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SEMINARIOENEA - CASACCIA Venerdì 12 marzo 2010
ore 10
Carlo [email protected]
Multi-physicsparameters optimization
of ADS corefor transmutation
Int’l Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy New Delhi, Sept 29-Oct 1 / ENEA-BO 12 Nov 009 Carlo Artioli
Multi-physicsparameters optimization ofADS core for transmutation
IP-EUROTRANSInternational training course (ITC-9)
on
Accelerator–driven Transmutation System forEuropean and Asian Young Scientists and Engineers
Nuclear Technology and Education Center JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, JapanDec. 1-4, 2009
Carlo [email protected]
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMMEEURATOM
Management of Radioactive Waste
IP EUROTRANSEUROpean Reserch Programme for the TRANSmutation of high Level
Nuclear Waste in an Accelerator Driven System (ADS)
DM0 DM1 … DM5 Management Design Nudatra
WP1.1 WP1.2 ….. WP1.6Reference Design Development and Assesment XT-ADS RemoteSpecifications of XT-ADS and EFIT Designs Handling Catalogue
U-free Core design of the EFIT-Pband of the Gas backup option
Task 1.2.1 ….. Task 1.2.4 …. Task 1.2.6(ENEA, FZK, Ansaldo, CEA,Framatome ANP, NNC, CRS4)
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
EFIT Pb Main featuresEFIT Pb Main features
Goal:Goal: fissioning MA, while producing energyfissioning MA, while producing energyFuel:Fuel: MA & Pu Oxide in inert matrix (MgO)MA & Pu Oxide in inert matrix (MgO)Coolant:Coolant: Lead, Tin=400 °C, Tout=480°CLead, Tin=400 °C, Tout=480°CPower:Power: several hundreds MWseveral hundreds MW
EUROTRANS DM1 Task 1.2.4:EFIT Core Design
(European Facility for Industrial Transmutation,)VI FP, IP EUROTRANS
concept developed for the transmutation of MAs
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Kmax =0.97
High amount of MA allowed in the core
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
QpnS
Pth)/(
eff
S*
M
MS
SS 1 k
kM
eff
effeff 1 k
kM
s
s
k
k1
eff
effthprot
k
k
SQ
Pi
*
1
proti
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Main questions to be answered
2) In which way the burning capability has to be optimized?
3) What about the two goals: “burner” and “energy producer”?
(should they be contradictory)
1)What exactly means “burning MA at best” ?
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Core size (MW)Core size (MW)
MA
bal
ance
Kg
(MA
) /T
Wh
MA
bal
ance
Kg
(MA
) /T
Wh 1)What exactly means “burning
MA at best” ?
(e.g.400)(e.g.400)
(e.g
.65
)(e
.g.6
5)
Eur
o /
Kg
(MA
tra
nsm
uted
)E
uro
/ K
g (M
A t
rans
mut
ed)
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Power density roughly invariant
Power size become geometrical size
Core size (MW)Core size (MW)
MA
bal
ance
Kg
(MA
) /T
Wh
MA
bal
ance
Kg
(MA
) /T
Wh
Lattice ruled by linear power rating and TH constraint
1)What exactly means “burning MA at best” ?
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Core size (MW)Core size (MW)
MA
bal
ance
Kg
(MA
) /T
Wh
MA
bal
ance
Kg
(MA
) /T
Wh 1)What exactly means “burning
MA at best” ?
fuelPu MAPu MA Pu
MA
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
2f
f, )97.0(
axDBkkk
H
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
PuMA
PuMA
Transmutation
Transmutation
Transmutation
Transmutation
fission
fissionfission
fission
Small size, high enrichment
Large size, low enrichment
Small size = low MA reaction rate
Large size = high MA reaction rate
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
e = Pu / (Pu+ MA)
PuMA
FUELFUEL
- 42 0
Pu
mas
s B
alan
ceM
A m
ass
bal
ance
Pu
bre
eder
Pu
bu
rner
Kg/TWh
Ex.- 60, +18
Ex.- 30, -12Total balance ≈ - 42 kg / Twhth
(from theor. 210 MeV/fission)
e = Pu / (Pu+ MA)
PuMA
FUELFUEL
Fission product
Tra
nsm
uta
tio
ns
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
A MA balance lower than -42 kg/TWh (e.g. -50) means that:- 42 have been actually fissioned and- the difference (e.g. 8) have been transmuted in new Pu
A MA balance higher than -42 kg/TWh, e.g. -35, means that:- 35 have been actually fissioned and- the difference (e.g. 7) are fissions of Pu
1)What exactly means “burning MA at best” ?
the system would act as Pu breeder
the system would act as Pu burnerIP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo
Artioli
In both the cases:-Producing new Pu and-Burning Puthe system has not been optimized because there are “expensive” neutrons used not to fission MA.
1)What exactly means “burning MA at best” ?
(Producing or fissioning Pu can be made in cheaper way in conventional reactor)
The best ADS, as MA burner, shows a:- MA balance of -42 kg/TWh and (of course)- Pu balance of 0 kg/TWhIP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo
Artioli
or considering the velocity of burning -42kg/h /TWthe minimum cost of the power deployed
2) In which way the burning capability has to be optimized?3) What about the to goals: “burner” and “energy producer”?
(should they be contradictory)
The best ADS, as MA burner, shows a:- MA balance of -42 kg/TWh and (of course)- Pu balance of 0 kg/TWhSince looking for a MA performance “better”
than -42 kg/TWh is meaningless, the optimizationleads to the minimum cost of the TWh
which is the same optimization required for theenergy production
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
How to get the :- MA balance of -42 kg/TWh and (of course)- Pu balance of 0 kg/TWh
PuMA
- 42 0
Pu
mas
s B
alan
ceM
A m
ass
bal
ance
Pu
bre
eder
Pu
bu
rner
Kg/TWh
Ex.- 60, +18
Ex.- 30, -12
Suitable e = Pu / (Pu+ MA)
The burning performance depends on the mutualratio between Pu and MA i.e. on the enrichment
X kg/TWh of net Transmutations
42-X kg/TWh fissioned X kg/TWh fissioned
FP, 42 kg/TWh
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
kswing
INPUTto be supplied
OUTPUT
Pu and MA vectors
Search of suitedPu/ (Pu+MA)
Pellet composition
Pu, MA dioxydestechiometry and density;Matrix, density and fraction
Definition of “enrich.”Pu/ (Pu+MA)
Pin geometry definition(diameter and other by guess)
Gas releases= f (T, BU)
Fuel element definition
Max linear power, TH(Tmax, conductivity law)
Fuel density power
Core density powerKeff required
Core definitionCore size and power
Ver
ifica
tion
and
optim
izat
ion
Main statement:
DESIGN
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Which are the correlationshipsamong the main core parameters
(A-BAQUS graph)
Matrix rate
Current
Power/size
Performances
Enrichment
k cycle
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
fuel
PuMA
e = Pu / (Pu+ MA)
Inert matrix
PELLETPELLET
%MgO = Matrix / (Matrix + fuel)
MgO
e (%)
50
%MgO50 ( %fuel )
Which are the correlationshipsamong the main core parameters
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
e (%)
e = Pu / (Pu+ MA)
%MgO
PuMA
Fission productTotal balance 42 kg / Twhth
Tra
nsm
uta
tio
ns
50
FUELFUEL
50 ( %fuel )
Pu
mas
s B
alan
ceM
A m
ass
bal
ance
- 42 0
Pu
bre
eder
Pu
bu
rner
Kg/TWh
Ex.- 60, +18
Ex.- 30, -12
Which are the correlationshipsamong the main core parameters
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Approximation:No effect on the spectrum of the variation
of the matrix fraction (in the range)
e (%)
%MgO
Pu
mas
s B
alan
ceM
A m
ass
bal
ance
- 42 0
Pu
bre
eder
Pu
bu
rner
Kg/TWh
PuMA
K swing (pcm/y)
FissionFission
Tra
nsm
uta
tio
ns
k (
pcm
/y)
0
FUELFUEL
5050
e = Pu / (Pu+ MA)
( %fuel )
Which are the correlationshipsamong the main core parameters
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
e (%)
%MgO
Homog. Power density rather constant
50
( %fuel )
Coolant volume fraction(depending on coolant velocity)
Linear power rating(depending on the fuel)
Which are the correlationshipsamong the main core parameters
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Homog. Power density rather constant
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
e (%)
%MgO
Homog. Power density rather constant
decreasing %fuel (incr. %MgO)
Increases the geometrical size(to adjust for criticallity)
Increases the Core Power
P (
MW
)
Co
re R
adiu
s (c
m)
400
200
50
( %fuel )
Coolant volume fraction(depending on coolant velocity)
Linear power rating(depending on the fuel)
Which are the correlationshipsamong the main core parameters
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Core Power
Proton current
k swing
Proton current range
50 25
P (
MW
)
Co
re R
adiu
s (c
m)
400
200
Subcriticality fixed!
Enr
ichm
ent c
onst
ant
I (mA)Which are the correlationships
among the main core parameters
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Which are the correlationshipsamong the main core parameters
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
EFIT-Pb Technology constraints
Fuel CERCER (Pu,MA)O2-x-MgO inert matrix
(or 92Mo , 93%enriched)
% VF of MgO>50% (to assure thermal conductivity);
Linear power <180-200 W/cm (depending on %VF MgO).
- FA residence time = 3 years (Pb corrosion is the most restricting condition)
T limit for the fuel: ~1650 K (500 K below the inert matrix melting/disintegration)
T limit for the cladding at nominal cond. (9Cr1MoVNb steel T91): 820 K
Pb speed at 1 m/s (to limit corrosion effects)
Active height = 90 cm (to limit the pressure drop)
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
• Maintain a low keff swing during the cycle (no oversize of target and accelerator)
• Maximize the power density
• Decrease the form factors to flatten the coolant Tout (Pb at 750 K and <820 K for
the cladding) and to maximize the avg power density by use of 3-zones with increasing active fuel volume fraction along the core radius (enr. Is fixed):
• from inner to intermediate zone by increasing the fuel/matrix from 43% to 50% (but same pin diameter)
• from intermediate to outer zone by increasing the pin diameter (and same fuel/matrix %)
• ,
• FA dimensions are driven by the size of the spallation module, Rtarget = 43.7 cm (to
replace 19 FAs)
Design choices, rationales and solutions• Maximize MA fission. The enrichment is fixed to fulfil the “42-0” approach, i.e.:
1. 42 kg/TWhth is true for any nuclear system (it comes from 210 MeV/fission)
2. what is the policy about Pu? The choice here is neither Pu production (not consistent with U-free) nor Pu reduction (net fission expensive in ADS)
3. the choice is then to dedicate all the fissions (directly or indirectly) to MAs: net balance is -42 kg/TWhth for MA and 0 kg/TWhth for Pu (which sustains in
any case the reactivity, acting as a catalizer)
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Project parameters (as inputs)
– Thermal power of some hundreds of MW (to be optimized)– Pb coolant for the proton target and the core (fast spectrum). Pb temp. for the core: Tin=673 K, Tout=753 K– External proton beam of 800 MeV up to 20 mA (windowless target)– Sub-critical level of keff = 0.97 (to be verified a posteriori)– The fuel is U-free and uses Pu and MA vectors. MA come from the spent UO2 (90%) and MOX fuel (10%) of a PWR (45 MWd/kgHM) with 30 cooling years. Pu from UO2 with 15 cooling years (data from CEA).
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
B: pellet with different fractions of matrix
, Tout
A: reduction of coolant volume fraction (larger pin)
Radial flattening by increasing fuel volume fraction
Toutmax
Coolant volume fraction
Increasing fuel volume fraction
Outer zone
, DP
Plin
Tout
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Fla
tte
nin
g T
ech
niq
ue
s
StructuralC o o l a n tF u e lP
u+
MA
Mat
rix
StructuralC o o l a n tF u e l
Pu
+M
A
Mat
rix
ReferenceIntermediate
zone
Outer zoneby different pin sizeand same matrix %
Inner zoneby different matrix%and same pin
PDfuel=max; Plin=max; Tout=max
Pin “size” to obtain the same max PDbut Tout should be unacceptable
StructuralC o o l a n tF u e l
Pu
+M
A
Mat
rix
PDfuel=max; Plin=max; Tout=max
PDfuel< max; Plin< max; Tout=max
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Inner, Intermediate & Outer FA Design
Inner and Intermediate: Outer:Same pin & pitch; MgO VF (57%, 50%) > Pin - Same MgO VF
(50%)IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Cylindrised vertical section & H3D model384 MWth core
42
66
72
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Hom. Power density at midplane
Maximum allowed, corresponding to linear power rating 207 and 180 W/cm
(calculations: M. Sarotto)(calculations: M. Sarotto)
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
BOC Monte Carlo Calculations(calculations Carlo Petrovich)
keff 0.97403 0.00023
Neutron source (S)
(neutrons/proton) 23.02 0.08
M = all fission neutrons / S 19.45 0.25
kS = M / (M+1) 0.95111 0.00059
0.52
Proton current 13.2 mA
SS
effeff
kk
kk
/)1(
/)1(*
To be considered in optimization step: reducing the core/spallationsize the efficiency will be increased
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Pu / Pu (BOC) -0,7%
MA / MA (BOC) -
13,9%
3 yearsBU = 78,28 MWd / kg (HM) BU -40,17 kg (MA) / TWh
Total E = 10,0915 TWhth -1,74 kg (Pu) / TWh
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
0 1 2 3[ years ]
[ k
g ]
Tot Pu
Tot MA
MA and Pu balances
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Behaviour of MA isotopes
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 1 2 3
years
[ %
] Tot MA
Am241
Am243
Cm242
Cm244
Behaviour of Pu isotopes
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 1 2 3Years
[ %
]
Tot PuPu238Pu239Pu242
Pu, MA vectors evolutions
Pu / Pu (BOC) -0,7%
MA / MA (BOC) -
13,9%
3 yearsBU = 78,28 MWd / kg (HM) BU -40,17 kg (MA) / TWh
Total E = 10,0915 TWhth -1,74 kg (Pu) / TWh
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
0 1 2 3[ years ]
[ k
g ]
Tot Pu
Tot MA
MA and Pu balances
The Pu and MA vectors evolve in the time toward equilibrium configurations; this implies:
- Calculation of the enrichment with the equilibrium vectors
- Enrichment resettings in the transitory phase
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Power size optimization criterion:minimum cost / kg of fissioned Minor Actinides
minimum cost per MW deployed.
cost / MWdeployed = f(core size, accelerator size)
- Core term: decreases increasing the power (if power density is const.);
- Accelerator term: decreases increasing the power,
but the target loses efficiency.
Present criterion:
The largest size core acceptable within the currentspallation module design (max power: 11.2 MW).
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
3 approaches Starting M a i n p a r a m e t e r s Performancies point (kg/TWh)
(- 42 TRU)
Kzero reactivity swing ≈ 0
e k cycle P(MW) i (800 MeV)(%) (pcm) (MW) (mA)
400MW P = 400 MW
42-0 Pu ≈ 0
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
3 different approaches
Graphical extimations
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
3 approaches Starting M a i n p a r a m e t e r s Performancies point (kg/TWh)
(- 42 TRU)
Kzero reactivity 50 ~0 275 ~ 7 ~ -36 MA swing ≈ 0 ~ -6 Pu
e k cycle P(MW) i (800 MeV)(%) (pcm) (MW) (mA)
400MW P = 400 MW 27 ~ +2000 400 ~ 32-18 ~ - 65 MA ~ +23 Pu
42-0 Pu ≈ 0 45.7 ~ +500 395 ~ 16-14 ~ - 41 MA ~ -1 Pu
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
“42-0 Concept” Main conclusions
-Conceptual “42-0” design leads to the best MA burnerin the sense that each fission is devoted to an “atom”of MA, no matter the kind of ADS
-The doubble goal, to be a burner and a producer of energy,are not in conflict
-Both can be reached minimizing the cost of the unit of energyproduced in the “42-0” concept
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
“EFIT-Pb” Conclusions
The “42-0” strategy has been the fundamental approach for the neutronic design of the EFIT core. Simultaneously a low keff swing is obtained (small current excursion).
MA fission (about 120 kg/year) via an U-free lead-cooled ADS as EFIT (384 MWth) is viable, as the core is concerned: acceptable max T for fuel and cladding in nominal conditions and transients.
The safety analysis (including sub-criticality level choice) has anyway to be completed.
Use of CERMET fuel (Mo matrix instead of MgO), qualification of fuel, steel in Pb environment, cost/benefits ratio are to be investigated.
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli
Multi-physicsparameters optimization ofADS core for transmutation
IP-EUROTRANSInternational training course (ITC-9)
on
Accelerator–driven Transmutation System forEuropean and Asian Young Scientists and Engineers
Nuclear Technology and Education Center JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, JapanDec. 1-4, 2009
Carlo [email protected]
IP-EUROTRANS International Training Course (ITC-9) Dec. 1-4, 2009 JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan Carlo Artioli