SEMINAR ON HOLOGRAPHIC DATA STORAGE SYSTEM - BY Nnaemeka Nweke

HOLOGRAPHIC DATA STORAGE SYSTEM (HDSS)

BY

NNAEMEKA NWEKE

(20101742916)

SEMINAR REPORT

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION

MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY OWERRI

P.M.B 1526, OWERRI IMO STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B-TECH)

DEGREE IN INFORMATION MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY

MAY, 2015

Seminar on Holographic Data Storage System i|P a g e

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this seminar report on "Holographic data storage

system" was done by Nnaemeka Nweke of the department of

Information Management Technology, Federal University of Technology,

Owerri, Imo state, Nigeria.

..................................... .............................

Engr. OBI NWAONKONKWO Date

(Supervisor)

..................................... .............................

DR. MRS EZE Date

(Head of Department)

..................................... .............................

External Examiner Date

TABLEOF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE PAGES:

CERTIFICATION….………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………… i

DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………………….………….………………………………….ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………….……………..…………………..………………….…………………………………………….iii

ABSTRACT…..….………….………………….……………………………………………….………….……………….………………..iv .

CHAPTER ONE………….…………………………………………………………………………………...................................1– 2

1.0 INTROTUCTION

1.2 OBJECTIVE

CHAPTER TWO………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3-10

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 HISTORY OF HOLOGRAPHIC STORAGE SYSTEM

2.1.0 WORINGS OF HOLOGRAPHIC DATA STORAGE SYSTEM

2.1.1 RECORDING DATA ON MEDIUM

2.1.2 READING DATA FROM HOLOGRAM

2.1.3 MULTIPLEXING

2.1.4 IMPLEMENTATION

2.2 ADAVANTAGES OF HOLOGRAPHIC STORAGE SYSTEM

2.3 DISADVANTAGES OF HOLOGRAPHIC STORAGE SYSTEM

2.4 POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….11- 13

3.0 CONCLUTION

3.1 RECOMMENDATION

3.1 REFRENCES

Seminar on Holographic Data Storage System ii|P a g e

DEDICATION

I dedicate this report to Almighty God who has been unfailing provider

for the unusual inspiration and wisdom he gave me to compile this

seminar.

Seminar on Holographic Data Storage System iii|P a g e

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to God almighty for his protection and provisions throughout

the period of conducting this research. I am also grateful to all my

lecturers in the department of Information Management Technology,

especially my seminar supervisor, Engr. Obi Nwaokonkwo whose expert

advice gave me right guides in the entire process of work.

I am also thankful to all the authors of books used in this seminar work.

Seminar on Holographic Data Storage System iv|P a g e

ABSTRACT

Holographic memory is a technique that can store information at high

density inside crystals. Holographic memory is developing technology

that has promised to revolutionize the storage systems. It can store data

up to 1Tb in a sugar cube sized crystal. Data from more than 1000 CDs

can fit into a holographic memory System. Holographic storage has the

potential to become the next generation of storage media. Conventional

memories use only the surface to store the data. But holographic data

storage systems use the volume to store data. It has more advantages than

conventional storage systems. It is based on the principle of holography.

This paper provides a description of Holographic data storage system

(HDSS), a three dimensional data storage system which has a fundamental

advantage over conventional read/write memory systems. A brief

overview of properties of holograms will be presented first. Applications

to computer systems are then covered, with the future of holographic

memory presented as a conclusion.

Seminar on Holographic Data Storage System 1 | P a g e

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Each time you watch a fast-paced DVD movie or pull down a piece of

information from the Internet or even access the ATM at the corner of your

street, you are actually tapping into large repositories of digital information.

The hard disk, the mainstay of personal and corporate storage, has faithfully

obeyed the exponential law. This has happened largely due to increases in

aerial density, that is, how many bits are crammed into a square inch. This

paper provides a description of Holographic data storage system (HDSS), a

three dimensional data storage system which has a fundamental advantage over

conventional read/write storage system.

The first step in understanding holographic memory is to understand what

"holographic" means. Holography is a method of recording patterns of light to

produce a three-dimensional object. The recorded patterns of light are called

hologram memory systems.

Holographic memory is a technique that can store information at high density

inside crystals or photopolymers. As current storage techniques such as DVD

reach the upper limit of possible data density (due to the diffraction limited

size of the writing beams), holographic storage has the potential to become the

next generation of storage media. The advantage of this type of data storage is

that the volume of the recording media is used instead of just the surface.


1.2 OBJECTIVES

This seminar provides an overview of Holographic storage System which is

set to become the future of data storage at a very high volume. Holographic

Data Storage offers high data capacity and short data access time (Storage

capacity of about 1TB/cc and data transfer rate of 1 billion bits/second).


CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 History of Holographic Storage System

Holographic as memory storage was first proposed by Pieter Heerden in the

1960s. During the early 1970s, a group of scientists from TRCA laboratories

succeeded in storing 500 holograms using an iron doped lithium niobate

crystal. Moreover, they were also able to store five hundred fifty high-

resolution hologram images using a material made up of light sensitive

polymer. The high cost of the materials needed for this type of technology as

well as the rise of magnetic and optical drives shelved the project in the end.

Now research for holographic memory systems has been reactivated since the

components needed for such a technology has become widely available and

cheaper. The laser system needed for the device to work, for instance, has

shrunk in size so it can easily fit in a conventional CD or DVD player.

Moreover, liquid crystal displays or LCDs which were in their infancy during

the initial research done on holographic memory systems are now more

advanced and quite a lot cheaper. The same goes for the other components such

as the "Charge-Coupled Device" or CCD.


FIG 1: HOW DATA IS RECORDED ON A MEDIU

2.1.0 Workings of Holographic Storage System

2.1.1 Recording data on medium

Creating holograms is achieved by means of two coherent beams of light split

from one laser source, one being the reference beam and the other the signal

beam. When both these beams interfere with one another, a resulting

interference pattern is formed which encompasses the pattern both in

amplitude and phase information of the two beams. When an appropriate

photorefractive material is placed at the point of interference, the

interference patterns are recorded inside the material.

The beam's angle is crucial, and it can't vary by more than a fraction of a

degree. This apparent flaw in the recording process is actually an asset. It's

how holographic storage achieves its high data densities. By changing

either the angle of the reference beam or its frequency, you can write

additional data pages in to the same volume of crystal. The dynamic range

of the medium determines how many pages it can hold reliably.


FIG 2: HOW DATA IS READ FROM HOLOGRAM

When the reference beam illuminates the material in the absence of the signal

beam, the hologram causes the light to be diffracted in the same direction of

the initial signal beam and all the information of the original signal beam is

reconstructed.

Once one can store a page of bits in a hologram, an interface to a computer can

be made. The problem arises, however, that storing only one page of bits is not

beneficial. Fortunately, the properties of holograms provide a unique solution

to this dilemma. Unlike magnetic storage mechanisms which store data on their

surfaces, holographic memories store information throughout their whole

2.1.2 Reading data from Hologram

2.1. 3 Multiplexing


volume. After a page of data is recorded in the hologram, a small modification

to the source beam before it reenters the hologram will record another page of

data in the same volume. This method of storing multiple pages of data in the

hologram is called multiplexing. The thicker the volume becomes smaller the

modifications to the source beam can be.

A holographic data storage system consists of a recording medium, an optical

recording system, a photo detector array. A beam of coherent light is split into

a reference beam and a signal beam which are used to record a hologram into

the recording medium. The recording medium is usually a photo refractive

crystal.

A ‘hologram’ is simply the three-dimensional interference pattern of the

intersection of the reference and signal beams are perpendicular to each other.

This interference pattern is imprinted into the crystal as regions of positive and

negative charges. To retrieve the stored hologram, a beam of light that has the

same wavelength and angle of incidence as the reference beam is sent into the

crystal and the resulting diffraction pattern is used to reconstruct the pattern of

the signal beam. Many different holograms may be stored in the same crystal

volume by changing the angle of incidence of reference beam.

2.1.4 Implementation


FIG 3: INPLEMENTATION OF HDD

The most common holographic recording system uses laser light, a beam

splitter to divide the laser light into reference beam and signal beam, various

lenses and mirrors to redirect the light, a photo reactive crystal, and an array of

photo detectors around the crystal to receive the holographic data. To record a

hologram, a beam laser light is split into two beams by a mirror. These two

beams then become the reference and signal beams. The signal beam interacts

with an object and the light that is reflected by the object intersects the

reference beam at right angles. The resulting interference pattern contains all

the information necessary to recreate the image of the object after suitable

processing. The interference pattern is recorded on to a photo reactive material

and may be retrieved at a later time by using a beam that is identical to the

reference beam. This is possible because the hologram has the property that

if it is illuminated by either of the beams used to record it, the hologram

causes light to be diffracted in the direction of the second beam that was used

to record it, there by recreating the reflected image of the object if the


reference beam was used to illuminate the hologram. So, the reflected must

be transformed into a real image with mirrors and lenses that can be sent to the

laser detector array.

With three-dimensional recording and parallel data readout, holographic

memories can outperform existing optical storage techniques. In contrast to the

currently available storage strategies, holographic mass memory

simultaneously offers high data capacity and short data access time (Storage

capacity of about 1TB/cc and data transfer rate of 1 billion bits/second).

Holographic data storage has the unique ability to locate similar features stored

within a crystal instantly. A data pattern projected into a crystal from the top

searches thousands of stored holograms in parallel. The holograms diffract the

incoming light out of the side of the crystal, with the brightest outgoing beams

identifying the address of the data that most closely resemble the input pattern.

This parallel search capability is an inherent property of holographic data

storage and allows a database to be searched by content.

2.2 Advantages of Holographic Storage System

Because the interference patterns are spread uniformly throughout the

material, it endows holographic storage with another useful capability: high

reliability. While a defect in the medium for disk or tape storage might garble

critical data, a defect in a holographic medium doesn't wipe out information.

Instead, it only makes the hologram dimmer. No rotation of medium is

required as in the case of other storage devices. It can reduce threat of piracy

since holograms can’t be easily replicated.


Manufacturing cost HDSS is very high and there is a lack of availability of

resources which are needed to produce HDSS. However, all the holograms

appear dimmer because their patterns must share the material's finite dynamic

range. In other words, the additional holograms alter a material that can support

only a fixed amount of change. Ultimately, the images become so dim that

noise creeps into the read-out operation, thus limiting the material's storage

capacity.

A difficulty with the HDSS technology had been the destructive readout. The

re-illuminated reference beam used to retrieve the recorded information, also

excites the donor electrons and disturbs the equilibrium of the space charge

field in a manner that produces a gradual erasure of the recording. In the past,

this has limited the number of reads that can be made before the signal-to -

noise ratio becomes too low. Moreover, writes in the same fashion can degrade

previous writes in the same region of the medium. This restricts the ability to

use the three-dimensional capacity of a photorefractive for recording angle-

multiplexed holograms. You would be unable to locate the data if there’s an

error of even a thousandth of an inch.

There are many possible applications of holographic memory. Holographic

memory systems can potentially provide the high speed transfers and large

volumes of future computer system. One possible application is data mining.

Data mining is the processes of finding patterns in large amounts of data. Data

2.3 Disadvantages of Holographic Storage System

2.4 Possible Applications


mining is used greatly in large databases which hold possible patterns which

can’t be distinguished by human eyes due to the vast amount of data. Some

current computer system implement data mining, but the mass amount of

storage required is pushing the limits of current data storage systems. The

many advances in access times and data storage capacity that holographic

memory provides could exceed conventional storage and speedup data mining

considerably. This would result in more located patterns in a shorter amount of

time.

Another possible application of holographic memory is in petaflop computing.

A petaflop is a thousand trillion floating point operations per second. The fast

access extremely large amounts of data provided by holographic memory could

be utilized in petaflop architecture. Clearly advances are needed to in more

than memory systems, but the theoretical schematics do exist for such a

machine. Optical storage such as holographic memory provides a viable

solution to the extreme amount of data which is required for a petaflop

computing.


CHAPTER THREE

3.0 CONCLUSION

The future of HOLOGRAPHIC STORAGE SYSYEM is very promising. The

page access of data that HSS creates will provide a window into next

generation computing by adding another dimension to stored data. Finding

holograms in personal computers might be a bit longer off, however. The

large cost of high-tech optical equipment would make small-scale

systems implemented with HSS impractical. It will most likely be used

in next

generation supercomputers where cost is not as much of an issue. Current

magnetic storage devices remain far more cost effective than any other

medium on the market. As computer system evolve, it is, not unreasonable to

believe that magnetic storage will continue to do so. As mentioned earlier,

however, these improvements are not made on the conceptual level. The

current storage in a personal computer operates on the same principles

used in the first magnetic data storage devices. The parallel nature of HSS

has many potential gains on serial storage methods. However, many

advances in optical

technology and photosensitive materials need to be made before we find

holograms in our computer systems.


3.1 RECOMMENDATIONS

Holographic data storage is a stable and reliable method of storing data

safely for up to 50 years which works by shining light onto the media,

instead of the driver reading or touching the storage medium making it

nearly impossible to wear out the holographic media like you would

magnetic tapes. Holographic has its challenges since it’s an upcoming

technology, the manufacturing cost is very high and lack of availability of

resources but this is likely to change as it becomes more popular. So, I

recommend more use of holographic data storage since it can potentially

provide the high speed transfer and large volumes of future computer

systems.


REFRENCE

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/hvd.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_data_storage

http://hvd-forum.org/

http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/storage/display/20110720093314_GE_s_Hol

ographic_Storage_Tech_Enabling_500GB_Discs_Steps_Closer_to_Commercia

lization.html

www.maxellcanada.com/pdfs/c_media/optical_stor_tech.pdf

http://www.ehow.com/about_6064819_holographic-storage-

technology.html#ixzz1T99qzVu7

PC Quest Magazine

Chip magazine

Holographic Display System ,Copyright © 2009 William H. Mook, Jr.

http://www.wikeipedia.com

http://www.engeeniringseminars.com

http://www.computer.howstuffworks.com

http://hvd-forum.org/

http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/storage/display/20110720093314_GE_s_Hol

http://www.maxellcanada.com/pdfs/c_media/optical_stor_tech.pdf

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