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SENIORS…
Tell your Tribond how you feel about the Bible you own? Is it
trustworthy?
SENIORS…Tuesday start-up
Two pray Tuesday. In your Tribond have one person pray for the school and
another pray for the country
THIS WEEK IN SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY
BIBLIOLOGY
THE CANONIZATIO
N OF SCRIPTURE
HOW DO WE KNOW WE HAVE THE
RIGHT BOOKS?
BIBLIOLOGY
THE TRANSMISSIO
N OF SCRIPTURE
HOW DO WE KNOW WE HAVE THE
RIGHT WORDS?
MEMORYVERSE
GROUP # 6PRESENTS
JOHN 8:44
BIBLIOLOGY
THE TRANSLATION OF SCRIPTURE
HOW DO WE KNOW WE HAVE THE
RIGHT WORDS?
NO CLASS
SERVICEPROJECTS
NO QUESTIONS THIS WEEK
I’M NOT CHECKING SCHOOL EMAIL IN ISRAEL
HOW DO WE KNOW WE HAVE THE RIGHT WORDS?
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Basic facts of transmission: The Old Testament was originally written in two languages, Aramaic (portions of Ezra and Daniel) and Hebrew (everything else), from 1500-400 B.C.
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Basic facts of transmission: The New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek from 40-100 A.D.
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Basic facts of transmission: The most readily available writing materials were stone, papyri, and parchment (vellum) until the codex was developed in the 2nd century B.C.
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Basic facts of transmission: All transmissions of the Bible were handwritten until the invention of the printing press in the 15th century by Johann Gutenberg
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Basic facts of transmission: At times errors were made by the scribes who copied the Scriptures- each different reading among the “extant” or existing manuscripts is called a variant
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Basic facts of transmission: There are more than 300,000 variants in the New Testament alone! (don’t get too worried- 99+% of the variants found are simply differences in word order or spelling)
Unintentional Errors Unintentional Errors 1.Mistaken
LetterSimilar-looking letters were sometimes interchangedex: d r (Hebrew) (Greek).
2.HomophonySubstitution of similar-sounding wordsex: Rom 5:1 “we have” or “let us have”
3.Dittography
Letter/word that was written twice rather than onceex: 1 Thess 2:7. “we were babes” or “we were gentle”
4.Fusion Incorrect division of wordsex: God is now here or God is nowhere
5.Homoioteleuton
Omission caused by two sentences with similar endingsex: “Pete went to the store. When he reached the store, he bought bread and milk.” becomes “Pete went to the store he bought bread and milk.”
6. Metathesis Reversal of order of two wordsex: Christ Jesus or Jesus Christ
Intentional ErrorsIntentional Errors1.Grammar,
spelling or modernization changes
Updating in languages (“Rameses,” Genesis 47:11)
2.Harmonization
Often the scribe felt at liberty to change apparent discrepancies (Lk. 23:38 and Jn. 19:19)
3.Theological changes and/or additions
1 John 5:7-8
4.Liturgical Additions
Matt. 6:13 “And do not lead us into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For Yours is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever. Amen.”
KJV7 For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one.8 And there are three that bear witness in earth, the Spirit, agree in one. and the water, and the blood: and these three
NAS 7 For there are three that testify:8 the Spirit and the water and the blood; and the three are in agreement
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Basic facts of transmission: These variant manuscripts are investigated through a process called textual criticism
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Textual Criticism:Science of reconstructing the original text of the Scriptures based upon the available manuscript evidence
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Two primary factors textual critics look for in ancient
manuscripts:
1. What is the time span between the original and the copies?
2. How many copies exist?
Author of Work
When Written
Earliest Copy
Time Span
# of Copies
Caesar (Gallic Wars ) 100–44 B.C. 900 A.D. 1,000
yrs. 10
Livy (History of Rome)
59 B.C.–17 A.D. N/A N/A 20
Plato (Tetralogies) 400 B.C. 900 A.D. 1,300 yrs. 7
Pliny the Younger(History) 61–113 A.D. 850 A.D. 750 yrs. 7
Thucydides (History) 460–400 B.C. 900 A.D. 1,300
yrs. 8
Herodotus (History) 480–425 B.C. 900 A.D. 1,300
yrs. 8
Sophocius (History) 469–406 B.C. 100 A.D. 600 yrs. 193
Aristotle 384–322 B.C. 1,100 A.D.
1,400 yrs. 193
Homer (Iliad) 900 B.C. 400 A.D. 1,500 yrs. 643
Author of Work
When Written
Earliest Copy
Time Span
# of Copies
Caesar (Gallic Wars ) 100–44 B.C. 900 A.D. 1,000
yrs. 10
Livy (History of Rome)
59 B.C.–17 A.D. N/A N/A 20
Plato (Tetralogies) 400 B.C. 900 A.D. 1,300 yrs. 7
Pliny the Younger(History) 61–113 A.D. 850 A.D. 750 yrs. 7
Thucydides (History) 460–400 B.C. 900 A.D. 1,300
yrs. 8
Herodotus (History) 480–425 B.C. 900 A.D. 1,300
yrs. 8
Sophocius (History) 469–406 B.C. 100 A.D. 600 yrs. 193
Aristotle 384–322 B.C. 1,100 A.D.
1,400 yrs. 193
Homer (Iliad) 900 B.C. 400 A.D. 1,500 yrs. 643
New Testament 50–90 A.D. 125 A.D. 35 yrs. 25,000+
Author of Work
When Written
Earliest Copy
Time Span
# of Copies
Caesar (Gallic Wars ) 100–44 B.C. 900 A.D. 1,000
yrs. 10
Livy (History of Rome)
59 B.C.–17 A.D. N/A N/A 20
Plato (Tetralogies) 400 B.C. 900 A.D. 1,300 yrs. 7
Pliny the Younger(History) 61–113 A.D. 850 A.D. 750 yrs. 7
Thucydides (History) 460–400 B.C. 900 A.D. 1,300
yrs. 8
Herodotus (History) 480–425 B.C. 900 A.D. 1,300
yrs. 8
Sophocius (History) 469–406 B.C. 100 A.D. 600 yrs. 193
Aristotle 384–322 B.C. 1,100 A.D.
1,400 yrs. 193
Homer (Iliad) 900 B.C. 400 A.D. 1,500 yrs. 643
New Testament 50–90 A.D. 125 A.D. 35 yrs. 25,000+
Papyri
Name Date NT Books Covered
General Characteristics
p45 Chester Beatty papyrus
3rd century A.D.
Gospels, Acts 4-17
Mark (Caesarean); Matt, Luke, John (intermediate between Alexandrian and Western text-types)
p46 Chester Beatty papyrus
ca. 200 A.D.
10 Pauline Epistles (all but Pastorals) and Hebrews
Overall closer to Alexandrian than Western
p52
John Ryland’s papyrus
c. 110-125 A.D.
fragment of John
Earliest known extant witness to the NT
Important NT Papyri
Uncial/
Codex
Name Date
(approx.)
NT Books
Covered
General Characteris
tics
(01) Sinaiticus 4th century
The entire NT
Alexandrian; best in epistles
A (02) Alexandrinus 5th century
Most of the NT
Important in the Epistles and Revelation
B (03) Vaticanus 4th century
Most of NT except Hebrews 9:14ff, the Pastorals, Phlm., Rev.
Alexandrian; best in Gospels
Important NT Codex
1. Leningrad Codex (Codex P): written in A.D. 916
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Present900
Codex Leningra
d400 350200150
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
2. Septuagint (LXX): Greek translation of the Old Testament translated around 300–150 B.C. Earliest copy A.D. 400 (, A, B)
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Present900
Codex Leningra
d400 350
LXX
200150
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
3. Targums: Aramaic paraphrases of the Old Testament after A.D. 200
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Present900
Codex Leningra
d400 350
LXX
200
Targums
150
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
4. Dead Sea Scrolls: Found in 1948, contained copies or portions of every book in the Old Testament except Esther (there is a full copy of Isaiah dating back to 200-135 B.C.)
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Present900
Codex Leningra
d400 350
LXX
200
Targums
150
DSS
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Present900
Codex Leningra
d400 350
LXX
200
Targums
150
DSS
Identical text-type
with Isaiah Scroll
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Rules followed by the Masorites:
1. Only parchments from clean animals could be used
2. Each column of the scroll was to have no fewer than 48 and no more than 60 lines whose breadth must consist of 30 letters
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Rules followed by the Masorites:3. The ink was to be black,
prepared according to a specific recipe
4. No word or letter was to be written from memory
5. There was to be a space of a hair between each consonant and the space of a consonant between each word
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Rules followed by the Masorites:6. The scribe must wash himself
entirely and be in full Jewish dress before beginning to copy the scroll
7. He could not write the name YHWH with a newly dipped brush, nor take notice of anyone, even a king, while writing the sacred name
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
Palestine
Samaritan Pentateuch
Proto-Masoretic Text
Qumran Text
Babylon
Proto-Masoretic Text
Egypt
Septuagint (LXX)
Proto-Masoretic
Text
Standardized (1st century)
>100 B.C.
100 B.C. –400 A.D.
Masoretic Text500 –1000 A.D.
Questions:1. How do we know that the
Bible we have today is the same as when it was first written?
2. Did the scribes ever make mistakes when copying the Bible? If so, how significant were the mistakes?
TRANSMISSION OFSCRIPTURE
SENIORS…
Group number 6 prepare to present next weeks memory
verse. Everyone else please read John 8:44
SENIORS…Wednesday start-up
Please pray Mr. E and Mr. LaBarbera’s safety as they
tour Israel and the surrounding areas.
THIS WEEK IN SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY
BIBLIOLOGY
THE CANONIZATIO
N OF SCRIPTURE
HOW DO WE KNOW WE HAVE THE
RIGHT BOOKS?
BIBLIOLOGY
THE TRANSMISSIO
N OF SCRIPTURE
HOW DO WE KNOW WE HAVE THE
RIGHT WORDS?
MEMORYVERSE
GROUP # 6PRESENTS
JOHN 8:44
BIBLIOLOGY
THE TRANSMISSIO
N OF SCRIPTURE
HOW DO WE KNOW WE HAVE THE
RIGHT WORDS?
NO CLASS
SERVICEPROJECTS
NO QUESTIONS THIS WEEK
I’M NOT CHECKING SCHOOL EMAIL IN ISRAEL
SENIORS…
After all your have learned about transmission of the Bible, which
translation in English to you think is the most accurate?
SENIORS…Thursday start-up
In your Tribond pray over the theme in your life.
“Fall into His story.”
THIS WEEK IN SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY
BIBLIOLOGY
THE CANONIZATIO
N OF SCRIPTURE
HOW DO WE KNOW WE HAVE THE
RIGHT BOOKS?
BIBLIOLOGY
THE TRANSMISSIO
N OF SCRIPTURE
HOW DO WE KNOW WE HAVE THE
RIGHT WORDS?
MEMORYVERSE
GROUP # 6PRESENTS
JOHN 8:44
BIBLIOLOGY
THE TRANSLATION OF SCRIPTURE
HOW DO WE KNOW WE HAVE THE
RIGHT WORDS?
NO CLASS
SERVICEPROJECTS
NO QUESTIONS THIS WEEK
I’M NOT CHECKING SCHOOL EMAIL IN ISRAEL
How did we get the ESV, NAS, and KJV?
What manuscripts or codex were used in translating to English? Were they originals?
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
The Greek and Hebrew manuscripts used to create English translations of the Bible were not originals.
Jesus taught from copies, not originals and treated them as authoritative.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
The thorough transmission process makes for trustworthiness. To not accept the copies of the NT is to throw out Homer, Plato, and Aristotle from your bookstore shelves.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
The Bible has been translated into nearly 3,000 languages.
The first translation of the English Bible was initiated by John Wycliffe and completed by John Purvey in 1388.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
Unfamiliar with Hebrew and Greek Wycliffe translated from Latin into English.
- Wycliffe used the Latin Vulgate as his source. The Latin Vulgate was translated from Greek by Jerome.
- He used the Greek Septuagint for the OT
- Then later revised from Hebrew OT- He revised Latin NT rather than
translate from Greek. (This work was already done).
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
Until Wycliffe’s English Bible the Bible was not privately owned and read but controlled by the church (Latin)
Wycliffe’s English Bible revealed the church’s rituals, ceremonies, and doctrines were not from the Bible.
Wycliffe pronounced that we are saved by divine grace!
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
Wycliffe decided the best way to fight the corrupt church was to give everyone a Bible. His English translation is released in 1380 but not printed.
1384 Wycliffe died, the church had his body dug up and burned and his ashes thrown into the Swift River.
1388 John Purvey continued Wycliffe’s work.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
By 1425 the Renaissance brought new interest into the study of classic writings. Interest in learning Hebrew and Greek followed.
By 1450 Gutenberg’s press invented making mass copies of print.
In 1448 Pope Nicolas brings Codex Vaticanus, an ancient Greek text (4th century), to the Vatican (this matters later)
By 1500 Oxford began teaching Greek
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
In 1515 William Tyndale graduates from Oxford
In 1516 Erasmus (a priest) publishes his Textus Receptus. It was 5 Greek New Testament manuscripts.1. 11th century MSS of Gospels, Acts, Epistles
2. 5th century MSS of Gospels 3. 12th-14th century of Acts and Epistles 4. 15th century of Acts and Epistles 5. 12th century of Revelation (using Latin to fill
gaps)
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
1517 Martin Luther posts his 95 theses
1523 Tyndale goes to London but the bishop refuses to let him work on an English translation
1525 Tyndale goes to Germany and works on English translation. Translating from Erasmus Textus Receptus.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
In 1525 Germany smuggled 15,000 copies to England. England burned the copies as fast as they can find them.
In 1536 Tyndale was strangled and burned by the King and the Church of England. His last prayer “Lord, open the King’s eyes.”
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
In 1537 the King (Henry VIII) breaks ties with the pope and orders royal funds used to print Tyndale’s English Bible. The first authorized for public use.
In 1543 the King retracts and makes using these Bibles without a licensed person (priest) a crime. England begins burning them again.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
In 1554 Queen Mary attempted to re-instate Roman Catholicism in England. She executes protestants including translators. Protestants flee England.
In 1550 “Geneva Bible” Whitingham, an English exile, uses Beza’s Latin and some Greek to make a small inexpensive Bible with John Calvin’s evangelical notes.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
In 1551 Verse numbers were added for the first time by Stephanus when he published the 4th edition of Textus Receptus.
In 1611 The King James bible was finished using Textus Receptus (with verses) as the Greek Text.
In 1620 the pilgrims brought the 1599 edition of the Geneva Bible to America.
In 1627 Codex Alexandrinus brought to England. Greek MSS from 400’s including Revelation.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
In 1775 the Revolutionary War began in America. By 1782 the Aitken Bible was printed, first on American soil. Fit in soldiers pocket. Congress commissioned it because the Brits wouldn’t ship Bibles anymore. (KJV)
In 1809 Napolean takes the Pope and Vatican library into exile. Some people take notes of ancient manuscripts on parchment.
In 1815 the Vatican library is returned
In 1843 someone remembers seeing the Codex Vaticanus. Tregelles and Tischendorf are allowed to see it.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
In 1844 Tischendorf discovers the Codex Sinaiticus (almost complete Bible MSS from 350AD) in a monestary in Egypt.
In 1845 Tragelles memorizes Codex Vaticanus with popes persmission to read it a few hours a day, but couldn’t take notes, use paper or pen, and was guarded. Each night he would write it out. By the end of summer he had it done.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
In 1857 Tragelles begind publishing his Greek New Testament text that he memorized from the Codex Vaticanus. Pope upset.
In 1859 Pope had the Codex photographed and released to the public. (it included almost the entire Bible)
In 1861 American Civil War begins. American Bible Society published KJV. By 1862 the Confederates made their own.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
By 1860’s there are 3 very good Greek New Testament texts that far surpass the old Textus Receptus.1) Tregelles2.) Tichendorf’s3.) Wescott and Hort’s (from Vaticanus, Sinaiticus, Bezae, and Old Latin)
In 1870 the Convocation of Canterbury decided to revise the KJ Bible. Thousands of changes based on better textual evidence.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
In 1870 the English Revised Version is released. American scholars were invited to participate in it’s completion with the understanding that if their suggestions were not accepted they could not publish their own version until 1901
In 1901 the American Standard Version was published.
In 1908 the Gideon’s began distributing their Bibles for free in America. (KJV) In 2012 they gave away 84.7 million. This year Gideon’s International gives away 2 Bible’s per second world wide.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
In 1931 the Chester Beatty Papyri from 90-200 AD are purchased from a dealer in Egypt. 3 manuscripts contain large portion of NT.
In 1933 the Russian Communists see no value but cash in Codex Sinaiticus and sell it to Great Britian.
In 1947 the Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered. Verified authenticity of other codex.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
In 1952 the English Revised and American Standard were accurate but hard to read. New manuscript finds demanded a revision of the Greek texts. The result was the Revised Standard Version.
In 1961 The New English Bible a fresh translation in modern British idiom was published. Not a revision. Produced from a different text never before produced in English.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
In 1962 the Living Bible, Kenneth Taylor’s paraphrased NT from the American Standard released.
In 1966 Good News NT Bible widely distributed. Influenced by the linguistic theory of dynamic equivalence.
In 1971 the New American Standard, a revision of the American Standard (1901). Very good word for word Bible, but hard to read sometimes.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
In 1976 due to the success of the Good News Bible NT the entire Bible was done. Today’s English Version.
In 1978 New International Version (NIV), a completely new rendering of the original languages. A thought for thought translation in contemporary English.
In 1982 New King James, revision
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
In 1985 NIV revised
In 1989 New English Bible revised
In 1990 NAS revised sometimes called RSV
In 1993 Eugene Peterson released the first Message Translation…a travesty.
In 2001 The English Standard Version (ESV) was published. Claiming to be the fountainhead of Tyndales’s 1526, KJV 1611, ERV 1885, ASV 1901, RSV 1971.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
In 2011 ESV released a new revision based off newest Greek, Hebrew findings and correction to modern English in an essentially literal way.
The ESV released a iOS and Android app that is the only Bible app that can claim… 1. Free and NOT supported by ads
2. No internet connection needed 3. Re-sizeable font, quick search, viewed history,
notes 4. Share favorite verses on Facebook or Twitter.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
•Formal Equivalence: Translations that seek to translate word for word (although this is really impossible). Examples: NAS, KJV, ASV, ESV
Less readable, but better for study in contemporary languages. Why? Because they will usually attempt to make fewer interpretive decisions on any text that can be understood in many ways. This allows the reader to struggle through the options.
•Dynamic Equivalence: Translations that seek to translate thought for thought. Examples: NIV, TNIV, NRSV
Not quite as good for deep study, but usually better for reading and memorization. Dynamic equivalence translations make good pulpit or teaching Bibles.
TRANSLATION OFSCRIPTURE
•.•Paraphrase: Translations that seek to use common language and idioms to get the basic point across in a very readable way. Examples: Message, Philip’s Translation, NLT, GNB
While paraphrases are not good for study or memorization, they are very readable and cause you to read the text differently than you normally would. In this respect, they have great value.