Seminar on Business Ethics-FINAL

832019 Seminar on Business Ethics-FINAL

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullseminar-on-business-ethics-final 140

1

On

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

SUBMITTED BY

MUGDHA GHAYWATE

ROLL NO17

MMS-II YEAR



2

INDEX

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE NO

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3

1 INTRODUCTION 5

2 EVOLUTION OF ETHICS 6

3 BENEFITS OF ETHICAL PRACTISES 12

4 EFFECT OF GLOBAL ECONOMY ON

BUSINESS ETHICS

14

5 CODE OF ETHICS 176 ETHICS TRANING 19

7 PROCESS OF MAKING ETHICAL

DECISIONS

21

8 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF

BUSINESS

24

9 ETHICAL CORPORATE CULTURE 29

10 CONCLUSION 36

11 CASE STUDY- ON SOCIAL

RESPONSIBILITY

37

12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 40



3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics orprofessional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical

problems that arise in a business environment It applies to all aspects of

business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire

organizations

Business ethical norms reflect the norms of each historical period As time

passes norms evolve causing accepted behaviors to become objectionable

Business ethics and the resulting behavior evolved as well Business was

involved in slavery colonialism and the cold war

The term business ethics came into common use in the United States in the

early 1970s By the mid-1980s at least 500 courses in business ethics reached

40000 students using some twenty textbooks and at least ten casebooks along

supported by professional societies centers and journals of business ethics The

Society for Business Ethics was started in 1980 European business schools

adopted business ethics after 1987 commencing with the European Business

Ethics Network (EBEN) In 1982 the first single-authored books in the field

appeared

Firms started highlighting their ethical stature in the late 1980s and early 1990s

possibly trying to distance themselves from the business scandals of the day

such as the savings and loan crisis The idea of business ethics caught the

attention of academics media and business firms by the end of the Cold War

However legitimate criticism of business practices was attacked for infringing

the freedom of entrepreneurs and critics were accused of supporting



4

communists This scuttled the discourse of business ethics both in media and

academia

Ethical issues include the rights and duties between a company and itsemployees suppliers customers and neighbors its fiduciary responsibility to its

shareholders Issues concerning relations between different companies include

hostile take-overs and industrial espionage Related issues include corporate

governancecorporate social entrepreneurship political contributions legal

issues such as the ethical debate over introducing a crime of corporate

manslaughter and the marketing of corporations ethics policies



5

1 INTRODUCTION

Ethics also known as moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that

addresses questions about morality mdash that is concepts such as good and evil

right and wrong virtue and vice justice and crime etc

Business ethics has both normative and descriptive dimensions As a corporate

practice and a career specialization the field is primarily normative Academics

attempting to understand business 5ehaviour employ descriptive methods The

range and quantity of business ethical issues reflects the interaction of profit-

maximizing 5ehaviour with non-economic concerns Interest in business ethics

accelerated dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s both within major

corporations and within academia

For example today most major corporations promote their commitment to non-

economic values under headings such as ethics codes and social responsibility

charters

Governments use laws and regulations to point business 5ehaviour in what they

perceive to be beneficial directions Ethics implicitly regulates areas and details

of 5ehaviour that lie beyond governmental control The emergence of large

corporations with limited relationships and sensitivity to the communities in

which they operate accelerated the development of formal ethics regimes

Economist Milton Friedman writes that corporate executivesrsquo ―responsibility

generally will be to make as much money as possible while conforming to their

basic rules of the society both those embodied in law and those embodied in

ethical custom Friedman also said ―the only entities who can have

responsibilities are individuals A business cannot have responsibilities



6

2EVOLUTION OF ETHICS

The evolution of ethics chronicles a long history of problems related to the use

(and misuse) of power money and emotions Some businesses create conflict in

the process of making money while others create a peaceful environment in

which a business can grow and prosper Being ethical means having fewer

problems less stress and more respect from the buying public Respect and

acceptance in a community derives certain rare nectars of civilization that can

make the business experience rewarding beyond monetary considerations A

fundamental choice business people must make is whether to focus on short-

terms gains or the long-term stability and growth an ethical business produces

The object of an ethical business is to build a stable environment that minimizes

unexpected problems and maximize peace prosperity and productivity

Philosophical ethics is a world away from the practical ethics of business

Ethical rules have evolved (in real-time not in theory) from the effects of bad

management greed immaturity and inefficient actions Business ethics are a

function of experience of what works and what does not Real-time

circumstances sometimes force a businessperson to bend the rules in order to

survive There are demands on the businessperson other than raw survival that

shape business ethics The term flow for example is a consideration in the

practical ethics of business If a defect is discovered on an assembly line that

degrades a product though not seriously one does not simply shut down

production so that the product can meet the ideal

There are many intervening problems in day-to-day business that prevent

business people from being totally ethical consistent and fair The idea of ethics



7

is a dynamic concept so it is difficult to determine in the moment what is

ethical and what is not What is more important to know from an ethical

standpoint is whether a deviation from the ideal is temporary frequently

repeated or a permanent business strategy

BUSINESS ETHICS

It must be remembered business ethics is about the human qualities of a

businessperson mdash not the angelic qualities As such when a businessperson is

overwhelmed one must expect the possibility that ethical rules will be

temporarily bent For example you are overwhelmed with work your child is

sick and you need to get home right away hellip but you must finish billing out

some work you performed for a customer in order to receive the check You do

not know exactly how much they owe you but it would be un-businesslike to

simply let the client leave and collect later So you pick a high number that

covers all the possibilities The bill technically is not consistent with your

reputation for fairness and price but it is a price you simply must charge to

plow through you work and get on to more important tasks This is known as an

ethical lapse mdash a short-term and rare occurrence in your business experience

This is to say ethics for a businessperson is not about some philosophical idea

of the mind Rather it is about trying to attain a reasonable balance between the

need to survive (and make a profit) and meeting the ideal of ethical action

Three levels of business ethics

A way of classifying the diverse elements therein

the macro level



8

o the role of business in the national and international orgnisation of

society

o the relative virtues of different politicalsocial systesms such as

free enterprise centrally planned economies etc

o international relationships and the role of business on an

international scale

the corporate level

o corporate social responsibility

o ethical issues facing individual corporate entities (private and

public sector) when formulating and implementing strategies

the individual level

o the behaviour and actions of individuals within organisations

At the highest (macro) level we ask the fundamental question of the role

of business in society and what governance model works best to deliver

the most benefits in a moral and responsible way Morality itself is of

course a widely interpretable concept but for this purpose we will assume

a broad understanding that of proper behaviour and knowing the

difference between right and wrong without specifying what constitutes

right and wrong (This is a whole debate unto itself and subject to cultural

and individual relativism) Suffice it to say here that morality sets the

stage for ethics and therefore the code of conduct by which business

activity is carried out and allowed to be carried out by national and

international rules and standards

At the corporate level the interpretation of those rules and standards is often

what defines business ethics affected by the specific circumstances and socio-

cultural context in which the business or public sector organisation is operatingWhile all corporate entities in theory are directly influenced by personal



9

morality and ethics in practice there is often a gap between the behaviour of

individuals within the working environment and outside it This we would

argue is one of the major factors leading to mistrust of big business where the

separation of ownership and management is greatest and so open to abuse

Even if directorssenior managers are not acting unethically it is likely they

would act differently if the money and the company about which they are

making decisions were their own (There are obvious exceptions as with any

generalisation)

At the individual level this separation creates a distinct ethical model - business

ethics - which depending on factors like personality peer pressure and the

socio-political environment can be closer or further away from the individuals

own moralethical code of conduct With limited liability meaning individuals

are protected this can affect smaller businesses too as the consequences of ones

actions has a greatly reduced impact on personal circumstances Clearly every

corporate entity is directly affected by the individuals moral and ethical stance -

and any difference between business and personal ethics is itself arguably an

indictment of that individual stance as it implies some level of double standards

Business ethics should permeate the wholeorganisation

The above points to the need for ethics to in the very bloodstream of the

organisation The trouble with much of the debate about corporate governance

is that it looks on it as a separate discipline a series of boxes to be ticked

including ensuring that the business is perceived to be ethical Often this results

in grandiose statements or whole reports in the annual accounts about all the

initiatives the company funds participates in or supports in other ways Worthy

as these initiatives may be in our view in most cases this is at least as much (or

more) about the perception than a real commitment to running the business



10

ethically To do this requires business ethics to permeate the whole organisation

- includingespecially the recruitment process - and have measures in place to

catch questionable practices

In this way it is much less likely that people with malicious intent or susceptible

natures will survive in the organisation because such behaviour will be picked

up and fed back - crucially independently - to senior management and the

board ideally via the Senior Independent Director and other non-executives As

the famous saying goes the fish rots from the head so this requires complete

commitment from the board not only to the principles of business ethics but to

the measurement and benchmarking of ethical performance

Measuring business ethics

So we would define business ethics not only as subscribing to the principles of

responsible business but actually having effective controls - including

collecting primary research data - on how each stakeholder group perceives the

companys performance on a range of issues which constitute business ethics

There are therefore probably as many ways to define business ethics as there are

people This presents a challenge for business But in an age of moral

relativism it is very important that the directors recognise that the general

public has its own broad view on these issues and if the directors depart too far

from that view they will invite trouble no matter how much they may feel thatthey are in the mainstream of their own industry culture

The issue of business ethics is fundamental to corporate governance of course

not least because corporate governance is often itself defined as business ethics

Good corporate governance lies in the eye of the stakeholder and needs to

recognise that different individuals and stakeholder groups define business

ethics differently In that light we have decided to take the unusual step of not



11

only setting out the issues surrounding business ethics but opening up the

debate to visitors to this website In other words we are applying our own

methodology of stakeholder communication and involvement to ourselves - to

hold a mirror up to our approach to walk the walk as it were



12

3BENEFITS OF ETHICAL PRACTISES

Why ethics in business Ethical guidelines tend to maximize profits while

minimizing the conflict and disruptions that slow business growth Ethical

practices also protect against legal trouble sustain good health and keep away

the kinds of financial predators that can scar an individual and destroy a

business When one is acting from as ethical base it is easy to recognize and

experience contrast when dealing with those acting unethically Learning to

recognize (and thereby avoid) dishonest and predatory business people is one of

the advantages of ethical behavior

The ethical nature of a small business can be broken down into three categories

the legitimate businesses the criminal enterprise and those that operate in the

gray areas between the two Those who would lean toward the latter two

categories risk allowing deception to become a way of life Going down this

path can ultimately ruin a business as occasional temptations subtly transform a

business into a criminal enterprise

Although a business may appear to be successful and prosperous there are

harmful ramifications when behaving unethically One might appear to be asuccessful contractor when in fact that personrsquos focus is on cheating the

customer That may result in more income but the associated negatives include

damaged health client hassles and legal actions mdash not to mention a highly

undesirable reputation within the local community While crime may pay those

who are not good at it will suffer severe repercussions



13

Of the nearly two hundred categories to be listed to the left as links the

ethicality of business actions using a variety of subcategories to highlight a

particular activity A business activity can be reputable disreputable or shady

Some actions are predatory while others are outright criminal Some activities

that seem unethical such as a grocer selling low-quality vegetables while

creating high-quality expectations are customarily acceptable practices This

brings to light the fact that there are standards of the industry in all business

categories that mitigate the ethicality of a sales tactic Part of the ethical

evaluation of an action might be whether it is a ―professional or

―unprofessional



14

4 Effect of the Global Economy on Business Ethics

Ethics are derived from personal values and across the world there are many

different cultures with different values as their base Cultural values have a

strong influence in the way business is conducted and as the economy expands

to become truly global it is inevitable that contradictory ethical stances willcome into conflict

For many years governments have attempted to use trade to impact the culture

of other countries Trade embargoes have been used in an attempt to change

behaviors in response to civil wars and human rights with mixed success With

the growth of a true global economy there is an opportunity to establish and

enforce a high standard of global business ethics

There are many examples of what we would consider unethical business

practice in the world today Paying officials for access to decision makers is a

corrupt practice but in countries where this operates it is a part of normal

business In countries where child labor is used in the production of goods

children are considered to be an integral part of the economy contributing to

family income for us the idea is abhorrent and has been outlawed LikeEngland and the USA during the industrial revolution the health and safety of

workers is not part of the equation in developing countries where labor is cheap

and plentiful

The global economy has shifted the power to impact the world in a lasting way

from governments to multinational companies Developing countries are eager



15

to form partnerships with these global giants and are willing to conform to new

requirements in order to do so By refusing to deal with countries or businesses

who engage in unethical practice these companies can have a real effect on

introducing common ethical standards for business across the world

Small businesses wanting to operate in global markets do not have the same

ability to force compliance with good business ethics they do however have the

ability to investigate how the goods they are purchasing from foreign sources

are made By choosing not to deal with companies who engage in questionable

practices every business owner can contribute to establishing higher standards

Market forces can be a catalyst for change but will businesses take the

opportunity to enforce a high standard of ethical behavior when not doing so

could result in lower costs and a better bottom line The answer to this is only if

the consumer insists upon it Just as multinationals can force foreign business to

comply with their ethical standards consumers can force business to take this

line

As the world markets open up and individual cultures and business practices

become more visible consumers are again in a position to be discerning in their

brand choice supporting companies who enforce high ethical standards

While it appears there is a genuine opportunity to improve the standards of

business ethics across the globe it should not be forgotten that unethical

business practices are not restricted to any particular country or culture Some

individuals will always put personal gain ahead of ethical practice think Enron

Arthur Anderson WorldCom Barings Bank and most recently Societe

Generale A global economy will operate regardless of the ethical environment

and there is at least as much opportunity for promoting unethical practice as



16

there is the chance to change for the better

It is the individual consumer business owner and shareholder who have the

power to insist on change Are you willing to pay a little more to support the

eradication of child labor worldwide or will you pocket the extra dollar you

save and convince yourself that the little that you can do will make no

difference



17

5 CODE OF ETHICS

Codes of ethics are statements of values and principles that determine the

purpose of the company They aim to clarify the ethics of the company and to

define its responsibilities to the different groups of stakeholders as well as

determining the responsibilities of its employees The meaning with codes of

ethics is to say ―This is how we expect you to behave whereas the purpose

with codes of conduct is to state the rules determining what must or must not be

done The rules are stated either affirmatively or as prohibitions Penalties for

violating the rules can be identified and systems for how to appeal defined

(Ibid) Some authors do not separate these from each other and instead they look

at them with their context as two words for the same thing

THE PURPOSE WITH CODES OF ETHICS

There are several reasons for why a company has a code of ethics

To manage or respond to internal organizational activity A code can help

to encourage employees to include particular values in their own

decision-making or to offer help and assistance to employees struggling

with ethical questions in business

A code may be used as a symbolic management tool and provide a

language for conceptualizing the events of organizational activity and

thereby redefine some behavior as problematic and other as preferred

A code may also be used as a mean for making roles and expectations

within the organization clear Within the firm a code of ethics can provide



18

a legitimate reason for control and supervision control for the sake of

ethics may prove to be more acceptable in the organization than control

for the sake of profit does however note that codes of ethics can be a

dishonest way of gaining legitimacy in the eyes of shareholders

The goal of the code can also be to control or regulate the behavior of

employees in order to follow legal requirements

Another reason for having a code of ethics might be a wish to manage or

respond to specific stakeholdersrsquo demands or expectations in order to

achieve benefits or to avoid harm to the firm



19

6ETHICS TRANING

Ethics training has become more important as organizations have attempted to

ensure that their managers and employees act in ways which avoid legal

wrongdoing and promote a positive climate for employee relations Ethics

training is furthermore according to West et al (1998) an approach meant to

promote ethical behavior to managers and employees and ethics trainingincreases attention to ethical issues and behaviour

Ethics training has a significant influence on the perceptions of conduct among

employees Ethics training also provides circulation of information among the

employees and discussion of new laws and standards of ethics More recent

studies have found that 44 percent of the largest US corporations provide their

employees with some kind of ethics training For most of the employees ethics

training and education occurs approximately every five years

There are four objectives with an ethical training program

The first goal is the fostering of awareness of the ethical components of

managerial decision-making

The second goal is the legitimization of ethical components as an integralpart of such managerial decision-making

A third goal is the provision of conceptual frameworks for analyzing the

ethical components and to help individuals become confident in their use

The final goal of an ethics training program is helping participants to

apply ethical analysis to day-to-day business activities



20

During a training program there are many issues that are important to discuss

for example how ethics can be managed and interpreted in the day-to-day

activity of the organization A training program in ethics is a way to improve

the ethics of an organization The following issues should be included in an

ethics-training program

Teach the employees to identify the moral components in their

performance

Clarify the importance of ethics for stakeholders and the organization

Provide methods of outlining analyzing resolving and implementing

moral issues

Avoid or reduce uncertainty about who is responsible for what and to

what degree

Create discuss and resolve actual moral issues

Communicate reinforce clarify and develop the code of conduct and

other ethic measures

Explain and test the use of tools that can be applied during the

development process



21

7 Process of Making Ethical Decisions

Ethical decision making refers to the process of evaluating and choosing among

alternatives in a manner consistent with ethical principles In making ethical

decisions it is necessary to

Notice and eliminate unethical options - right vs wrong Ethical thinking

requires a sensitivity to perceive the ethical implications of decisions

Evaluate complex ambiguous and incomplete facts It is often difficult to

obtain all necessary information

Select the best ethical alternative Resolve any ethical dilemmas - right

vs right Not all ethical responses to a situation are equal

Have ethical commitment ethical consciousness and ethical competency

Ethical thinking and decision making takes practice

Future conflict between a persons moral choices and an organizations

ethical decisions are most easily addressed as someone seeks to join the

organization If a person is ready to join a company or business it is

important that he (or she) be presented with the companys core values

and code of conduct (if available) The prospective new member must

then determine if it is possible to reconcile their moral choices with the

organizations ethics as conveyed in the companys values and code of

conduct Agreement to join the company implicitly assumes that this

reconciliation has taken place but it can be made explicit by requiring

agreement to a code of conduct

Given this understanding that should exist between the company and the

individual a change to the companys values and code of conduct should

be given careful consideration Changing the basis for the organizations

ethics in decision making in theory requires a new agreement with each



22

individual to reconcile with their personal moral choices In practice this

change can lead to conflict as an individuals morals now lead to choices

that violate the companys decision making ethics

Corporate Ombudsman The corporate ombuds office struggles against a perception It is often

viewed by senior management as a ―non-revenue center and it is oftendepreciated for that reason

There is ―constant pressure on every non-revenue generating office or

department (ethics and compliance officers are familiar with this) over

time particularly in an economic downturn notes attorney Charles LHoward

Some companies have ethics officers Some have ombudsmen Both arehedges against organizational wrongdoing Both offer a place to go for

employees to report corporate misconduct An ombudsman can simply deliver more in the way of confidentiality to

employees than can an ethics or compliance officer mdash something that is

important given that most employees still think they will suffer retaliationif they report wrongdoing Many are happy to go to ethics and

compliance offices mdash but not all Is the wrongdoing being sanctioned fromabove They arenrsquot always sure ―It takes an unusual person to go

forward and just report Howard tells us People will go to the office and

ask a question but itrsquos not the real question Itrsquos more of a test question

The caller might ask about a company policy But after someconversation it turns out that person is not interested in ethics and

compliance policy in general but rather in the companyrsquos kickback policy specifically mdash because the person believes his or her boss may be

taking kickbacks



23

CREATING AN ETHICAL WORKPLACE

Business managers in most organizations commonly strive to encourage ethical

practices not only to ensure moral conduct but also to gain whatever business

advantage there may be in having potential consumers and employees regard

the company as ethical Creating distributing and continually improving a

companys code of ethics is one usual step managers can take to establish an

ethical workplace

Another step managers can take is to create a special office or department with

the responsibility of ensuring ethical practices within the organization For

example management at a major supplier of missile systems and aircraft

components has established a corporate ethics office This ethics office is a

tangible sign to all employees that management is serious about encouraging

ethical practices within the company

Another way to promote ethics in the workplace is to provide the work force

with appropriate training Several companies conduct training programs aimed

at encouraging ethical practices within their organizations Such pro grams do

not attempt to teach what is moral or ethical but rather to give business

managers criteria they can use to help determine how ethical a certain action

might be

Finally managers can take responsibility for creating and sustaining conditionsin which people are likely to behave ethically and for minimizing conditions in

which people might be tempted to behave unethically Two practices that

commonly inspire unethical behavior in organizations are giving unusually high

rewards for good performance and unusually severe punishments for poor

performance By eliminating such factors managers can reduce much of the

pressure that people feel to perform unethically They can also promote the

social responsibility of the organization



24

8 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF BUSINESS

Business ethics and social responsibility are often seen as instruments for

improving the functioning of a corporation to add value to business like other

tools It has 3 dimensions

a) Good Governance

b) Corporate social responsibility



25

c) Environmental accountability

The top management is not only responsible to envision such a change but to

translate this vision into practises and also make sure that they adopt a balanced

approach towards three dimensions

a) Good Governance

Good governance is an indeterminate term used in development literature

to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage

public resources in order to guarantee the realization of human

rights Governance describes the process of decision-making and the

process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented) The

termgovernance can apply to corporate international national local

governance or to the interactions between other sectors of society

The concept of good governance often emerges as a model to compare

ineffective economies or political bodies with viable economies and

political bodies Because the most successful governments in the

contemporary world are liberal democratic states concentrated in Europe

and the Americas those countries institutions often set the standards by

which to compare other states institutions Because the term good

governance can be focused on any one form of governance aid

organizations and the authorities of developed countries often will focus

the meaning of good governance to a set of requirement that conform to

the organizations agenda making good governance imply many

different things in many different contexts

The corporations are formed on the basis of division of ownership and

control in which the investor or owner relies on the manager ie CEO to

manage the business on his behalf which implies that principal agent

relationship exists between investor and manager which causes the room

for asymmetric information There should be transparency in the process

The objective of good governance is to have system of controlling and

managing so that the interest of the owner may be protected Therefore

ethical structure has the implication for good governance which means

profitIt is important to make profits within ethical framework Business



26

has to be done ethically the profits are to be taken seriously if not it

would be interpreted as if the business is not indulging into good

governance

b) Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate social responsibility (CSR also called corporate conscience

corporate citizenship social performance or sustainable responsible

business is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model

CSR policy functions as a built-in self-regulating mechanism whereby business

monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law ethical

standards and international norms The goal of CSR is to embrace

responsibility for the companys actions and encourage a positive impact

through its activities on the environment consumers employees communities

stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere

The term corporate social responsibility came into common use in the late

1960s and early 1970s after many multinational corporations formed the term

stakeholder meaning those on whom an organizations activities have an

impact It was used to describe corporate owners beyond shareholders as a

result of an influential book by R Edward Freeman Strategic management a

stakeholder approach in 1984 Proponents argue that corporations make more

long term profits by operating with a perspective while critics argue that CSR

distracts from the economic role of businesses Others argue CSR is merely

window-dressing or an attempt to pre-empt the role of governments as a

watchdog over powerful multinational corporations

CSR is titled to aid an organizations mission as well as a guide to what the

company stands for and will uphold to its consumers Development business

ethics is one of the forms of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and



27

moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment ISO 26000

is the recognized international standard for CSR Public sector organizations

(the United Nations for example) adhere to the triple bottom line (TBL) It is

widely accepted that CSR adheres to similar principles but with no formal act of

legislation The UN has developed the Principles for Responsible Investment as

guidelines for investing entities

c) Environmental Accountability

As business interacts with its natural environment it draws its resources from

the environment It also influences the environment by its action Earlier

corporate dumped their wastes with impunity in the environment With the

growing awareness ans concern about environmental degradation depletion of

natural resources like water and fossil fuels and the phenomenon of global

warming there is a moral and legal pressure on corporate to realize that the earth

needs to be preserved and looked after so that the future is not affected

It also describes a companyrsquos commitment to be accountable to its environment

Therefore business has to be done ethically and it should be aware of nature to

stop its further degradation by its action

Social responsibility

The term social responsibility means different things to different people

Generally corporate social responsibility is the obligation to take action that

protects and improves the welfare of society as a whole as well as

organizational interests According to the concept of corporate social

responsibility a manager must strive to achieve both organizational and societal

goals



28

Current perspectives regarding the fundamentals of social responsibility of

businesses are listed and discussed through (1) the Davis model of corporate

social responsibility (2) areas of corporate social responsibility and (3) varying

opinions on social responsibility

A model of corporate social responsibility that was developed by Keith Davis

provides five propositions that describe why and how businesses should adhere

to the obligation to take action that protects and improves the welfare of society

and the organization

Proposition 1 Social responsibility arises from social power

Proposition 2 Business shall operate as an open system with open

receipt of inputs from society and open disclosure of its operation to the

public

Proposition 3 The social costs and benefits of an activity product or

service shall be thoroughly calculated and considered in deciding whether

to proceed with it

Proposition 4 Social costs related to each activity product or service

shall be passed on to the consumer

Proposition 5 Business institutions as citizens have the responsibility to

become involved in certain social problems that are outside their normal

areas of operation

The areas in which business can become involved to protect and improve the

welfare of society are numerous and diverse Some of the most publicized of

these areas are urban affairs consumer affairs environmental affairs and

employment practices Although numerous businesses are involved in socially

responsible activities much controversy persists about whether such



29

involvement is necessary or appropriate There are several arguments for and

against businesses performing socially responsible activities

The best-known argument supporting such activities by business is that becausebusiness is a subset of and exerts a significant impact on society it has the

responsibility to help improve society Since society asks no more and no less of

any of its members why should business be exempt from such responsibility

Additionally profitability and growth go hand in hand with responsible

treatment of employees customers and the community However studies have

not indicated any clear relationship between corporate social responsibility and

profitability

One of the better known arguments against such activities is advanced by the

distinguished economist Milton Friedman Friedman argues that making

business managers simultaneously responsible to business owners for reaching

profit objectives and to society for enhancing societal welfare represents a

conflict of interest that has the potential to cause the demise of business

According to Friedman this demise almost certainly will occur if business

continually is forced to perform socially responsible behavior that is in direct

conflict with private organizational objectives He also argues that to require

business managers to pursue socially responsible objectives may be unethical

since it requires managers to spend money that really belongs to other

individuals

Regardless of which argument or combination of arguments particular managers

might support they generally should make a concerted effort to perform all

legally required socially responsible activities consider voluntarily performing

socially responsible activities beyond those legally required and inform all



30

relevant individuals of the extent to which their organization will become

involved in performing social responsibility activities

Federal law requires that businesses perform certain socially responsibleactivities In fact several government agencies have been established and are

maintained to develop such business-related legislation and to make sure the

laws are followed The Environmental Protection Agency does indeed have the

authority to require businesses to adhere to certain socially responsible

environmental standards Adherence to legislated social responsibilities

represents the minimum standard of social responsibility performance that

business leaders must achieve Managers must ask themselves however how

far beyond the minimum they should attempt to go mdash a difficult and complicated

question that entails assessing the positive and negative outcomes of performing

socially responsible activities Only those activities that contribute to the

businesss success while contributing to the welfare of society should be

undertaken

Social Responsiveness

Social responsiveness is the degree of effectiveness and efficiency an

organization displays in pursuing its social responsibilities The greater the

degree of effectiveness and efficiency the more socially responsive the

organization is said to be The socially responsive organization that is both

effective and efficient meets its social responsibilities without wasting

organizational resources in the process Determining exactly which social

responsibilities an organization should pursue and then deciding how to pursue

them are perhaps the two most critical decision-making aspects of maintaining a

high level of social responsiveness within an organization



31

That is managers must decide whether their organization should undertake the

activities on its own or acquire the help of outsiders with more expertise in the

area

In addition to decision making various approaches to meeting social obligations

are another determinant of an organizations level of social responsiveness A

desirable and socially responsive approach to meeting social obligations

involves the following

Incorporating social goals into the annual planning process

Seeking comparative industry norms for social programs

Presenting reports to organization members the board of directors and

stockholders on progress in social responsibility

Experimenting with different approaches for measuring social

performance

Attempting to measure the cost of social programs as well as the return

on social program investments

S Prakash Sethi presents three management approaches to meeting social

obligations (1) the social obligation approach (2) the social responsibility

approach and (3) the social responsiveness approach Each of Sethis three

approaches contains behavior that reflects a somewhat different attitude with

regard to businesses performing social responsible activities The social

obligation approach for example considers business as having primarily

economic purposes and confines social responsibility activity mainly to

conformance to existing laws The socially responsible approach sees business

as having both economic and societal goals The social responsiveness approach

considers business as having both societal and economic goals as well as the



32

obligation to anticipate upcoming social problems and to work actively to

prevent their appearance

Organizations characterized by attitudes and behaviors consistent with thesocial responsiveness approach generally are more socially responsive than

organizations characterized by attitudes and behaviors consistent with either the

social responsibility approach or the social obligation approach Also

organizations characterized by the social responsibility approach generally

achieve higher levels of social responsiveness than organizations characterized

by the social obligation approach As one moves from the social obligation

approach to the social responsiveness approach management becomes more

proactive Proactive managers will do what is prudent from a business

viewpoint to reduce liabilities whether an action is required by law or not

Areas of Measurement

To be consistent measurements to gauge organizational progress in reaching

socially responsible objectives can be performed The specific areas in which

individual companies actually take such measurements vary of course

depending on the specific objectives of the companies All companies however

probably should take such measurements in at least the following four major

areas

1 Economic function This measurement gives some indication of the

economic contribution the organization is making to society

2 Quality-of-life The measurement of quality of life should focus on

whether the organization is improving or degrading the general quality of

life in society



33

3 Social investment The measurement of social investment deals with the

degree to which the organization is investing both money and human

resources to solve community social problems

4 Problem-solving The measurement of problem solving should focus on

the degree to which the organization deals with social problems

Managers in todays business world increasingly need to be aware of two

separate but interrelated concerns mdash business ethics and social responsibility

9 Ethical Corporate Culture

Whenever intolerable business situations arise overseas managers should be

guided by precise statements that spell out the behavior and operating practices

that the company demands In addition codes of conduct must provide clear



34

direction about appropriate ethical behavior when the temptation to behave

unethically is strongest

The bland statement in a code of conduct that bribery is unacceptable is useless

unless it is accompanied by specific guidelines for dealing with gift giving

payments to get goods through customs and ―requests from intermediaries

who are hired to ask for bribes

There are three categories of ethical theories

metaethics

normative ethics and

applied ethics

Metaethics is the study of the origin and meaning of ethical concepts Broadly

it deals with metaphysical psychological and linguistic issues

Normative ethics establishes certain moral standards for human behaviorNormative ethics is further classified as teleological deontological and virtue

ethics

Applied ethics deals with specific controversial issues like capital punishment

and nuclear war

With the growing strength of consumer movements and rising levels of

awareness among stakeholders corporations are realizing that stakeholders and

consumers are no longer indifferent to unethical practices like financial

irregularities tax-evasion poor quality products and services kick-backs non-

compliance with environmental issues and hazardous working conditions

Many Indian companies too have recognized the importance of integrity

transparency and open communications



35

They believe that the goodwill resulting from adopting and successfully

implementing a code of business ethics will in the long run translate into

economic gains Today investors want to ensure that the companies they invest

in are not only managed properly but also have proper corporate governance

They regard corporate governance as a control mechanism that ensures the

optimum use of the human physical and financial resources of an enterprise

Companies have now begun to integrate ethics into their corporate cultures and

concentrate on putting appropriate corporate governance mechanisms in place

Business Ethics and Corporate Governance discusses the theories of ethics and

corporate governance and explains how they can be applied in various business

situations The book also provides some contemporary case studies to enable the

students and managers to gain a deeper appreciation of the role of ethics andcorporate governance in building successful businesses

10 CONCLUSION

Social responsibility is a voluntary effort on the part of business to take

various steps to satisfy the expectation of the different interest groups



36

Public Image - The activities of business towards the welfare of the

society earn goodwill and reputation for the business

Survival and Growth -Every business is a part of the society So for its

survival and

growth support from the society is very much essential Business

utilizes the available resources like power water land roads etc of the

society So it should be the responsibility of every business to spend a

part of its profit for the welfare of the society

Consumer Awareness - Now-a-days consumers have become very

conscious about their rights They protest against the supply of inferior

and harmful products by forming different groups This has made it

obligatory for the business to protect the interest of the consumers by

providing quality products at the most competitive price

CASE STUDY

Zuumlrichs Eco-friendly Waste Management System



37

In 1985 the Social Democrat Party of Zuumlrich started an initiative for an

ecological waste management system in association with The Zuumlrich Waste

Department (AWZ) ndash to dispose waste in an eco friendly manner It comprised

of a project called Zuumlrich-Recycling introduction of official trash bags called

Zuumlri-sacksand an information campaign with consumer oriented advice

AWZ made it mandatory for all residents of Zuumlrich to use the Zuumlri-sacks which

had to be purchased from grocery stores for waste disposal It followed the

concept of Pay as you Throwand people were fined if they used bags other than

Zuumlri-sacks

The Zuumlri-sacks were quite expensive and people were wary of throwing more

garbage which resulted in decreased garbage production Collection points were

also set up in the city to collect recyclable waste An information campaign was

started to create awareness among the residents of Zuumlrich city about the

ecological idea behind the waste management program of AWZ The program

had a positive effect on the city and reduced the incinerator waste by about 24

within the first few years It was also successful in reducing the per-capita waste

in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land

One event that grabbed the attention of sports lovers in 2008 was Euro 20083

which was held jointly by Switzerland and Austria between June 7 and June 29

2008 The tournament was played at eight venues ndash four in Austria and four in

Switzerland4

Like other cities where the matches were held Zuumlrich also made several

arrangements such as converting some areas into pedestrian zones and setting

up Fan Mile5 But there was one feature that differentiated Zuumlrich from other



38

cities holding the Euro 2008 In Zuumlrich fans were to use returnable glasses for

drinking beer and non-alcoholic beverages were to be sold in recyclable bottles

The New Waste Management System

On December 2 1990 the electorate of Zuumlrich agreed to the new specifications

for waste disposal service The specifications of the ecological waste

management system indicated ways by which the creation of waste could be

avoided and useful materials separated out

Implementing the New System

The new waste management system was implemented in 1991 with the project

Zuumlrich Recyclingthat involved collection of recyclable material like bottles

broken glass metals used oils etc Around 170 user-friendly collection points

were established to make it easier for people to hand over recycling materials

free of charge

By accepting recyclable material free the Waste Department offered the people

of Zuumlrich a financial incentive and motivated them to support Zuumlrich

Recycling

The Waste Management System was successful in changing the waste disposal

method from incineration to an ecological waste management system Over 97

percent of the population of Zuumlrich cooperated with the new system and

accepted the sack charges as per a survey conducted in 1995 Extensive



39

publicity was said to be one of the reasons for the high acceptance of the Zuumlri-

sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY

httpwwwcapsimcombusiness-

simulationslandingethicscfmgclid=CIPDpp7C0awCFcN66wodck2cog

httpwwwwisegeekcom

httpwwwutmedustaffjfieservitaresearchbusbookhtm



httpplatostanfordeduentriesethics-business

httpwwwbusinessethicscadefinitionsbusiness-ethicshtml

httpwwwjstororgpss25073020



2

INDEX

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE NO

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3

1 INTRODUCTION 5

2 EVOLUTION OF ETHICS 6

3 BENEFITS OF ETHICAL PRACTISES 12

4 EFFECT OF GLOBAL ECONOMY ON

BUSINESS ETHICS

14

5 CODE OF ETHICS 176 ETHICS TRANING 19

7 PROCESS OF MAKING ETHICAL

DECISIONS

21

8 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF

BUSINESS

24

9 ETHICAL CORPORATE CULTURE 29

10 CONCLUSION 36

11 CASE STUDY- ON SOCIAL

RESPONSIBILITY

37

12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 40



3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY




organizations












appeared









4


academia









5

1 INTRODUCTION













charters













6



























7





BUSINESS ETHICS


















the macro level



8


society




international scale

the corporate level






















9








generalisation)





















10




























11







12
























13










―unprofessional



14


















and plentiful





15















line













16






difference



17

5 CODE OF ETHICS
























18












19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY




organizations












appeared









4


academia









5

1 INTRODUCTION













charters













6



























7





BUSINESS ETHICS


















the macro level



8


society




international scale

the corporate level






















9








generalisation)





















10




























11







12
























13










―unprofessional



14


















and plentiful





15















line













16






difference



17

5 CODE OF ETHICS
























18












19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









4


academia









5

1 INTRODUCTION













charters













6



























7





BUSINESS ETHICS


















the macro level



8


society




international scale

the corporate level






















9








generalisation)





















10




























11







12
























13










―unprofessional



14


















and plentiful





15















line













16






difference



17

5 CODE OF ETHICS
























18












19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









5

1 INTRODUCTION













charters













6



























7





BUSINESS ETHICS


















the macro level



8


society




international scale

the corporate level






















9








generalisation)





















10




























11







12
























13










―unprofessional



14


















and plentiful





15















line













16






difference



17

5 CODE OF ETHICS
























18












19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









6



























7





BUSINESS ETHICS


















the macro level



8


society




international scale

the corporate level






















9








generalisation)





















10




























11







12
























13










―unprofessional



14


















and plentiful





15















line













16






difference



17

5 CODE OF ETHICS
























18












19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









7





BUSINESS ETHICS


















the macro level



8


society




international scale

the corporate level






















9








generalisation)





















10




























11







12
























13










―unprofessional



14


















and plentiful





15















line













16






difference



17

5 CODE OF ETHICS
























18












19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









8


society




international scale

the corporate level






















9








generalisation)





















10




























11







12
























13










―unprofessional



14


















and plentiful





15















line













16






difference



17

5 CODE OF ETHICS
























18












19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









9








generalisation)





















10




























11







12
























13










―unprofessional



14


















and plentiful





15















line













16






difference



17

5 CODE OF ETHICS
























18












19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









10




























11







12
























13










―unprofessional



14


















and plentiful





15















line













16






difference



17

5 CODE OF ETHICS
























18












19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









11







12
























13










―unprofessional



14


















and plentiful





15















line













16






difference



17

5 CODE OF ETHICS
























18












19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









12
























13










―unprofessional



14


















and plentiful





15















line













16






difference



17

5 CODE OF ETHICS
























18












19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









13










―unprofessional



14


















and plentiful





15















line













16






difference



17

5 CODE OF ETHICS
























18












19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









14


















and plentiful





15















line













16






difference



17

5 CODE OF ETHICS
























18












19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









15















line













16






difference



17

5 CODE OF ETHICS
























18












19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









16






difference



17

5 CODE OF ETHICS
























18












19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









17

5 CODE OF ETHICS
























18












19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









18












19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









19

6ETHICS TRANING






















20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









20







performance



moral issues


what degree





development process



21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









21





























22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









22


















taking kickbacks



23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









23







ethical workplace












might be










24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









24





a) Good Governance




25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









25





a) Good Governance






























26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









26



governance


























27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









27
























goals



28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









28












public



to proceed with it





areas of operation








29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









29









profitability











individuals







30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









30














undertaken













31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









31



area










performance















32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









32


















areas





life in society



33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









33














34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









34








metaethics


applied ethics




ethics


and nuclear war










35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









35













10 CONCLUSION





36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









36




survival and










CASE STUDY




37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









37









Zuumlri-sacks








in Zuumlrich

The (No) Waste Land




Switzerland4






38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









38













free of charge



Recycling







39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom









39


sack

BIBLIOGRAPHY



httpwwwwisegeekcom












Date post:	06-Apr-2018
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Seminar on Business Ethics-FINAL

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