Seminars in IT for Businesses

Summary 1

By

Dr Sadaf Sajjad

Seminars in IT for Businesses

Summary 4

By

Dr Sadaf Sajjad

Internet & e-commerceInternet & e-commerce

Ecommerce Strategies• Brick-and-mortar

• Traditional, physical companies

• Click-only (“virtual”) companies • Online only

• Click-and-mortar (or “Brick & Click”)• Both physical and virtual

– Challenge: increased IS complexity

VIDEO 1

Internet, Intranet, Extranet

Decision-Making Levels of an Organization

• Executive level– Long-term decisions (Strategies)

– Unstructured decisions

• Managerial level– Decisions covering weeks and months (Tactics)

– Semi-structured decisions

• Operational level– Day-to-day decisions (Operations)

– Structured decisions

ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING

• ERP systems collect data from across an organization and correlates the data generating an enterprisewide view

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

• Five basic supply chain activities

Information Systems Information Systems DevelopmentDevelopment

THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

(SDLC)• Systems development

life cycle (SDLC) – The overall process for developing information systems from planning and analysis through implementation and maintenance

Video 2

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APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

METHODOLOGIES• Waterfall (Structured Process)• Agile• Rapid application development (RAD)• Extreme programming• Rational unified process (RUP)• SCRUM

Waterfall Methodology• Waterfall

methodology – A structured sequence of phases in which the output of each phase becomes the input for the next

Agile Methodology Iterative development – Consists of a series of

tiny projects

• Agile methodology – Aims for customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery of useful application software components developed by an iterative process using the bare minimum requirements

Rapid Application Development (RAD) Methodology

• Rapid application development methodology– Emphasizes extensive user involvement in the rapid and evolutionary construction of working prototypes of a system to accelerate the systems development process

Prototype – A smaller-scale representation or working model of the users’ requirements or a proposed design for an information system

• The prototype is an essential part of the analysis phase when using a RAD methodology

Extreme Programming Methodology

• Extreme programming (XP) methodology – Breaks a project into tiny phases, and developers cannot continue on to the next phase until the first phase is complete

Rational Unified Process (RUP) Methodology

• Rational Unified Process (RUP) – Provides a framework for breaking down the development of software into four gates

– Gate One: Inception

– Gate Two: Elaboration

– Gate Three: Construction

– Gate Four: Transition

SCRUM Methodology

• SCRUM – Uses small teams to produce small pieces of deliverable software using sprints, or 30-day intervals, to achieve an appointed goal

• Under this methodology, each day ends or begins with a stand-up meeting to monitor and control the development effort

DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL APPLICATION

• Primary reasons for project failure– Unclear or missing business requirements

– Skipping SDLC phases

– Failure to manage project scope

• Scope creep

• Feature creep

– Failure to manage project plan

– Changing technology

Project Management Role

CHOOSING STRATEGIC PROJECTS

• Three common techniques for selecting projects

1. Focus on organizational goals (vision, strategy)

2. Categorize projects (visibility, urgency, benefit)

3. Perform a financial analysis (cost/benefit)

Understanding Project Planning

• After selecting strategic projects and identifying a project manager the next critical component is the project plan

• Building a project plan involves two key components

– Project charter

– Project plan

Video 3

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Information Systems in the 2010s

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1.1 Positioning IT to Optimize Performance

Business performance depends on:• AGILITY: Importance of being an agile enterprise

(able to adapt rapidly) has never been greater because of bad economic conditions and advances in mobile technology.

• MOBILITY: Connect with customers anywhere/time. The shift from PCs to mobile devices has made location irrelevant to a large extent. – Touch-navigate devices running on 3G & 4G networks

together with innovative IT (e.g., 2D tags) create business opportunities.

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IT creates a competitive edge — until it’s duplicated by a competitor or replaced by newer technology

• Past decade: companies were adapting to social networking. Facebook, LinkedIn, YouTube, Twitter and blogs became extensions of businesses to reach customers, prospects, and business partners.

• Today: companies want to grab the attention of potential and current customers on their mobiles. Companies are developing ways to connect with & push content to social networks and mobile devices.

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Business Innovation & Disruption of the Status Quo

Widespread adoption of new IT is going to disrupt the usual way business is done.

Examples: • Winter Olympics 2010 was the 1st social media Olympics. Twitter

and Facebook were platforms used by marketers, athletes, and sports fans to share news, get game updates, and send/ receive marketing promotions.

• Facebook, Skype, and blogs formed critical ISs after the Haiti and Chile earthquakes in 2010. They were used to communicate, find missing people, and request donations to the Haitian relief.

• Whole Foods Market attracts customers and reinforces customer relationships via its free iPhone app. Instead of pursuing customers with traditional advertising only, Whole Foods is attracting customers via its lower cost and more targeted iPhone app.

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Innovation leads to profitable growth if that innovation does one or more of the

following:• Generates new profit pools

• Increases demand for products and services

• Attracts new customers

• Opens new markets

• Sustains the business for years to come

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1.2 Information Systems and IT: Core Concepts

Figure 1.3 Four Basic Functions of an Information System: Input, Processing, Storage, & Output

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Figure 1.4 Components of Information Systems

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IS value is determined by the relationships among ISs, people, & business processes—all of which are

influenced by organizational culture

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Figure 1.5 Information Systems Function Within a Culture

Ethical Issues• IT creates challenging ethical issues ranging from

employee e-mail monitoring to invasion of customers’ privacy.

• Ethical issues create pressures or constraints on business operations.

• Ethics relates to standards of right and wrong.• Information ethics relates to standards of right and

wrong in information management practices.

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Net Work Securities. Video 4

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• In today’s workplace, it is imperative that ISs work effectively and reliably.

• IS managers play a vital role in the implementation and administration of technology within their organizations. – They plan, coordinate, and direct research on the computer-

related activities of firms. – In consultation with other managers, they help determine

the goals of an organization and then implement technology to meet those goals.

– They oversee all technical aspect of an organization, such as software development, network security, and Internet operations.

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Why IT is Important to Your Career, and IT Careers

• Business is IT-dependent• For most organizations, if their computer network

goes down, so does the business

Imagine not having Internet access for 24 hours--no texting, e-mail, Facebook, Twitter, Google, data access, etc.

How would that impact your life?

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Future of IT. Video 5

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THANKYOU

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