Web Ontologies:– formal models for Creative Commons and CC+– expressive enough for Private Copy,…– put it into play in a Semantic Copyright Management

System– reuse Semantic Web reasoning support in order to

facilitate implementation– model ODRL using RDF/OWL and then plug ccREL to

it using RDFa

• Use Copyright Ontology building blocks…– CopyrightOnto (99 classes, 42 properties)– http://rhizomik.net/ontologies/copyrightonto

Idea


Let's define “root” semantic elements first

ODRL “Duplicate”

Reproduction Right

Copy

MPEG-21 “Adapt”

CC “Reproduction”

Copyright


Copyright Ontology

Creation, Rights and Actions Models

CopyrightOnto

Fixation

Instance

Manifestation

Work

Performance

Objects Processes

Communication

AbstractionsGoethe’s

Faust

Creation Model

CopyrightOnto

Copyright

EconomicRights

RelatedRights

MoralRights

DistributionRight

ReproductionRight

PublicPerformanceRight

FixationRight

CommunicationRight

AttributionRight

TransformationRight

IntegrityRight

DisclosureRight

WithdrawalRight

PermorfersRights

ProducersRights

BroadcastersRights

RentalRight

ImportationRight

SoundRecordRight

MotionPictureRight

BroadcastingRight

MakingAvailableRight

AdaptationRight

TranslationRight

Rights Model

Connect building blocks with actions

Fixation

Instance

Manifestation

Work

Performance

manifest

perform

improvise

fix

reproduce

reproduce

Objects Processes

Communicationcommunicate

Abstractions

transform

distribute retransmit

CopyrightOntoAction Model


• Actions governed by Economic Rights:– Reproduction Right:

copy– Distribution Right:

distribute; sell, rent, lend

– Public Performance Right: perform

– Fixation Right: record

– Communication Right: communicate; retransmit, broadcast, make

available – Transformation Right:

transform; adapt, translate


CopyrightOnto

• End-user actions, to use a…– manifestation: buy – instance: buy– performance: assist– communication: access

• broadcast: tune • something made available: access

picture, sculpture

book, CD, DVD

projection, recital, exhibition

TV channel, radio station

web page, stream

Action Model


• License building primitives:– Event Patterns:

to state what is obliged, permitted or prohibited• Built from actions and case roles

CopyrightOnto

All copy events performed by any person who copies any instance getting a copy instance and whose aim is private

Action Model

Copy

agent

aim

Person

theme

private

result

Instance

Instance


• License building primitives:– Agree: model permissions

• theme points to the permitted event pattern


Agree

Copy

agent

aim

Person

theme

theme

private

result

Instance

Instance


• License building primitives:– consequence: model obligations

• Points to the obliged event pattern

– condition: model a priori conditions• Points to the condition event pattern

– Disagree: model prohibitions• theme points to the prohibited event pattern

– Other concepts:• Transfer: models interchanges, commercial or

not.• Time/Location• Rules (provide named variables)• ...



CC by-sa license using CopyrighOnto:

CopyrightOntoScenarios

A: copy, distribute, communicate and make available manifestations of “myWork” if attribution

C: authorise derivations of the work

B: the same terms for derivations

Copy ⊔Distribute ⊔

Communicate ⊔MakeAvailable

MyManifestation

theme

myWork

Attribute

condition

me

theme

recipient

Agree

theme

Derive

theme

theme

NewManifestation

newWork

result

isManifestationOf

isDerivationOf

Copy ⊔Distribute ⊔

Communicate ⊔MakeAvailable

theme

themecondition

isManifestationOf

A B

C


Private Copy using CopyrightOnto:

CopyrightOnto

Agree

Copy

agent

aim

Person

theme

theme

private

result

Instance

Agree

Use

agent

theme

theme

Instance

Person?x isDirectlyRelatedTo

?y

Scenarios


• Concentrate on semantics• Ontology, more expressivity

– formalise CC licenses but also CC+ ones

• Facilitates implementation and interoperability– reasoners for license checking

• Easy to integrate with ccREL– based on RDF/OWL so expressive as RDFa

Conclusions


Copyright Ontology

Implementation


• One conceptual model, many implementations

• Semantic Web implementation with OWL

• OWL-DL variant– enables tractable and decidable

reasoning for use-license checking, scalability

• Additionally, Semantic Web rules

CopyrightOnto

OWL Full OWL DL OWL Lite

+ expressivity

- complexity

Implementation

• Rights and License Patterns implemented as Classes– Copyright, Reproduction Right,

Copy, CopyPattern,...

• Uses implemented as Instances– u

• if u ∈ Copy Pattern thenlicense pattern authorises u

CopyrightOnto

Reproduction Right

Copy

Copyright

CopyPattern

u

?

Implementation


• License Pattern Classbuilt from constraints on kinds of actions, agents, time points, locations, etc.

• OWL Building Blocks– Classes for actions (e.g. Copy)– Logical operators (AND, OR, NOT)– OWL Restrictions, constraints on case roles

(e.g. agent all values from PublisherSubscribers)

CopyrightOntoImplementation


Copy

pointInTime [2007/01/01-2007/06/30]

agent = Publisher Subscribers

them

e =

doi:1

0.10

32/..

.

aim = Non-Commercial

copy theme doi:10.1032/…

pointInTime ≥2007/07/01

licensed actions

• Copy pattern restricted to:– digital object (theme)– group of users (agent)

• or– non-commercial (aim)

• depending on – time range (pointInTime)

CopyrightOntoImplementation


• Patterns permitted by Agree actions and prohibited by Disagree ones

CopyrightOnto

Copyall copy actions Pattern 2

Pattern 2’

Allowed

Pattern 1

Agree

Disagree

Agree

Implementation


• OWL-DL reasoners services:– Satisfiability: consistency, license verification

– Subsumption: compute subclasses• License interactions• License search

– Instance Checking: class an individual belongs to

• Check uses against licenses

– Other: • Debugging, justifications for reasoning

conclusions

CopyrightOnto

Pattern A

Pattern B

Pattern

Use

Implementation


Overview on Semantic Web


• Semantic Web proposal– Web + Knowledge Representation– Web wide formal semantics

• RDF: semantic net, graph model• RDF Schema: classes, inheritance,…• Web Ontology Language (OWL)

– OWL-DL: scalable(decidable and tractable)

• Semantic Web Rules


Album

Listcontains

Song "..."

"..."title

item_1 title

item_2Song "..."title

MusicGroupauthor

author

release

• RDF provides graph model:

• Graph can model:– trees (XML)– tables (DBs)

Graph model


SongClass

AudioClass

subClassOf

http://music.org/song1

type

titleProperty

attributeProperty

subPropertyOf

LiteralClass

“...”

title

type

domain

range

RDFSchema

RD

F

type

• RDFSchema: OOP-like primitives– type– class, property– subclass, subproperty– domain, range


• Web Ontology Language (OWL)– Logic reasoning– Primitives for semantic interoperability

• Equivalent classes and propertiesequivalentClass, equivalentProperty

• Disjoint classesdisjointWith

• Inverse, transitive, symmetric propertiesinverseOf, TransitiveProperty, SymmetricProperty

• CardinalitymaxCardinality, minCardinality

• Unique value propertiesFunctionalProperty

• Identificative properties InverseFunctionalProperty


Where do we arrive with a semantic web approach?

•Compatibility with ccREL

•Ability to express public domain

•Represent moral rights

•Track revocations

•Connectors to intermediaries


Help content manage users or help users manage content?

Simply leave commercial exploitation in the dust?

How shall we handle dead pointers

to more permission URLs?

How can we represent dual licensing properly?


Contact

Roland [email protected]+43 664 1547588

Roberto [email protected]

Date post:	14-Jan-2015
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Semantic Copyright Expression Options

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