Seminar Report

7/17/2019 Seminar Report

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Nanomaterials for green energy

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Globally we are currently experiencing considerable challenges in energy and

environment. The use of the available three main fossil fuels – oil, coal, and natural gas may

not always be readily available to meet the global energy demands. In addition the

associated fossil fuel emissions will not be environmentally acceptable and thus alternative

sources of energy are needed. In order to fully develop the potential of all forms of

renewable energy, current challenges in energy storage and conversion have to be met. So

the next generation energy conversion and storage in thin-film and multifunctional devices

depend on nanomaterials and composites, particularly with facile processing and

manufacturing techniue.

1.1 NANOMATERIALS

!anomaterials are structured components with at least one dimension less than "##

nm. Two principal factor cause the properties of nanomaterials differ from other material$

increased relative surface area and uantum effect. This is one of the ma%or reasons why

nanotechnology has a signi&cant impact on energy conversion and storage.'s a particle

decrease in si(e, a greater proportion of atoms are found at the surface compared to those

inside. !anoparticles have greater surface area per unit mass.

)niue properties of the nano materials arising from their nano range.

• Interface and colloid science has given rise to many materials which may be useful in

nanotechnology.

• !anoscale materials can be useful in bul* applications+ most present commmerical

applications of nanotechnology are of this flavour.

• rogress has been made in using these materials for medical applications.

• !anoscale materials are sometimes used for solar cells, which combats the cost of

traditional solar cells.

CHAPTER 2

Dept of ECE , ASIET Page 1




NANOMATERIALS FOR ENERGY CONVERSION AND

STORAGE

!anostructured materials are advantageous in offering huge surface to volume ratios,

favourable transport properties, altered physical properties, and confinement effects

resulting from the nanoscale dimensions, and have been extensively studied for energy-

related applications such as solar cells, catalysts, thermoelectric, lithium ion batteries,

supercapacitors, and hydrogen storage systems. This review focuses on a few select aspects

regarding these topics, demonstrating that nanostructured materials benefit these

applications by$

• providing a large surface area to boost the electrochemical reaction or

molecular adsorption occurring at the solid–liuid or solid–gas interface,

• generating optical effects to improve optical absorption in solar cells

• Giving rise to high crystalline andor porous structure to facilitate the electron or ion

transport and electrolyte diffusion, so as to ensure the electrochemical process occurs

with high efficiency.

It is emphasi(ed that, to further enhance the capability of nanostructured materials for

energy conversion and storage, new mechanisms and structures are anticipated. In additionto highlighting the obvious advantages of nanostructured materials, and challenges of

nanostructured materials while being used for solar cells, lithium ion batteries,

supercapacitors, and hydrogen storage systems have also been addressed in this review.

ith demand for clean and sustainable energy sources increasing at an exponential

rate, new material technologies are being explored that could provide cost-effective and

environmentally clean solutions to the world/s energy problems. 0evelopments in the areas

of alternative fuels or energy storage technologies li*e advanced batteries, fuel cells, ultra

capacitors, and bio-fuels are emerging as strong contenders to petroleum-based sources.

1nergy derived from clean and renewable sources li*e solar and wind power have

tremendous potential, but the practical use of these sources of energy reuires efficient

electrical energy storage 211S3 technologies that can provide uninterrupted power on

demand. In all of these new technologies, nanomaterials are increasingly playing an active

role by either increasing the efficiency of the energy storage and conversion processes or by

improving device design and performance. Some of the examples are shown below$





2.1 LITHIUM ION BATTERIES

The 4ithium Ion 5atteries are one of the great successes of modern materials

electrochemistry. Their science and technology have been extensively reported. ' lithium-ion battery consists of a lithium-ion intercalation negative electrode 2generally graphite3 and

a lithium-ion intercalation positive electrode 2generally the lithium metal oxide3, these being

separated by a lithium-ion conducting electrolyte. 'lthough such batteries are commercially

successful, we are reaching the limits in performance using the current electrode and

electrolyte materials. 6or new generations of rechargeable lithium batteries, not only for

applications in consumer electronics but especially for clean energy storage and use in

hybrid electric vehicles, further brea*throughs in materials are essential, such as the use of

nanomaterials devices.

2.2 SUPERCAPACITORS

Supercapacitors are of *ey importance in supporting the voltage of a system during

increased load in everything from portable euipment to electric vehicles. There are two

general categories of electrochemical supercapacitors$ electric double layer capacitors

210473 and redox supercapacitors. In contrast to batteries, where the cycle life is limited

because of the repeated contraction and expansion of the electrode on cycling, 1047

lifetime is in principle infinite, as it operates solely on electrostatic surface charge

accumulation. 6or redox supercapacitors, some fast faradic charge transfer ta*es place and

results in large pseudocapacitance. rogress in supercapacitor technology can benefit by

moving from conventional to nanostructured electrodes. In the case of supercapacitors, the

electrode reuirements are less demanding than in batteries, at least in terms of electrode

compaction, because power prevails over energy density. Thus, the benefits of nanopowders

with their high-surfacearea 2primary nanoparticles3 are potentially more important, hence the

staggering interest in nanopowders and their rapid upta*e for supercapacitor-based storage

sources.

2.3 FUEL CELL TECHNOLGY





6uel cells are now approaching commerciali(ation, especially in the fields of

portable power sources8distributed and remote generation of electrical energy. 'lready,

nanostructured materials are having an impact on processing methods in the development of

low-temperature fuel cells 2T 9 :##;73, the dispersion of precious metal catalysts, the

development and dispersion of nonprecious catalysts, fuel reformation and hydrogen

storage, and the fabrication of membrane-electrode assemblies 2<1'3. olymer electrolyte

membrane fuel cells 21<67s3 have recently gained momentum for application in

transportation and as small portable power sources+ whereas phosphoric acid fuel cells

2'67S3, solid oxide fuel cells 2S=67s3 and molten carbonates fuel cells 2<767s3 still

offer advantages for stationary applications, and especially for cogeneration. latinum-based

catalysts are the most active materials for low-temperature fuel cells fed with hydrogen,

reformate, or methanol. To reduce the costs, the platinum loading must be decreased 2while

maintaining or improving <1' performance3, and continuous processes for fabricating

<1's in high volume must be developed. ' few routes are being actively investigated to

improve the electro catalytic activity of t-based catalysts. They consist mainly of alloying

t with transition metals or tailoring the t particle si(e.

2.4 GRAPHENE FOR ENERGY CONVERSION

It is estimated that the world will need to double its energy supply by :#>#, " so it

is of paramount importance to develop new types of energy sources. 7ompared to

conventional energy materials, carbon nanomaterials exhibit unusual si(e- and surface-

dependent 2e.g., morphological, electrical, optical, and mechanical3 properties that enhance

energy-conversion performance. Speci&cally, considerable efforts have been expended to

exploit the uniue properties of graphene in high performance energy-conversion devices,

including solar cells and fuel cells.





CHAPTER 3

ENERGY CONVERSION METHODS

1nergy conversion methods are essential for developing a sustainable materials and

*ey in renewable energy sources. ?enewable energy sources describes about the advanced

conversions.

3.1 HIGH SURFACE AREA AND CONFINED LIGHT REACTANT

INTERACTION

In a solar-powered fuel generation reactor, the confined light interaction space with

carbon feedstoc* greatly increases the energy production efficiency .These solar fuels are

made from solar energy+ sun is an abundant source produces no emission. 'mong the

photocatalytic conversion, carbon di oxide conversion to hydrocarbons appears to have a

promising potential for solar fuels. It reduces atmospheric carbon di oxide, at same time

provide on a renewable basis fuel that can directly be supplied to our present energy source.

Ti=: has been used for photocatalysis because of its excellent photostability. In recent years,

!s and nanotubes 2!Ts3 have been developed because of their high surface area

andtunability as cocatalysts. Titanium oxide !Ts were typically grown on Ti film using

potentiostatic anodi(ation. These Titanium oxide !Ts have an average length of "> lm, anaverage outer diameter of "## nm 2inner diameter can be varied from @# to A# nm with

growth conditions3, and even a higher surface area than !s, possessing superior

electrocatalytic properties and optical stability.

There are several ways to tune the electrochemical self-assembly through lattice

match between the electrode surface and !s, or use nanostructured templates such as

anodi(ed alumina or trac*-etched polycarbonate followed by removing the template. 6igure

",shows an example of Titanium oxide !Tthin film for photocatalysis conversion of carbon

di oxide to hydrocarbon. The porous Titanium oxide !T membrane promotes carbon di

oxide interaction with Titanium oxide sensiti(ed by 7opper cocatalyst and activated by light,

providing the optofluidic synergy between the trapped light and flow reactants. Titanium

nanostructures increase the photocatalytic efficiency by at least ten times when compared

with the commercially available Ti=: product.





Figure 3.1 Ti2 NT !"i# $i%i&

3.2 HIGH SURFACE DISPERSION AND CHARGE TRANSFER

The *ey to improve electrocatalysis is to promote highly dispersed catalysts on the

electrodes.To disperse more reproducible and uniform 7u nanoparticles 2!s3 on the gas

diffusion layer in electrocatalytic conversions for 7=:, graphene is used to increase the

electrical conductivity path and surface area dispersions. 's shown in 6igure :, graphene has

high tensile strength and also high electrical conductivity. =nce coated over traditional

2fibrous3carbonpaper ,the graphene thin coating forms continuous surface dispersion for 7u

! ! electroplating. In addition, the interaction of graphene and the semiconductor metal

oxides improves the conducting path in the electrode.

Figure3.2 .Gr'("e#e "') "ig" !e#)i%e )!re#g!" '#* "ig" e%e+!ri+'% +#*u+!i,i!-

3.3NANOMATERIAL MULTILAYER LAYER DEVICE ASSEMBLY

In addition to the high surface area and nanoscale proximity of interactions,

nanomaterial multilayer assembly helps in the *ey optoelectronic fabrication of optical fiber

devices in solar lighting andphoto voltaic conversion. Themultimode optical waveguides are

guiding media through total internal reflection and coupling of light into the photovoltaic

active region by scattering. These fiber solar cells provide an opportunity to surpass both the





efficiency and functionality of traditional flat-panel solar cells. Such fiber-solar cells behave

li*e waveguides to transmit visible light through total internal reflection fromone end to the

other and absorb the evanescent light fabricated around fibers along the side wall of the

fibers.6igure@ depicts the transmission, evanescent light, and total internal reflection from

optical fiber and actual fiber devices made in our laboratory. The three dimensional structure

results in the absorption layer havinga greater surface area than the traditional two-

dimensional absorption layer, which can be maximi(ed by the length of the fiber, resulting in

an increased number of internal reflections and an increased absorption surface area without

ma*ing the end of the fiber cell any larger. The example of solution-based multiple layer

processing includes an insitu growth of lead sulphate 2bS3 uantum dots 2B0s3 and enables

the *ey device fabrication process. The fabrication around optical fibers can be optimi(ed

layer by layer through nanomaterial-coating techniues such as 4angmuir 5lodgett and dip-

coating processing. 6igure C shows the nanostructure film consisting of sensiti(er bS B0s

in situ grown in Ti=: !s and the high electrical conductivity and high density coating of

optical fibers consisting of Ti=: !s combined with !s. These fiber cells can be created

without using silicon and using the total internal reflection to concentrate and transmit light.

To maximi(e efficiency, the absorption layer must strongly absorb in both the visible and

infrared 2I?3 regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Figure 3.3 .O(!i+'% !r'#)&i))i# ',egui*e





CHAPTER 4

ENERGY STORAGE METHODS

Dere the nanomaterials are also used for storage of energy. e can expected that the

nanomaterials using advanced energy storage and recovery solutions will become much

more widely used in the coming years as the efficiency and energy density of semiconductor

increases and manufacturing cost decreases. In the next few decades, our fossil-fuelled cars

and home-heating will need to switch over to electric power as well if weEre to have a hope

of averting catastrophic climate change. 1lectricity is a hugely versatile form of energy, but

it suffers one big drawbac*$ itEs relatively difficult to store in a hurry. 5atteries can hold

large amounts of power, but they ta*e hours to charge up. 7apacitors, on the other hand,

charge almost instantly but store only tiny amounts of power. In our electric-powered future,

when we need to store and release large amounts of electricity very uic*ly, itEs uite li*ely

weEll turn to supercapacitors 2also *nown as ultracapacitors3 that combine the best of both

worlds.

e can store electric charges by different sources such as batteries and capacitors do

a similar %ob8storing electricity8but in completely different ways$

4.1 BATTERIES

5atteries havetwo electrical terminals 2electrodes3 separated by a chemical substance

called an electrolyte. hen you switch on the power, chemical reactions happen involving

both the electrodes and the electrolyte. These reactions convert the chemicals inside the

battery into other substances, releasing electrical energy as they go. =nce the chemicals have

all been depleted, the reactions stop and the battery are flat. In a rechargeable battery, such

as a lithium-ion power pac* used in a laptop computer or <@ player , the reactions can

happily run in either direction8so you can usually charge and discharge hundreds of times

before the battery needs replacing.





4.2 CONVENTIONAL CAPACITOR

7apacitoruse static electricity 2electrostatics3 rather than chemistry to store energy..

Inside a capacitor, there are two conducting metal plates with an insulating material called

a dielectric in between them8itEs a dielectric sandwich, if you preferF 7harging a capacitor

is a bit li*e rubbing a balloon on your %umper to ma*e it stic*. ositive and negative

electrical charges build up on the plates and the separation between them, which prevents

them coming into contact, is what stores the energy. The dielectric allows a capacitor of a

certain si(e to store more charge at the same voltage, so you could say it ma*es the capacitor

more efficient as a charge-storing device.

7apacitors have many advantages over batteries$ they weigh less, generally donEt

contain harmful chemicals or toxicmetals, and they can be charged and discharged millions

of times without ever wearing out. 5ut they have a big drawbac* too$ *ilo for *ilo, their

basic design prevents them from storing anything li*e the same amount of electrical energy

as batteries. 5roadly spea*ing, you can increase the energy a capacitor will store either by

using a better material for the dielectric or by using bigger metal plates. To store a

significant amount of energy, youEd need to use absolutely whopping plates. Thunderclouds,

for example, are effectively super-gigantic capacitors that store massive amounts of power8

and we all *now how big those areF

4.3 SUPERCAPACITOR

' supercapacitor 2often called an ultracapacitor3 differs from an ordinary capacitor in

two important ways$ its plates effectively have a much bigger area and the distance between

them is much smaller, because the separator between them wor*s in a different way to aconventional dielectric. 4i*e an ordinary capacitor, a supercapacitor has two plates that are

separated. The plates are made from metal coated with a porous substance such as powdery,

activated charcoal, which effectively gives them a bigger area for storing much more charge.

Imagine electricity is water for a moment$ where an ordinary capacitor is li*e a cloth that

can mop up only a tiny little spill, a supercapacitorEs porous plates ma*e it more li*e a

chun*y sponge that can soa* up many times more. orous supercapacitor plates are

electricity spongesF





CHAPTER 5

SUPER CAPACITOR

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*'+!e+$ of t#e$ t*e ao't of e%e"t!#"a% "*a!ge a$ $ta'+a!+ "apa"#to!$,

a'+ a!e t*e!efo!e $#ta)%e a$ a !ep%a"ee't fo! e%e"t!o"*e#"a% )atte!#e$

#' a'- #'+$t!#a% a'+ "oe!"#a% app%#"at#o'$. Spe!"apa"#to!$ a%$o

(o!& #' e!- %o( tepe!at!e$/ a $#tat#o' t*at "a' p!ee't a'- t-pe$

of e%e"t!o"*e#"a% )atte!#e$ f!o (o!&#'g. 0o! t*e$e !ea$o'$,

$pe!"apa"#to!$ a!e a%!ea+- )e#'g $e+ #' ee!ge'"- !a+#o$ a'+

a$*%#g*t$, (*e!e e'e!g- "a' )e p!o+"e+ &#'et#"a%%- )- (#'+#'g a

*a'+%e, fo! eap%e a'+ t*e' $to!e+ #' a $pe!"apa"#to! fo! t*e +e#"e

to $e.

In an ordinary capacitor, the plates are separated by a relatively thic* dielectric made from

something li*e mica 2a ceramic3, a thin plastic film, or even simply air 2in something li*e a

capacitor that acts as the tuning dial inside a radio. hen the capacitor is charged, positive

charges form on one plate and negative charges on the other, creating an electric field

between them. The field polari(es the dielectric, so its molecules line up in the opposite

direction to the field and reduce its strength. That means the plates can store more charge at

a given voltage.

In a supercapacitor, there is no dielectric as such. Instead, both plates are soa*ed in

an electrolyte and separated by a very thin insulator 2which might be made of carbon, paper,

or plastic3. hen the plates are charged up, an opposite charge forms on either side of the

separator, creating whatEs called an electric double-layer, maybe %ust one molecule thic*

2compared to a dielectric that might range in thic*ness from a few microns to a milli-meter

or more in a conventional capacitor3. This is why supercapacitors are often referred to as

double-layer capacitors, also called electric double-layer capacitors or 1047s3. If you loo*

at the lower diagram in the artwor*, youEll see how a supercapacitor resembles two ordinary

capacitors side by side.





The capacitance of a capacitor increases as the area of the plates increases and as the

distance between the plates decreases. In a nutshell, supercapacitors get their much bigger

capacitance from a combination of plates with a bigger, effective surface area 2because of

their activated charcoal construction3 and less distance between them 2because of the very

effective double layer3.





/.1 PRINCIPAL AND 0ORING

1nergy stored in a semiconductor can be either electrostatic charge accumulation at

the electrodeelectrolyte interface 210473 or charge transfer via reversible redox materials

on the surface of electrode. In practical supercapacitorsthe two storage mechanisms often

wor* simultaneously. 0ifferent charge transfer process involved in the 1047 and pseudo-

capacitance. In 1047, the energy is stored through ion adsorption at electrode-electrolyte

interface with no charge transfer across the electrodes.

The first supercapacitors were made in the late ">#s using activated charcoal as the

plates. Since then, advances in material science have led to the development of much more

effective plates made from such things as carbon nanotubes 2tiny carbon rods built

using nanotechnology, graphene aerogel, and barium titanate.6igure Top$ =rdinary

capacitors store static electricity by building up opposite charges on two metal plates 2blue

and red3 separated by an insulating material called a dielectric 2grey3. The electric field

between the plates polari(es the molecules 2or atoms3 of the dielectric, ma*ing them align in

the opposite way to the field. This reduces the strength of the field and allows the capacitor

to store more charge for a given voltage. ?ead more in our article on capacitors.

5ottom$ Supercapacitors store more energy than ordinary capacitors by creating a very thin,

Hdouble layerH of charge between two plates, which are made from porous, typically carbon-

based materials soa*ed in an electrolyte. The plates effectively have a bigger surface area

and less separation, which gives a supercapacitor its ability to store much more charge.





Figure /.1 +"'rge) $r&e* i# )u(er+'('+i!r

/.2 SUPERCAPACITORS COMPARED TO ORDINARY CAPACITORS

AND BATTERY

The basic unit of electric capacitance is called the farad 263, named for pioneering

5ritish chemist and physicist <ichael 6araday 2""–"AJ3. Typical capacitors used

in electronic circuits store only miniscule amounts of electricity 2usually rated in units called

microfarads 2millionths of a farad3 or picofarads 2billionths of a farad3. In mar*ed contrast, a

typical supercapacitor can store a charge thousands, millions, or even billions of times

bigger 2rated in farads3. The biggest commercial supercapacitors made by companies such as

<axwell TechnologiesK have capacitances rated up to several thousand farads. That still

represents only a fraction 2maybe "#–:# percent3 of the electrical energy you can pac* into a

battery. 5ut the big advantage of a supercapacitor is that it can store and release energy

almost instantly8much more uic*ly than a battery. ThatEs because a supercapacitor wor*s

by building up static electric charges on solids, while a battery relies on charges being

produced slowly through chemical reactions, often involving liuids.

Supercapacitors can sometimes used as a direct replacement for batteries. DereEs a

cordless drill powered by a ban* of supercapacitors for use in space, developed by !'S'.

The big advantage over a normal drill is that it can be charged up in seconds rather than

hours.

Lou often see batteries and supercapacitors compared in terms of their energy and

power. In everyday spea*, these two words are used interchangeably+ in science, power is

the amount of energy used or produced in a certain amount of time. 5atteries have a

higherenergy density 2they store more energy per unit mass3 but supercapacitors have a

higher power density 2they can release energy more uic*ly3. That ma*es supercapacitors

particularly suitable for storing and releasing large amounts of power relatively uic*ly, but

batteries are still *ing for storing large amounts of energy over long periods of time.

'lthough supercapacitors wor* at relatively low voltages 2maybe :–@ volts3, they

can be connected in series 2li*e batteries3 to produce bigger voltages for use in more

powerful euipment. Since supercapacitors wor* electrostatically, rather than through

reversible chemical reactions, they can theoretically be charged and discharged any number





of times 2specification sheets for commercial supercapacitors suggest you can cycle them

perhaps a million times3. They have little or no internal resistance, which means they store

and release energy without using much energy8and wor* at very close to "## percent

efficiency 2–A percent is typical3.

/.3 GRAPHENE IN SUPERCAPACITOR

'lthough carbon nano tubes are used for supercapacitance since in the end

of "#/s, carbon nano tubes based nanomaterials is does not exhibit satisfactory

capacitance for the expected device performance. This is because of the high contact

resistance between 7!T based electrode and current electrode and current collector,

inefficient interaction between 7!T –based electrode and electrolyte, and the instability of

double layer. 0ue to its larger surface area, high carrier mobility and excellent

thermalmechanical stability, graphene has recently been studied as an alternative carbon

based electrode in supercapacitors. Theoretically, the double layer capacitance value of a

graphene electrode can reach up to >># 6g, the highest value of intrinsic capacitance.

Spe!"apa"#to!$ a!e a#'%- $e+ fo!

If you need to store a reasonable amount of energy for a relatively short period of

time 2from a few seconds to a few minutes3, youEve got too much energy to store in a

capacitor and youEve not got time to charge a battery, a supercapacitor may be %ust what you

need. Supercapacitors have been widely used as the electrical euivalents of flywheels in

machines8Henergy reservoirsH that smooth out power supplies to electrical and electronic

euipment. Supercapacitors can also be connected to batteries to regulate the power they

supply.





Figure /.2 Su(er+'('+i!r

/.4 APPLICATION OF SUPERCAPACITOR

=ne common application is in wind turbines, where very large supercapacitors help

to smooth out the intermittent power supplied by the wind. In electric and hybrid vehicles,

supercapacitors are increasingly being used as temporary energy stores for regenerative

bra*ing 2where the energy a vehicle would normally waste when it comes to a stop is briefly

stored and then reused when it starts moving again3. The motorsthat drive electric vehicles

run off power supplies rated in the hundreds of volts, which means hundreds of

supercapacitors connected in series are needed to store the right amount of energy in a

typical regenerative bra*e.6or example a large supercapacitor used to store power in a

hybrid bus. Supercapacitors are used in regenerative bra*es, widely used in electric vehicles.





CHAPTER

CONCLUSION

e are ready to develop nanomaterials for simultaneous control of device fabrication

and optimi(ation. That will impact energy conversion and storage technology.

Thenanomaterials development meets the demand from the sustainable energy.4ow power

consumption and longer performance life time are displayed for the future

mar*et.Sustainable energy production, transformation and use are very much needed to

maintain the readily and cheap access to energy to the growing. To transit from a carbon-

based energy economy to others more sustainable, many technological brea*throughs are

needed, not only in the energy production 2we tend to focus too much on the energy source3

but also in the transportation, transformation, storage, and final use of the energy. In all these

steps we face significant scientific and engineering challenges.The nanomaterial is an

excellent example of how better material science can contribute to the well-being of present

and future generations





REFERENCES

M"N Shalini7haturuedi, ragnesh ! 0ave,O'pplications of nanocatalyst in new era , %ournal

of Saudi 7hemical Society, :#": "J, @#-@:>

M:N Shun <ao, Ganhua 4u and Punhong 7hen QThree-dimensional graphene-based

composites for energy applicationsO !anoscale, :#">, , J:C

M@N 7hang-%un-4iu,)we 5urghaus, Qreparation and characteri(ation of !anomaterials for

sustainable energy production, school of chemical engineering and

technology,:#"#,@##:

MCN Tao 7hen and 4iming 0iea, O7arbon nanomaterials for high performance

supercapacitorsO,materials today. Rolume "J, number Ab :#"@

M>N 6ernand 0.S. <aruis Q7arbon !anotube !anostructured Dybrid <aterials Systems for

?enewable 1nergy 'pplicationsO, %ournal of nanomaerials, :#"",@##:@C


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