Seminario nº9 Neuronas Espejo

Grasping-holding Full vision Grasping-holding Hidden

placing-holding Full vision placing-holding Hidden

Monkey grasping

Grasping-holding Full vision Grasping-holding Hidden

Grasping-holding Full vision (mimed) Grasping-holding Hidden (mimed)

Grasping-holding Full vision Grasping-holding Hidden

HIGER VOCAL CENTER

ROBUST NUCLEOUS OF ARCHISTRIATUM(output motor)

-Adultos con lesiones en HVC no pueden cantar.-Existe una correlación entre el tamaño de HVC y la complejidad del canto en distintas especies

Avian striatum (basal ganglia)Percepsión y aprendizaje de canciones pero no necesario para cantar

Movements can induce sensory input (for example, when you hit something) that is indistinguishable from the input that is caused by external agents (for example, when something hits you). It is critical for nervous systems to be able to differentiate between these two scenarios. A ubiquitous strategy is to route copies of movement commands to sensory structures. These signals, are referred to as corollary discharge.

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FS2

FS2

FS3

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Because the HVC is a pre-motor structure, it would be expected that nerve impulses would occur here earlier than the resulting sounds, whereas the auditory responses of the neurons would occur later. But Prather et al. find that the timing of nerve impulses from the mirroring neurons of the HVC is the same whether the bird is singing or listening. This remarkable delaying of the motor signal implies that the mirroring neurons are providing a ‘corollary discharge’ signal, that is, a neural representation of the motor output (the song being sung) encoded in a way that can be readily compared with the auditory input (hearing the song).

During the several weeks that song learning takes, many HVC neurons are replaced by others. The mirroring neurons identified by Prather belong to a population that is not replaced, but is stable across song development.

Puede proveer un molde estable mientras la canción está cambiando (cristalización) para facilitar la imitación del canto.