Senior Thesis - Pennsylvania State University...Â Â Â Project Team Structural The Calvert Hall...

Senior Thesis

Final Report

The Calvert Hall College High School

By

John Graef

Construction Management

Project Team

Structural

The Calvert Hall College High School The New Academic Building Towson, Maryland

Project Statistics

New Academic Building: 2.5 Million Dollars Serves as an Addition to Existing School Building Size: 40,000 Square Feet 4 Story Building, 3 Stories Above Ground Constructions Date: July 2003 - September 2004

Architect: Gaudreau Construction Manager: Struever Bros. Civil: Century Engineering Mechanical: Century Engineering Structure: Century Engineering Owner: Calvert Hall College High School Project Manger: Bill Reed

Lighting / Electrical

Size: 480/277 V, 1600 Ampere 3 Phase – 4 Wire Lighting Manufactures: Columbia, Prescolite,

Lightolier, Alera, etc. Emergency Lighting Units

Mechanical

H.V.A.C System V.A.V Box with electric reheat Hydraulic Elevator Automatic Sprinkler System

Architecture

The New Academic Building will allow for new English Department, Class Rooms, Television Studio, Computer Application Labs, Library, Media Center, Art Center, and Conference Rooms. Renovation of the old building will allow for a Remodeled Gymnasium, new wrestling room, Academic Department Offices, Language Lab, and six additional Class Rooms.

John Graef - Construction ManagementSenior Thesis: www.arche.psu.edu/thesis/2005/jmg359

Foundation: Slab-on-Grade, Drilled Piers: (Caissons)

Structural: Structural Steel - Columns Beams, Girders.

Metal Decking: Non-Composite Decking Bracing: Lateral Bracing Engineered Masonry

Table of Contents

Executive Summary-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1

Acknowledgements--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2

Building introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------3

Proposal letter---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9

Thesis Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------13

Analysis I - The effectiveness of 3D modeling and 4-D modeling--------------------------15

Analysis II Safety Guild line----------------------------------------------------------------------24

Analysis III LEEDtm rated design----------------------------------------------------------------41

Thesis Research ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55

AutoCAD drawings ------------------------------------------------------------------- Appendix A

VIS Model-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Appendix B

4-D Model-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Appendix C

John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005

Senior Thesis E-mail: [email protected] www.arch.psu.edu/thesis/2005/jmg359 Page - 1 -

Executive Summary

The following report is a complete work of my thesis in the field of Architectural Engineering. This thesis is focused on the construction methodology on the Calvert Hall project located in Towson MD. My complete thesis report is focused on three different purposed analyses. Each analysis will focuses on research, developing methods, value engineering, constructability review, and schedule reduction. Analysis I

The depth of my thesis focuses on the effectiveness of 3D AutoCAD and 4D modeling. I completed a 3D model of the Calvert Hall project. I imported the AutoCAD file into Common Point and VIS. I constructed a 4D model that is based on a constructed construction schedule. I used this model to analyze the construction sequence and drew conclusions based on my findings. Included in my report is a AutoCAD model of the Calvert Hall project and a complete model created in VIS. You will also find a 4D model that was created in Common Point. This model will illustrate my findings.

Analysis II The breath of my senior thesis is focus on creating a construction safety plan for the Calvert Hall project. This safety plan will be based on common hazards related to construction. Methods of identifying and eliminating dangers are out-lined in my proposal. Industry construction safety standards and safety methods are explained in detail. My findings directly influence my safety plan. Analysis III The second breath of my senior thesis is focused on building Calvert Hall High School to become a LEEDtm certified building. I explained the reasoning for building LEEDtm rated. I reviewed all 69 points and determined which points are possible points. I looked deeper into points that deal directly with construction issues. I drew conclusions based on my findings. Included is a complete LEEDtm checklist



Acknowledgements

I would like to take this opportunity to express my thanks to Kevin Parfitt and

other members of the AE faculty for supporting me with the resources, education and

tools that aloud me to complete my senior thesis. I would like to give special thanks to

my project sponsor Bill Reed for providing me with a building and technical support

throughout my thesis. I would like to thank Dave Lattero for his insight on the Center of

Sustainability. I would like to show gratitude to my friends and fellow students for

supporting me throughout college. Finally, I would like to thank my family for

supporting my goals throughout my education here at the Pennsylvania State University.



Building Introduction

Senior Thesis

Calvert Hall College High School IN

Towson, MD 8102 LaSalle Road

Baltimore, MD 21286



Occupant: High School Students Function: High School Building size: 40,000 sq ft Number of stories: four stories Construction Dates: July 2003-September 2004 Site information:

The Calvert Hall College High School is located north of Baltimore in a town called Towson. The New Academic addition was built near two older buildings that are on the site. One building is the Gym/Pool building and the other building has offices, classes, etc. The New Academic Building is an addition to the Calvert Hall College High School and is necessary because of space issues. This addition will be completely separate from any other building. This site has one driveway/parking that exists. A second temporary road was built to help with construction traffic. A loop was added to the driveway to service the New Academic Building. A pond exists on the site to hold rain water and runoff.

Occupancy: Calvert Hall College High School is a private school for Catholic men. This

building is an addition to the school and acts as the New Academic Building. It will open up space in the other two buildings. A Library, Media Center, four Computer Labs, LaSalle Program Center, and the McMullen Center will be moved from the Keelty Hall Building to the New Academic Building. The Academic Resource Center and the Art Center will be moved from the Pool Building. The addition will add to the schools resources with more conference rooms, classrooms, offices, and a television studio. Relocating of these areas will open up new space in the old buildings. The extra space will allow for Department Offices, Language Lab, Classrooms, and Administrative Offices. The extra space in the pool area is to be used for a second gymnasium.



Primary Project Team

Gaudreau Inc - http://www.gaudreauinc.com/

810 Light Street

Baltimore, Maryland 21230

Century Engineering- http://www.centuryeng.com/

32-a west road

Towson, Maryland 21204

Struever Bros. Eccles and Rouse. (SBE&R) - http://www.sber.com/

Joy Building at Tide Point

1040 Hull Street, Suite 200

Baltimore, Maryland 21230

Contact: Bill Reed (PM)

Owner: Calvert Hall High School



Architecture Calvert Hall is designed by Gaudreau Architects and is a modern addition to the

school. The building fits effectively with the other two buildings and the site. The Academic Building is a nice addition to the school. The addition has an unusual curve wall that gives the building a unique look. The new additions exterior is made of glass, CMU, and brick. The floor is made many tiled and they used a reflective ceiling plain. The New Academic Building will Help “bridge” the old two building together.

Project Delivery Method Century Engineering is a General Contractor, Construction Manager and Design-Bid-Builder. Struever Bros Eccles and Rouse are the construction managers of the project. SBE&R hold the Contracts with the sub-contractors. They have a contract with the owner and the architect. SBE&R in-house some of the work and sub-contract out the rest. They manage the contracts and report to owner and architect.



Systems Analysis

Structure Structural Steel, brick walls, engineered masonry, light gauge metal framing, metal decking superstructure concrete

Mechanical system HVAC

Electrical

The Calvert hall College High School building has a standard 480/277 V, 1600 Ampere system. The electrical system 3 phase – 4 wire. The electricity will be supplied from an underground 6-way concrete encased duct bank. The power will go to the mechanical room and will be distributed to the rest of the building from there.

Lighting

The building is equipment with an emergency lighting system. The system will automatically react to a power outage or a buildings emergency. The architect designs the schools lights to be primarily fluorescent lights with a reflective ceiling plan.

Mechanical

The building temperature and humidity is controlled using a HVAC system with VAV boxes. The system was designed to handle 1,600,000 cubic feet. The system has controls in each room. The 3rd floor HVAC system has additional equipment to handle the shop room and the art studio. The 3rd floors air filtration unit is a 3 stage fan unit that can control gas, dirt, odor and dust.

Structural

The foundation is slab-on-grade concrete and drilled piers. 4 story structural columns with a non-composite metal decking system. Steel concentrically braced frames and intermediate moment frames. The design for the structure is in accordance with IBC-2000



Construction The construction started July 2003 and finished September 2004. The building is 40,000 sq ft, 4 stories high, and 3 stories above grade. The New Academic building construction is managed by SBE&R.

Fire Protection

The school has an automatic sprinkler system. Dry standpipes are also located in the stairwells to help firemen guarantee water.

Transportation

A hydraulic elevator is located near the center of the building. Two stairwells are located on both sides of the building. A central hall loops around the building. A cover walkway links the buildings together.

Telecommunication

The New Academic addition has a T.V. studio. The school will be hooked up to telephones, high speed internet, and satellite dishes.



Thesis Proposal For the highlight of my senior thesis I propose to study three different topics and relate them to the Calvert Hall project. The first topic I would like to study in-depth is safety policies. I would also like to study the effectiveness of 4D modeling. Along with a quick breath into LEEDtm rated design. I expect that I will learn a lot about important issues in industry. I also want to study Penn States Center of Sustainability. I will include this into my LEEDth design work.

4-D cad (depth) • Study the effectiveness of 4-D modeling with schedules • Master 3-D cad and Common Point skills

Safety policies(breath)

• Safety policies • Out-line a safety policy

LEEDTM rated design (breath)

• To learn about LEEDtm rated design • Apply these principles to Calvert Hall project

On a side note I would like to study The Penn States Center of Sustainability. I will include this in my LEEDTM section. My friend Dave Lettero runs the site and would be a good contact for me to consult.

Description 1 2 3 4 Total

Safety policies 20 20 40 4-D cad 20 15 35 Lead rated design

10 15 25

Total 30 15 20 35 100%

1. Research or Developing Methods Study 2. Value Engineering Analysis 3. Constructability Review 4. Schedule Reduction / Acceleration Proposal


Senior Thesis E-mail: [email protected] www.arch.psu.edu/thesis/2005/jmg359 Page- 10 -

Analysis I Aim

I want to study the effectiveness of 4-D modeling with scheduling coordination. 4-D modeling I feel can be a powerful tool in the construction field. Mistakes that are in a schedule will pop-out in a 4-D model. I will make a 4-D model of the Calvert Hall project. I make this model to see if I can save time on the schedule. Purpose The purpose of studying 4-D modeling is that I can learn how to identify problems in the scheduling and correct them while in the pre-construction phase. I will also look for ways to speed up the schedule. The industry is moving towards 3-D cad and 4-d modeling because they have been proven to work. Methodology I made a 3-D model of the Calvert Hall project so that I can import it into Common Point. Then use the 4-D model to analyze the sequence of the schedule. At this point I will be able to clearly see the building being built. Using this 4-D model I will analyze the construction schedule. I will look for ways to increase the schedule and analysis this with the 4-D model. Expected outcomes I expect that I will be able to clearly show a 4-D model for the Calvert Hall project. I expect that the model will tell me a great deal about the construction schedule. I will be able to identify problems hidden in the schedule. From the constructed model I will look for ways to save time during construction.



Analysis II Aim For my senior thesis research I propose to study construction safety policies and the impact it will have with an additional focus on OSHA construction safety program. I will then create a safety program and apply it to the Calvert Hall Project. Safety is a significant issue on modern construction sites and is a topic that will be important in my career. Purpose The purpose in studying safety policies is to become more familiar with construction safety. Construction is known to be one of the more hazardous occupations. Because the challenges that construction worker must face, OSHA is involved often. They offer a 10 hour construction safety course. Understanding the program will help me make important safety decision and perhaps save a future employer from getting fines. Methodology In order to understand the basic principles of construction safety I will study safety programs. I will look at how SBE&R handled safety on the Calvert Hall project. I will also compare this safety program with OSHA safety program. OSHA safety program includes issues on electrical safety, fall protection, excavation, cranes, materials handling, storage use, disposal, tool, personal protective equipment, scaffolds, stairway and ladders. I will apply these ideas to The Calvert Hall College High School project. I will understand management issues that are involved with a safety program. Expected outcomes I will understand how to manage a safe construction site. Furthermore, I will be able to identify an unsafe situation. I will understand the cost of a good safety program compared to a bad safety program. I will also understand construction safety rules.



Analysis III Aim I propose to design Calvert Hall College High School to be a LEEDtm certified green building. I will study all 69 possible LEEDtm points and evaluate which points are possible to get. I will study the extra cost of each point I am able to obtain. I will then justify the building cost vs. the lifecycle cost. Purpose To understand LEEDtm rated design and the idea of sustainable design. I will look into each point and understand what is needed for cost and construction. I will understand how points help the building be sustainable. Methodology Using a LEEDtm rated checklist I will evaluate each point. I will look at the costs that are associated with that point and also any additional construction cost. I will study the possibility to gain a point with little extra expense. I will justify each point I received in terms of expense. Expected outcomes I will be able to justify a LEEDtm certified building. I will understand the extra cost and timing issues that are associated with a LEED point. I will understand the buildings cost vs. the lifecycle cost.



Thesis Introduction

The Calvert Hall New Academic Building was constructed by SBE&R

Construction Company. The project was a 40,000 SQ FT, 4 story building that will

house new classrooms, offices, and other academic areas. The project started on July

2003 and was ready for occupancy in September 2004

Introduction

The main focus of my senior thesis is an in depth study of the effectiveness of 4-D

modeling. The forth dimension is of course the time aspect. I created a 3-D model using

auto cad 2005. This model will be used to import into auto desk VIS and Common Point.

Using these programs creates a 4-D model that can be used to study many different

aspects.

Problem Statement

As true for most schools, construction can cause distractions and construction

dangers for the student, teacher, and other faculty alike. Most schools prefer that the

construction be done during the summer months when possible to minimize construction

distraction and construction dangers. Likewise, the construction companies also prefer to

do work in the summer since the students are not there and the work can be done without

interruption. Schools usually will want to have the construction done by the first day of



class. During the construction efforts must be made to complete most of the loud and

dangerous actives during the summer months while the students are not there.

Solution Overview

In order to look for area to fast-track the project during critical periods in the

schedule a 4-D model will be constructed. This 4-D model will be used to visually see

the construction progress. At this point a study is conducted to look for loud and

hazardless actives. With the 4-D model, results of fast-tracking critical actives will

clearly be seen. This model will help to insure that the distracting and dangerous work is

done during the summer months.

Project Criteria

The project criteria is to insure that the project is done with high quality. Certain

activities will be done over the summer months to minimize the construction distractions

and to reduce dangers that are associated with critical activities.

Conclusions

A 4-D model is an effective tool for many aspects of both the design and

construction process. Using 4-D models can clearly illustrate the sequence of activities.

Although creating a 3-D model can be time consuming it may save a lot of time and

money in the future. My conclusion is that 4-D modeling will become the industry

standard. Many times problems will ‘pop up’ and clearly be seen using a 4-D model.



The effectiveness of 3D modeling and 4-D modeling Sep-by-step walk through of methodology 3-D CAD

The depth of my study is an analysis of the Calvert Hall project with a 4-D model.

The first step I took was creating an exact scaled 2-D model of the Calvert Hall project.

Despite my effort I was not able to get the 2-D model provided in an Auto cad format.

Since I am experienced with 2-D cad, the drawings do not cause any problems. They

were only time consuming. The next step consisted of constructing a 3D model. I had to

fight the learning curve with the 3-D model. Having never used 3-D Cad it slowed my

progress down. However, with hard work an exact scaled model of my building was

created. I found AutoCAD to be a very powerful program. The 3-D capabilities are

endless. I now understand the program better and could create a 3-D model in half the

time. It can be hard to think 3-D when you’re working with a 2D drawing. With

AutoCAD I am able to view the building at any angle. Turn off different layers and view

what you need to look at. In my model I look at a couple different parts of the building.

I completed the 3-D floor plain of all 4 floors in an exact scale. I included all doors and

windows in each floor. I drew the area in which excavation will occur. I included the

foundation. At this point I split the foundation into 3 different zones. I also included

every column and I-beam in the entire building. I included all four floors and the roof.



At this point any mistakes with the drawing were easily seen. I realized that my second

floor had a mistake in the drawling. This mistake was easily seen since I had a column in

the middle of the hall. Building the 3-D model helped me think about how I was to plan

the construction sequence. When I completed the entire 3-D model it looked extremely

professional. The possibilities of AutoCAD are amazing. The time I spent working on

the 3D model was worth the final model. Having a good 3D model is important. Once I

start to import into other programs. After working on the model, I have a very good idea

on how I will construct the Calvert Hall project. Looking at the model I started figuring

out what was needed to build Calvert Hall project. I then divide each floor into 3 different

layers. Each layer will be a construction sequence. At this point, I estimated the time it

would take to construct each different section. The final 3-D drawing contains a total of

85 different layers.

I found that AutoCAD is an extremely helpful tool. I believe that the industry

will move towards 3-D modeling. Each year programs are getting faster, more powerful,

and more user friendly. AutoCAD itself has come a long way since I first learned it. I

truly believe that the industry will move toward 3-D models. This will happen the same

way that the industry moved from hand-drafting to AutoCAD. As new technology is

created the industry will use it to produce more reliable drawings. An additional

advantage is that AutoCAD files are also able to be exported into other programs.



There are other programs for 3D modeling. Before I started any work I compared

Form-Z to Auto Cad. Form-Z also produces nice models. This program is a popular

program among the architecture students. This program is considered a user-friendly

program. Although it produces nice models, that is as far as I could go with that

program. Many other programs have understood that AutoCAD is the industry standard

and have developed there programs to accept AutoCAD drawing. For example, I am able

to import my 3-D drawing into other helpful programs. I have exported work from the

Calvert hall AutoCAD file to both VIS and Common Point. I could not use any other

program besides AutoCAD because my final goal for my senior depth is to produce a 4D

model.

The need for 3D AutoCAD for the construction company

Sometime 3-D models are not created by the architect. In this case the construction companies may need to create there own 3-D model. Appendix A View my complete set of 2-D drawings View my complete set of 3-D drawings



VIS I imported my 3-D drawing into VIS. This program is a harder program to use.

This program is also a powerful program. I created a 4-D model in VIS. In order to

make my drawing look correct I need to make each normal facing the correct direction. I

then applied materials to the layers to increase the visual aspect. I included the landscape

and put in all the doors and windows. I imported the buildings location on the earth

surface in to VIS. This program allowed me to do a very quick day lighting analysis on

how the building will be affected by the sun. This is not, however, a lighting program. It

does give a good idea of the light and shadows. I then took a virtual tour around the

building. This will show better coronation space with construction active.

My original plain for VIS was to create a 4-D model that will be able to illustrate

the construction sequence. While this is possible, to create such a model, it is time

consuming. In my depth, I need a 4D model to study the schedule. This 4D model needs

to be able to be changed quickly. At this point I knew that I needed to use Common

Point to create my 4D model. Once a model is done in common point it can be imported

to VIS. This, however, will not provide any help with scheduling. My results at first

disappointed me. I was hopping to create a 4D model that looked at the construction

sequence. But all was not loss. I ended up with a complete model in VIS.

Appendix B View my complete model in VIS View the Daylight model in VIS



Schedule I was given a schedule for the Calvert Hall Project. This schedule is not any use for me because I started a new one based on a handful of items. My thesis is based on building a construction schedule. I used Common Point to make my schedule. View the complete schedule





4-D drawing

To construct the Calvert hall building in a 4D model I used the program Common

Point. Common Point allows me to import from auto cad. Common Point will also

import files from Primavera. This program is easy to use. This was the first time I

worked with this program and only had a couple of problems. To start, I import my 3D

drawing to Common Point. I then assigned each layer to the schedule. Since I do not

have a schedule in Primavera, I constructed my own. I then build Calvert Hall on the

program. Building the schedule is very hard to do. I had to figure out how long each

step would take. I was very careful to make sure the dangerous activities did not happen

during other activities. I looked for the most logical way to build this building. On this

program, I could easily see how the building is being put together. I can see which

activities are in process and which activities are finished. I can also see any milestones in

the project. I determined early starts and late finishes.

Appendix C View my complete 4D – model in Common Point



I constructed a 4D model that is based on 63 different activities. The entire 4-D

model has the following construction activities; excavation, foundation, columns, I-

beams, concrete floors, roof, and outside walls. The entire project started on 7/2/2003

and the project ends on 12/30/03. The building will need to have temporary heat for

curing concrete. All concrete work after October 24 will need to have temporary heat. I

used these calculations to construct a 4D model. I wanted to complete the crane activities

before the start of the school year. I found that this in not possible unless a second cairn

is brought in. The time vs. cost for a second crane is too expensive. With a second crane

the steel would go up almost twice as fast. The crane would also be used half as long.

But there is still the cost of setting up and taking down both cranes. The second crane

will also create more dangers. This will complex the matter since the point of fast-

tracking would be to minimize the construction dangers during the school year.

Assumptions That there are no problems with excavation No days off for holidays The work week is 7 days a week A work day is 8 hours No rebar installed in the concrete Formwork is reused One crane is used Roof is treated same as all the floors Set-up and take-down time for the crane is not included



Schedule estimate Concrete A 3 days early finish 5 days late finish Concrete B 3 days early finish 6 day late finish Concrete C 3 days early finish 5 day late finish Column A 2 days early finish 6 day late finish Column B 2days early finish 6 day late finish Column C 2days early finish 6 day late finish I Beam A 3days early finish 5 days late finish I Beam B 3days early finish 6 days late finish I Beam C 3 days early finish 5 days late finish I Beam A2 4 days early finish 6 days late finish I Beam B2 4 days early finish 6 days late finish I Beam C2 4 days early finish 6 days late finish Outside Wall 25 days early finish 33 day late finish



A proposed Safety Guild Line program for the Calvert Hall Project

In the United States each year an average of 6,000 workplace fatalities occur. A

grand total of 50,000 deaths are caused by work-place illnesses and an additional 5.7

million non-fatal injuries costing the United States, each year, over 125 billion dollars. In

each minute in a 40 hour workweek, 50 people are injured at work. 17 out of 50 workers

die. It is always important to remember that an accident has two costs. Direct and

indirect. Direct is the cost of the accident. Indirect is the cost of loss wages, moral,

insurances, etc. In order to create a safety management program a well organized safety

team is needed. My safety plan is based on falling, struck by, caught in/between, and

electrocuted. OSHA reports that those are the 4 major causes of accidents. My breath

will apply the following hazards. Safety management, cranes, electrical safety,

excavation, tool and equipment, scaffolds, and fall protection.



Safety Management

A good management program is the key to running a safe construction

project. My management program will provide leadership for its employees. It

will focus on employee involvement and training. During this project both the

employees and other occupants will need to have full access to safety resources.

Management will provide motivation for a safe work place.

Since the Calvert Hall project has more then 11 employees records must

be kept about injuries. This also means the OSHA posters must be displayed at

the Calvert Hall jobsite. If an accident does happen that causes a death or

hospitalization then the accident must be reported to OSHA. This is true only for

3 or more employees. If one of these accidents happens the employer must post

the citation where it occurred. The safety management program will work with

consultation assistance. The consultation does not cost anything for smaller

employers. Consultation assistance gives the employer the chance to work with

OSHA on safety issues. If violations are spotted during the project, the employer

has the chance to fix the error. Of course, if the employer does not comply fines

will be issued.



Cranes

A large safety factor at the Calvert Hall project is the use of a crane. The project

will need a crane during steel erection. According to OSHA , the 4 major causes of crane

accidents are contact with power lines, overturns, falls, and mechanical failures. It is

important for a project to have a proper safety management program to identify the main

reason for cranes accidents. The first major cause of accidents is instability. Instability is

usually caused by an unsecured load or a load that exceeds the crane capacity. The next

major reason is either a lack of proper communication or improper training. The finial

major cause of cranes related accidents is poor maintenance and inspection.

OSHA’s list of common Crane Hazards

• Improper load rating • Excessive speeds • No hand signals • Inadequate inspection and maintenance • Unguarded parts • Unguarded swing radius • Working too close to power lines • Improper exhaust system • Shattered windows • No step/guardrails walkways • No boom angle indicator • Not using outriggers



Construction safety Management

During the Calvert Hall project the first step to organization safety with cranes is

to make sure that the occupants of the jobsite are aware of crane activities. Awareness

can reduce the dangers of cranes activities. Make sure that the crane is level before each

and every use. Checks need to be made frequently to insure that the crane is level. The

crane will need to have appropriate maintenance to insure the crane is working properly.

Insure that the crane is able to handle the loads. Never assume; always determine the

crane capacities and limitations. Always be aware of nearby power-lines and understand

the voltage so that a safety measures can be established to insure that the crane does not

come close to hitting any power lines. Knowing the jobsite restrictions is critical to

managing a safe construction site. A major jobsite restriction is the soil type and the

wind loads. Barricades should be used to restrict the swing radius of the crane and a

proper safe place should be located to store materials.

Never use equipment that needs to be fixed or repaired

The crane operator needs to be able to view certain information about the cranes.

This information includes rated load capacities, operating speeds, special hazard warning

and instruction. It is important to refer to the shipping tickets and other documentation.

The lift calculations should be checked to insure that they are correct. Compare the loads



and make sure that they fall with-in the chart rating. Always keep in mind center of

gravity, leverage, stability, and structural integrity.

Factors that limited the crane load

• Wind • Side loads • Wheels • Lifting over the side • Extensions, jibs, and other attachments • The strength of the wire rope, slings and lifting devices

Stay 10ft away form power lines This hand signals sign posted must be displayed at the job site.



Construction Safety At the Calvert hall project people are never to stand under a suspended dead load.

Always make sure that a boom angle indicator is on the cranes. The crane needs to be on

a supporting surface and the crane also needs to be level with-in 1 percent. The air

pressure needs to be checked in the crane and the tires (if any).

Training

Operators must be qualified for the crane that is being used. The employer must

insure that the operator has on-the-job training.



Electrical Safety Electrocution is a cause of a total 12% of workplace deaths in the United States.

It is always important to remember that not much electricity is needed to cause harm or

even death. There are two types of electrical injuries. The first is direct electrical

injuries. This includes electrical shock burns, and death. The other is indirect electrical

injuries. This is included falling.

Controlling Electrical Dangers

To control or minimized electrical dangers measure should be taken. All breaker

boxes need to be covered to prevent electrocution. Guard and barriers need to be set up

to avoid accidental contact. If any equipment uses 50 volts or more it needs to be

guarded against to prevent injuries. Protective conductors are needed for cabinets, boxes,

and fitting since you can not see when something is energized.

Overhead power lines are not insulated

The basic rule of thumb is to stay at least 10 feet away from power lines. Any

items that are energized should have warnings posted. In general, workers should all

assume that the power lines are alive. All workers need to have special training to work

on electrical lines.



Conmen causes of electrical accidents

• Missing plastic and/or robber coverings • Damaged tools or wires • All flexible cords are not protected or hidden • Frequently inspection are not done • GRCI is not used- GRCI is able to shut off in 1/40th of a second • Equipment errors in core settings or equipment connections • Visual inspection are not done • Too many different things plugged in • Tool/Equipment not working properly • Insulation starts to melt which could cause a fire

Common safety methods of control Automatic shut-off devices GFCI’s Fuses Circuit breakers Tool safety tips Wear gloves - rubber insulated Proper footwear - rubber insulated Keep dry High-quality Light Never carry tools by the cord Unplug gently Keep cord away from heat, oil, and sharp edges Safety-related construction Use barriers and guards to block off hazardous areas to avoid workers from

electrocution. All work needs to be planed and warnings need to be posted. The working

space needs to be kept clean and orderly. Proper planning needs to be complete.

Equipment needs to be lock-out and tag-out. A dry area is essential for electrical work.



Excavation

The biggest risk for excavation is a cave-in. Other risks include asphyxiation,

toxic materials, fire, access/egress, falls, mobile equipment and hitting a utility line. In

general excavation is a hazardous construction active. It is important to note that most

accidents happen between 5 to 15ft. One of the dangers about excavation is usually there

is no warning before a cave-in happens.

Water can cause dangerous conditions Construction management requirements for a protective system

Because certain toxic gas like CO weighs more then air the excavation needs to be

tested for air quality. Correct slopes along with a correct support system are critical to

having a safety protective system. OSHA provides a table for shoring and should be

strictly used. OSHA also requires that proper handling, installation, and removal occurs

when construction a shoring system. To insure safety barricade/fences need to be in

place so that people and things don’t fall in. Always keep spoils at least 2 ft from the

excavation. Make sure that there is no runoff due to the spoils. Any excavation deeper

then 4ft must have ether a stairway or a ladder. And in cases where the excavation

requires a stairway then it must be located with-in 25ft of the workers.



Basic tips for excavation Slope the sides, support sides, and shield between

Tests need to be completed to insure a safe construction condition Local geography

Soil type The depth of the excavation The water percentage of soil types Local weather condition Live and dead loads



Fall Protection

The most important aspect is that the safety measures must be planed before

construction begins. During the project a place will be set a side to do work. When

possible, work will be done on ground level. In construction, falling is the leading cause

of death. According to OSHA, ‘people will usually fall from open-sided floors and floor

openings’. A fall from 4 to 6 feet can kill someone. As a safety measure guardrails are

to be 3.5 feet or higher. In situations where guardrails are not possible PFAS - (Personal

Fall Arrest System) need to be used or other methods that have been adopted by

construction like, body harness, safety nets, lifeline, etc. However, none of these

methods are necessary for the Calvert Hall project. During the Calvert Hall project PFAS

will be used when working on rebar. It is also recommended to us PFAS is used on

formwork. During the project all exposed rebar will need to be capped.

On the Calvert Hall project the flowing will be areas of safety focus.

Walkways will need to be clean and have good light Ramps will need to be marked and guardrails are needed Guardrail or PFAS must be used on the roofs Open side will need to have guardrails All holes must be covered Bricklaying work above ground level should be protected Excavations



Equipment and Tools Hazards Load that are too heavy Struck-crushed-caught-fall Training How to lift heavy objects Avoid unnecessary strain Comfortable handle Use of helpful equipment Identify hazards Proper equipment use This includes – forklifts, cranes, and slings Forklift Center loads Overloading make the equipment hard to use Always keep load as low as possible Never place extra weight to counter act the weight Always keep legs and arms inside Only lift “stable loads” Be careful when turning Travel in reverse if the load is in the way of your view No one can ride with out a seat Forks can not be razed when in motion Brick Storage Do not stack bricks higher then 7ft Taper brick stack high then 4ft Lumber Remove all nails Keep on sills



Disposal An enclosed chute is required when at a height of 18ft All waste is to be removed as it is created Waste should be kept in a fire resistan container Don’t store materials with-in 6ft of floor opening Keep a clean workplace Tool safety

During the construction process many different types of tools and equipment are

used. Cretin things need to be understood about tool safety. One very important aspect is

that the working areas need to be well light. Only use tool for what they are created for.

Always wear the correct safety gear for tools. Cloths can not be loose because of the

possibility of getting caught in the equipment. If a tool is damaged do not use it. Any

cutting tools need to be kept sharp. A dual blade can become dangerous. Any tools that

are considered a liquid fuel tool needs to cool down before it gets refueled. Last but not

least the workplace needs to be clean.



Example of Personal Protective Equipment

Employers must protect employees Employers must use engineering and good work practices to minimized dangers Insure that (PPE) is used – last form of control Responsibilities of the contractor Assess construction site for dangers Provide PPE for employee PPE training A list of different way to protect the body Safety goggles Face guard Hardhat Steel toad rubber sold shoes Gloves Safety vest Earplugs On the Calvert Hall project PPE program will be necessary Review the job site to find dangers that exist and provide proper PPE Provide PPE training Why? How does it protect? What are the dangers? When to look? How to identify wear and tear How to clean and to keep in working order



Protection Head protection is needed for falling objects and getting hit in general. There are

3 types of head protection - Class A general service, class B electrical, and class C based

on comfort. For eye protection there are safety glasses, goggles, welding mask, face

shield and welding shield. Ear protection includes earmuffs, and earplugs. Ear

protection must be used if the sound level exceeds 90 bBA.



Scaffolds There are two main types of scaffolds supported and suspended. If a suspended

scaffold is used then PFAS is required. Scaffolds must be built under supervision by a

competent person. There can be no gaps in the floor of the scaffolds and it needs to be

able to hold 5 times the maximum load. The scaffold width should be 20 inches or wider.

Guardrails are needed for open sides. The height of the scaffold can not be greater then 4

times the base unless bracing is used. Access to the scaffold can be ether a ladder, stairs,

ramps, or the existing building.

Dangers Of course, falling off is a common danger. Common dangers include slipping,

poor access or no fall protection. Other dangers include electrocution or scaffold

collapsing. The Calvert Hall project will provide training for falling, electrical work, and

scaffold. PFAS - Personal Fall Arrest System will prevent many dangers.

Never work on snow and/or ice



Stairways

Half of the injuries caused by falling off a latter caused employees needing time

off to recover. A stairway is required for the Calvert Hall Project to have a grip 20in or

larger. The top rail strength must be able to hold 230 lbs of force. Any stairways with 4

or more steps must have a handrail. All stairs should be between 30 to 50 degrees. Each

step should be the same.



LEEDtm (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

LEEDtm is a national organization that sets standards or regulations for building

sustainable design. There system is focused on sustainable site, water efficiency, energy

& atmosphere, materials & resources, indoor environmental quality, and innovation and

design process. LEED has a total of 69 possible points.

LEED Certified: 26-32 Silver: 33-38 Gold: 39-51 Platinum: 52-69

I was able to earn a total of 31 points witch qualifies Calvert Hall to be a LEEDtm

certified building. In the design we are able to gain these points through design and

construction methods. These points should be cheap for the owner. It has been proven to

be hard and expensive to get building to become LEEDtm certified.



LEEDtm rated Buildings

154 Total Certified Projects 1721 Total Registered Projects 51 States with Projects 13 Countries with Projects

Only 4 buildings have become Platinum certified in the United States

Reasons for speeding more money for a LEEDtm rated design

• Sustainable design

• Life-cycle cost

• Productivity of employees

• Friendly to the environment

• Real estate value

• Good public relation



I tried to pick points that did not seem to be expensive. A total of 31 points is reasonable to obtain. Please view the LEEDtm Checklist.

The first points that I am able to get are for site selection and development density.

The building is already located in a site in which satisfies both of these requirements.

The next three points were already included in the design. The school has public

transportation, bicycle storage, and a changing room. For the carpool spot, cheap

signs can easily be made and installed. The next LEEDtm point is for reduced site

disturbance. The school has expressed to the construction company that the

surrounding site is to be returned to its original state when construction is done. For

points 1.1 and 1.2, the site has an existing retaining pond. This pond is already in use

for the other nearby buildings. The next point will require communication with the

mechanical engineers. This point only requires that measuring controls are installed.

This should not be a large cost. The equipment that is already in the building

probably has these controls. All of the points I was able to get are at almost no

additional cost. Ether because it is as cheap as a bike rack or the intention of the

point is already included in the original design. For all points that deal directly with

construction, details are listed in greater detail.



Construction and coordination issues associated with LEEDtm rated design

Sustainable site

Erosion & Sedimentation control

This requires that during construction of the Calvert Hall project,

measures must be taken to control storm water runoff. The construction company,

SBE&R, must control this runoff from reaching neighboring stream/river or even

sewer lines. The construction company must also be careful not to cause too much

dirt to get kicked up into the air. The best way for a construction company to control

this issue is to adopt an erosion and sediment control plan.

Reduced Site Disturbance

The intent of this LEEDtm point is to conserve existing natural areas. The

construction company will need a survey of the Calvert Hall project to be completed. A

master plan will need to be created so that the construction impacts can be minimized.

The construction will need to clearly mark the boundary so that mistakes are not made.

The LEEDtm requires that the site cannot be disturbed 40ft from the building primer, 5 ft

from roads, and 5 ft walkway and utility trenches.



Additional Commissioning

The goal is to make sure that everybody from design to construction understands

that the goal is to provide a LEEDtm rated sustainable building. A commissioning

authority is needed. This commission will be independent of the design team and will

review the construction documents. These documents include - phase, near

completion construction documents, and the contractor submittals. This

commissioning will also need to communicate with the construction company. The

construction company will need a LEEDtm management team to represent them.

Construction Waste Management

Divert 50% from landfill

The objective for the Calvert Hall Project is to reduce the amount of waste

that will go to the landfill. The key is for construction companies to adopt a construction

waste management program for the entire project. The construction company is will

reuse and recycle the flowing materials; cardboard, metal, brick, concrete, plastic, clean

wood, glass, gypsum wallboard, carpet, and insulation. The site will need an area

designated for recycling.

Construction Waste management



Divert 75% from landfill

Goals will need to be establishing for diverting 75% from going to the landfill.

The plan is basically the same as before, but more intense program. The aim is to

encourage the SBE&R to go the extra step to gain the point. At 75% the construction

company will need to put more thought into this.

Recycled Content

5% post-consumer + ½ post-industrial

The construction company must insure that total percentage of recycled content

does not exceed 5% of the total value of the materials used during construction..

Regional Materials

20% manufactured regionally

The idea is that materials that are used for the project are produced, extracted and

manufactured within the local area. The construction company will need to pay close

attention to where there materials are coming from. This point requires that 20% of the

building material comes from a distance of less then 500 mile radius of the construction

project. The construction company must setup a guide-line for materials used.



Regional Materials

50% manufactured regionally

Basically the same idea except 50% of materials will need to be produced,

extracted, manufactured, harvested or recovered within 500 miles of the project. The

intent is it forces the developers to put thought into the material used during the

construction process.

Rapidly Renewable materials

The intent is to use materials that are considered to reproduce quickly. Preferred

materials include bamboo flooring, wool carpets, straw board, cotton batt insulation,

linoleum flooring, poplar OSB, sunflower seed board, wheatgrass cabinetry, and many

others. From the construction aspect it is important that the wood we decided to use from

the specs should be materials that are considered rapidly renewable and friendly to the

environment.

Certified Wood

The idea is to use 50% of wood-based materials that are considered certified

wood. The wood needs to be certified according to the Forest Sterardship Council’s



Principles and Criteria. During the construction phase make sure that the FSC-certified

wood is specified and installed by the subs.

Construction IAQ Management Plan

During Construction

The intent is to insure high air quality during construction, so that indoor air

quality is suitable for construction workers and other occupants in the building. During

construction, materials need to stay dry so mold does not start to grow. Air handlers must

have filters. The filter will need to be replaced once the construction is over. The

construction company will need to adopt an IAQ management plan. Also we need to pay

close attention to the sequence of the HVAC so that they do not contaminate the air-

handling units.

Construction IAQ Management Plan

Before Occupancy

The intent is to insure that after construction is over the indoor air quality is high.

The construction company must flush out the building or test the air quality of the

building. This is done to insure that people have the highest quality air.



Low-Emitting Materials

Adhesives & sealants

Paints and Coatings

Carpet

Composite wood

The construction company can control all five of these points. It is important that

materials are not potentially hazardous. When the construction companies are sectioning

which materials they will use in the building they will need to select environmentally

friendly materials. These materials range from adhesives/sealants, pants/coatings,

carpet, and composite wood. These materials, that do not contain harmful gasses, can be

used. These gases, some odorous, can be harmful to the occupants and should be

removed from the building.



Results

The Calvert Hall College High School is an appropriate building to become LEED

certified. Although LEED design principles can be applied to almost every type of

building some designs are more practicable than others. The Calvert Hall has a unique

but feasible design. The current Calvert Hall design already has possible LEED points.

The building already has public transportation that will give it a point. The site selected

for the project qualifies a point for site selection. The site selection also meets the

development density requirement. Provide a carpooling parking spot and give another

point. The site already has a storm water management system. The current design

already qualifies for many points at no increasing cost. The LEED points I marked as (?)

because I am unsure if the building will qualify. Some of the points I do not know

because actual measurements of the systems would need to be taken to see if they will

meet the requirements for LEED points. The point I marked NO was because I felt that

these points are too expense to achieve. Although any of these points would greatly

reduce the life-cycle cost. I felt that the expense of many of these systems is

impracticable.

33 LEED Points- Yes 14 LEED Points- No

24 LEED Points- ?



My results indicate that the Calvert Hall College High School could become a

LEED certified building with little expense and experience. The construction company

alone could contribute a total of 17 points. Most of the 17 points that I got could be

cheaply achieved. For the construction company to earn these 17 credits they will need

to have a LEED management team to look over the entire project. They will also need an

owner to allow more expense to allow for environmentally friendly material. A

construction company that becomes efficient LEED construction management would

have a great advantage against competition. A construction company will have to fight

the learning curve. Start-up cost for a construction company to handle is a LEED rated

design is going to cost time and additional management. I found that the LEED

certified has a wide range of sustainable ideas. These ideas and methods range the entire

life-span of the building. The LEED system ranges from preconstruction to construction

far in to the future.



LEED-NC Version 2.1 Registered Project Checklist << enter project name >> << enter city, state, other details >> Yes ? No

8 Sustainable Sites 14 Points

Y Prereq 1 Erosion & Sedimentation Control Required

1 Credit 1 Site Selection 1

1 Credit 2 Development Density 1

1 Credit 3 Brownfield Redevelopment 1

1 Credit 4.1 Alternative Transportation, Public Transportation Access 1

1 Credit 4.2 Alternative Transportation, Bicycle Storage & Changing Rooms 1

1 Credit 4.3 Alternative Transportation, Alternative Fuel Vehicles 1

1 Credit 4.4 Alternative Transportation, Parking Capacity and Carpooling 1

1 Credit 5.1 Reduced Site Disturbance, Protect or Restore Open Space 1

1 Credit 5.2 Reduced Site Disturbance, Development Footprint 1

1 Credit 6.1 Stormwater Management, Rate and Quantity 1

1 Credit 6.2 Stormwater Management, Treatment 1

1 Credit 7.1

Landscape & Exterior Design to Reduce Heat Islands, Non-Roof 1

1 Credit 7.2 Landscape & Exterior Design to Reduce Heat Islands, Roof 1

1 Credit 8 Light Pollution Reduction 1

Yes ? No

3 1 Water Efficiency 5 Points 1 Credit

1.1 Water Efficient Landscaping, Reduce by 50% 1

1 Credit 1.2 Water Efficient Landscaping, No Potable Use or No Irrigation 1

1 Credit 2 Innovative Wastewater Technologies 1

1 Credit 3.1 Water Use Reduction, 20% Reduction 1

1 Credit 3.2 Water Use Reduction, 30% Reduction 1

Yes ? No

3 4 Energy & Atmosphere 17 Points



Y Prereq 1 Fundamental Building Systems Commissioning Required

Y Prereq 2 Minimum Energy Performance Required

Y Prereq 3 CFC Reduction in HVAC&R Equipment Required

10 Credit 1 Optimize Energy Performance 1 to 10

1 Credit 2.1 Renewable Energy, 5% 1



1 Credit 3 Additional Commissioning 1

1 Credit 4 Ozone Depletion 1

1 Credit 5 Measurement & Verification 1

1 Credit 6 Green Power 1

continued…

Yes ? No

8 Materials & Resources 13 Points

Y Prereq 1 Storage & Collection of Recyclables Required

1 Credit 1.1 Building Reuse, Maintain 75% of Existing Shell 1

1 Credit 1.2 Building Reuse, Maintain 100% of Shell 1

1 Credit 1.3 Building Reuse, Maintain 100% Shell & 50% Non-Shell 1

1 Credit 2.1 Construction Waste Management, Divert 50% 1

1 Credit 2.2 Construction Waste Management, Divert 75% 1

1 Credit 3.1 Resource Reuse, Specify 5% 1

1 Credit 3.2 Resource Reuse, Specify 10% 1

1 Credit 4.1

Recycled Content, Specify 5% (post-consumer + ½ post-industrial) 1

1 Credit 4.2

Recycled Content, Specify 10% (post-consumer + ½ post-industrial) 1

1 Credit 5.1 Local/Regional Materials, 20% Manufactured Locally 1

1 Credit 5.2 Local/Regional Materials, of 20% Above, 50% Harvested Locally 1

1 Credit 6 Rapidly Renewable Materials 1

1 Credit 7 Certified Wood 1

Yes ? No

9 3 Indoor Environmental Quality 15 Points

Y Prereq 1 Minimum IAQ Performance RequiredY Prereq 2 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control Required



1 Credit 1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) Monitoring 1 1 Credit 2 Ventilation Effectiveness 1

1 Credit 3.1 Construction IAQ Management Plan, During Construction 1

1 Credit 3.2 Construction IAQ Management Plan, Before Occupancy 1

1 Credit 4.1 Low-Emitting Materials, Adhesives & Sealants 1

1 Credit 4.2 Low-Emitting Materials, Paints 1

1 Credit 4.3 Low-Emitting Materials, Carpet 1

1 Credit 4.4 Low-Emitting Materials, Composite Wood & Agrifiber 1

1 Credit 5 Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control 1

1 Credit 6.1 Controllability of Systems, Perimeter 1

1 Credit 6.2 Controllability of Systems, Non-Perimeter 1

1 Credit 7.1 Thermal Comfort, Comply with ASHRAE 55-1992 1

1 Credit 7.2 Thermal Comfort, Permanent Monitoring System 1

1 Credit 8.1 Daylight & Views, Daylight 75% of Spaces 1

1 Credit 8.2 Daylight & Views, Views for 90% of Spaces 1

Yes ? No

Innovation & Design Process 5 Points 1 Credit

1.1 Innovation in Design: Provide Specific Title 1

1 Credit 1.2 Innovation in Design: Provide Specific Title 1



1 Credit 2 LEED™ Accredited Professional 1

Yes ? No

31 24 14 Project Totals (pre-certification estimates) 69 Points

Certified 26-32 points Silver 33-38 points Gold 39-51 points Platinum 52-69 points



Thesis Research

LEEDtm rated design

LEEDtm webpage http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/LEEDdocs/LEED_RS_v2-1.pdf

• A complete list of LEEDtm rated points The Center for Sustainability http://www.psu.edu/dept/cs/

• Information on sustainability design Dave Lattro Manages the center for Sustainability Science, Technology, and Society Program 102 Old Botany Bldg University Park, PA 16801 1-814-865-2224 US Green Building webpage http://usgbc.org/

• The US Green Building council promotes buildings that are environmentally friendly

Safety OSHA Occupational Safety & health design http://www.osha.gov/

• OSHA insures safety by setting and enforcing standards Safety Training Program http://www.osha.gov/fso/ote/training/outreach/training_program.html

• Information on how-to identify and control dangers in the construction NASP-National Association of Safety Professionals http://www.naspweb.com/index.html

• An organization that is dedicated to teaching and certificating safety professionals



4-D modeling Auto desk VIS 4 George Omura ©1994,1997-1999 ©2002 SYBEX INC

• A complete guide to 3-D cad and VIS

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

7

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