Dr. Richard Dixon
New impulses for sensing in automotive
Senior Principal Analyst, MEMS & Sensors
Agenda
• Automotive MEMS & Sensor Market Overview
• New impulses
Automated driving
Electrification
• Trends
• Conclusions
Big changes underway in passenger car market
• Way we consider transportation is changing Ownership vs. sharing vs. rental
• Awareness of environment City bans planned for diesel engines in Paris, Madrid,
Stuttgart…. no ICEs in the UK from 2040!
• Type of car we own Hybrid, electric, fuel cell…..
• Way we interact with automated passenger cars A new “space” in which to work, be entertained,
consume…..
Automotive MEMS & Sensor Market
• Chip value = $42 per car in 2010
• $61 per car in 2022
ADAS and electrification drive automotive sensor economy
• Chip value = $42 per car in 2010
• $61 per car in 2022
• Advanced Driver Assist boosts market
BRIC countries drive growth outside of ADAS
• IHS currently revising its forecast upward for China and India
MEMS & sensors for autonomous driving
Automation level
System capability
Driving environment
Fall back position
Evolution of established sensing
New sensing
Only driver assistance
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
Some driving modes
Partial Automation
Conditional Automation
High Automation Full Automation
Some driving modes
Some driving modes
Some driving modes
All driving modes
Human Driver Human Driver System System System
Human Driver Human Driver Human Driver System System
Fail-safe Fail-operational
Radar: from 1D to 2D detection
Camera: towards higher resolution (Up to 7MP); increasing frame rate (30 to 60 frames/sec)
Infrared Camera: essential for driver monitoring in L3
Ultrasonic: No big change
Lidar: from macro-mechanical to solid-state
High-performance IMU: Dead reckoning sensors for L4 and L5
Adaptive Lighting: based on MEMS scanners and/or DLP
LIDAR: a technology fight
• Valeo/Ibeo • Ibeo • Velodyne • Quanergy
Mechanical Scanning LIDAR
System Suppliers: • Continental • Continental (ASC) • Valeo • Invisage
Technologies • Strobe*
Solution suppliers: • LeddarCore • Phantom
Intelligence
Non scanning Flash LIDAR
• Quanergy • MIT + Darpa
• Microvision • Innoluce
(Infineon) • Innoviz
Technologies • Lemoptix (Intel) • Bosch • STMicro • …
VCSEL based: • Trilumina • Xenomatix
Electro-optic scanner: • Princeton
Lightwave
Optical Antenna: • OryxVision
Phase array LIDAR MEMS based
scanning LIDAR Other
Based on solid-state technology
Source: Innoluce Source: Quanergy
Source: Valeo/Ibeo
Source: Continental
Global positioning of point clouds for high resolution maps with LIDAR
Performance vs. Price for yaw sensor used in autonomous driving
LIDAR creates need for accurate dead reckoning
Specifications are key to pricing
• High precision inertial dead reckoning required for (L4 /L5 operation) Specifications either not known or closely guarded
• L4 dead reckoning requires 1-2 cm over 300m Today’s inertial automotive navigation gyroscopes
cost $5 and drift equivalent of 2-3 m over 300 m
• Tough combination of performance, price target $10-20? Will rely on sensor fusion to soften specs
Courtesy Volvo
Adaptive lighting: full beam all the time
Electronic content for lighting is increasing rapidly Adaptive lighting rather than night vision
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Source: Hella
Source: Bosch
Adaptive laser light based on MEMS
Source: IHS Automotive 2016
Electric: a threat to MEMS & sensor industry?
• MEMS: $9 value / engine on average Eliminate 4 MEMS pressure sensors, flow sensor
• Silicon magnetic: $5 / engine • 6 – 10 position and speed sensors
• O2, NOx, PM: $35 / engine • From 7 sensors to 0
• Silicon magnetic: $1 -2 / traction motor on average (up to 2 motors)
• 3 – 6 position and current sensors for motor control
• Other silicon sensor: $5-10 (temp, humidity, pressure)
Electric motor: around $8 to
$12 for sensors
Internal combustion engine: around $50 for sensors
BMW i3
The good news: HEV will dominate
• HEV will dominate propulsion systems in 2030 43% Gasoline HEV
5% BEV
ROW still using combustion engines
• New sensors Position, current in
traction motor
Battery pressure, voltage, humidity…
Courtesy IHS Automotive
Best of both worlds: hybrid transmissions
1. Electrical motor
2. Control electronics
3. Two-speed gearbox (2 Hall for selection, 1 inductive PLCD sensor for input speed)
4. Output shaft
5. 3-cyl gasoline combustion engine
6. Output shaft
7. Six-speed automatic DCT with 4x position, 2x speed sensors, 1x Hall TRS position…BLDC gear change motor
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BMW i8, Courtesy BMW
+5-10 sensors
15-20 sensors
Trends: functional safety
• ISO26262 determines component risk classes More diagnostics, self check, health monitoring,
new communication interfaces (security?)
Redundancy for ASIL-D applications
• Affect magnetic not MEMS, i.e. steering, throttle, acceleration pedal position sensors Double / triple number of dies, either dual
packages but same package
Mixed technologies = higher ASIL ratings
• Sensors get more expensive!
Continental
Bosch
2 x angle, 2 x torque
2 x angle
2 x angle
BMW
Trends: technology shifts
• For safety critical applications of magnetic sensing, higher performance fosters technology changes
IHS Markit
Sensors have to cope with more extremes
• Internal fields from e-motors E-motors produce strong electrical
interference
Next generation sensors required to protect against 4000 A /m compared to previous 1000 A / m
• Wireless charging (2018) High power inductive charging heats
metal components
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• Engine environment gets hotter Aftertreatment packaged closer to
engine
Temperature requirements 150°C+
• Automotive IOT
• Sensors have to provide more data More security and protection
Capture filtered data but also raw data
Conclusions
• BRIC countries: mandates for conventional safety applications and emission control (harmonization of world legislation)
Markets price driven
How to meet cost targets while maintaining reliability? Die redundancy? Fail safe mode? …
• Established markets: autonomous driving
Not only about radar and camera. Opportunities for MEMS for LIDAR, inertial navigation and adaptive lighting in 2020-2030
Performance driven market
• MEMS & Sensor market healthy for next 10 years!