Page 2
The ability to make more of oneself?
• Reproduction
Page 3
The major Characteristics of Life are
• Living things made of CELLS• Living things maintain HOMEOSTASIS• Living things ADAPT• Living things REPRODUCE• Living things have a LIFE SPAN• Living things use ENERGY (METABOLISM)• Living things respond to STIMULI• Living things DEVELOP• Living things are ORGANIZED• Living things GROW
Page 4
What is homeostasis ?
• Maintaining a constant internal environment.
Page 5
What is reproduction ?
• The ability to make new cells
Page 6
What is the total magnification of 30x lens and 10x eyepiece?
• 300X
Page 7
What are the steps to the scientific method?
• Identifying problems• Forming Hypothesis• Testing Hypothesis• Collecting Data• Forming Conclusions
Page 8
What is the purpose of an experiment?
• To test a hypothesis.
Page 9
What is a hypothesis?
• A prediction that can be tested about what will happen in certain situations.
Page 10
Define Data
• Information collected during the experiment.
Page 11
What part of an experiment stays the same ?
• Control
Page 12
What part of an experiment is changed?
• Variable
Page 13
What is the variable in an experiment?
• The part of the experiment that is altered to test your hypothesis.
Page 14
What does the coarse adjustment on a microscope do?
• Brings object into focus
Page 15
What does the fine adjustment do?
• Finely tunes the focus on a microscope.
Page 16
If an eyepiece magnifies 10X and the objective magnifies 15X,
What is the total magnification of the microscope?
• 150X
Page 17
You should carry the microscope with one hand. T/F?
• False--one hand under base, one hand on arm.
Page 18
Course adjustment
Fine adjustment
arm
Stage clips
base
Eye piece
Revolving nose piece
Objective (low power)
stage
diaphragm
Light source
Body tube
Objective (high power)
Page 19
Three parts of an atom
•Proton•Neutron•electron
Page 20
Chemical bond when two atoms share electrons
• Covalent bond
Page 21
Chemical bond when atoms gain or lose electrons
• Ionic bond
Page 22
A substance is organic when:
• It contains carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms.
Page 23
Is water organic ?
• No, it does not contain carbon bonded to carbon.
Page 24
The subunit of macromolecules
• monomer
Page 25
What is a monomer?
• Building block of larger molecules (polymer)
Page 26
What organic compound is made of nucleotides?
• Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
Page 27
What organic compound is made of monosaccharides?
• Carbohydrates
Page 28
What organic compound is made of amino acids?
• Proteins
Page 29
What organic compound is made of fatty acids and
glycerol?
• Lipids
Page 30
What increases the rate of a chemical reaction?
• Enzymes
Page 31
Why does the body need carbohydrates?
• For energy
Page 32
An energy storing carbohydrate?
• glycogen
Page 33
A structural carbohydrate
• cellulose
Page 34
What are the three parts of the Cell Theory?
1. All living organisms composed of one or more cells.
2. Cells are basic units of structure and function in an organism.
3. Cells come from other pre-existing cells.
Page 35
The cell walls in plants are made of :
• cellulose
Page 36
What is an organelle?
• Small structure within cell that has a specialized function.
Page 37
Define prokaryote and give an example
• A prokaryotic cell has no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles.
• Bacteria
Page 38
What might influence the shape of a cell
• The cell’s function
Page 39
What is the function of the cell membrane?
• Separate inside and outside of cell• control what enters and leaves the cell• send and receive messages with the
outside environment.
Page 40
What is the function of the nucleus?
• Contains DNA. Controls and carries out functions of the cell.
Page 41
What is the function of Endoplasmic Reticulum?
• System of transportation within the cell.
Page 42
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
• Package, modify and ship materials (proteins) made by the cell.
Page 43
What is the function of the ribosome?
• Manufacture proteins.
Page 44
What is the function of the mitochondria?
• Convert stored chemical energy into energy usable by the cell.
Page 45
What is the function of the chloroplast?
• Convert energy from the sun into stored energy (glucose).
Page 46
What is the function of the vacuole?
• Store waste, food and water for the cell.
Page 47
What is the function of the cell wall?
• Support and protect plant cells.
Page 48
What organelles are only found in plant cells?
• Cell wall• Large central vacuole• Plastids–Chloroplast–Leukoplast–Chromoplast
Page 49
What is cellulose?
• A carbohydrate in the cell wall of plants.
Page 50
What is the ultimate source of energy on earth?
• The sun.
Page 51
What pigment absorbs sunlight?
• chlorophyll
Page 52
What color is chlorophyll?
• Green
Page 53
What process makes glucose form carbon dioxide and water?
• photosynthesis
Page 54
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
• Carbon dioxide• water
Page 55
What are the products of photosynthesis
• Glucose• oxygen
Page 56
Where does photosynthesis take place and what pigment is used?
• In the chloroplast in the leaf• chlorophyll
Page 57
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
• 6CO2+6H20--->C6H12O6+602
Page 58
What is cellular respiration?
• Converting glucose into energy usable by the cell.
Page 59
Where does cellular respiration take place?
• mitochondria
Page 60
What is the energy used by the cell called?
• ATP
Page 61
Autotroph
• An organism that makes its own food.
Page 62
Heterotroph
• An organism that must consume energy from another source.
Page 63
Semi-permeable
• A membrane which allows some molecules to enter and not others.
Page 64
What is osmosis
• Movement of water across a membrane from high to low concentration.
Page 68
Diffusion
• Movement of materials from high to low concentration.
Page 69
Active transport
• Use of energy to move molecules from low to high concentration.
Page 70
What is endocytosis?
The process in which cells absorb large molecules by engulfing them.
Page 71
Phagocytosis
• Movement of solids across a membrane.
Page 72
Pinocytosis
• Movement of liquids across a membrane.
Page 73
What molecule instructs the cell to make protein?
• DNA
Page 74
What are the four bases of DNA?
• Adenine• Guanine• Thymine• Cytosine
Page 75
Which bases pair together?
• Adenine and thymine.• Cytosine and guanine.
Page 76
Who built the first model of DNA?
• Watson and Crick
Page 77
What is the shape of DNA?
• Double helix
Page 78
What are 3 differences between DNA and RNA.
• DNA-double strand; RNA single.• DNA-thymine; RNA-uracil• DNA-deoxyribose; RNA-ribose
Page 79
What is transcription?
• Making an RNA strand from a DNA template.
Page 80
What is translation?
• Assembling a protein from amino acids, using mRNA as a template.
Page 81
What is a codon?
• 3 mRNA nucleotides that code for an amino acid.
Page 82
What molecule carries amino acids to form the protein?
• tRNA
Page 83
What is mitosis?
• The process where a cell divides to form 2 identical cells.
Page 84
What are the stages of mitosis?
• Prophase• Metaphase• Anaphase• Telophase
Page 85
In which stage does DNA replicate?
• Interphase
Page 86
What phase?
• Prophase
Page 87
What phase
• Anaphase
Page 88
What phase?
• Telophase
Page 89
What stage?
• Metaphase
Page 90
What kind of cell does meiosis make?
• Gamete or sex cell
Page 91
How many chromosomes are in a cell made by meiosis?
• The haploid number or half of the starting number of chromosomes.
Page 94
Which cells contain only one copy of the chromosomes?
• Gametes: egg and sperm.
Page 95
fertilization
• Union of egg and sperm.
Page 96
Zygote
• A fertilized egg.
Page 97
Who was Mendel?
• Austrian monk, gardener. • Studied pea plants.• Father of genetics.
Page 98
Genotype
• The exact genes of an organism
Page 99
Phenotype
• The physical appearance of an organism due to it’s genotype.
Page 100
heterozygous
• Having 2 different alleles for a particular trait: Nn
Page 101
homozygous
• Having 2 of the same alleles for a particular trait: NN or nn
Page 102
Mutation
• A change in the DNA
Page 103
Gene
• A sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait.
Page 104
Nondisjunction
• Having too many or too few chromosomes because the chromosomes do not segregate properly during meiosis.
Page 105
Disorders caused by nondisjunction
• Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)• Klinefelters• Turners
Page 106
Where are the genes for hemophilia and color blindness
located?
• On the X chromosome.
Page 107
How is the baby’s sex determined?
• Whether or not he or she gets an X or Y chromosome from dad.