Sensory Systems
1. Visual
2. Auditory
3. Somatosensory
4. Gustatory
5. Olfactory
acousticvestibular
cutaneousproprioceptive
chemical (flavor)
Distal senses
Proximal senses
SomatosensorySystems
cutaneous
proprioceptive
Adequate Stimulus
A stimulus of a quality and of sufficient intensity to excite a sensory receptor.
Adequate Stimuli for Somatosensation
Thermal (infrared radiation, contact)
Touch (light touch, pressure, vibration)
Pain and Itch (chemical, thermal, mechanical)
Proprioception (mechanical; stretch or pressure)
epicriticlocationvibrationtextureshape
protopathicpaintemperatureitch and tickle
Cutaneoussubsystems
Receptive field
That part of the periphery to which a cell responds.
Meissner’s Merkel’s
Pacinian Ruffini’s Free nerve ending
60 hz vibration
Stretch200 hz vibration
Pressure
Pain
Summation of responses of different receptors (spatial summation).
Coding of intensity by increased rate (temporal summation).
Epricritic, or non-pain
Somatosensation
As in the retina, receptive fields vary in size.
Smaller receptive fields = greater acuitytwo-point discrimination
Center-surround organization of cutaneousreceptive fields results in lateral inhibition.
Serves to enhance contrast
Protopathic,or pain
Somatosensation
Free nerve endings that respond to:
•mechanical stimuli•thermal stimuli•chemical stimuli, or •all three
(polymodal receptors)
Pain Receptors
Called Nociceptors
Free nerve endings of unmyelinated C fibers orthinly myelinated Aδ fibers
Cutaneousclassified byconductionvelocity
Proprioceptiveclassified byaxon diameter
Substance Effect
Potassium activation Bradykinin activation Histamine activation Prostaglandins sensitization Substance P sensitization
Gate control theory ofpain control
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation may act via gate control
Referred Pain
CN V and VII
Parallel Processing in theSomatosensory System
Lemniscal System (non-pain;epicritic)
Extralemniscal System (pain;protopathic)Spinothalamic pathways
NeospinothalamicPaleospinothalamic
Spinomesencephalic
Neospinothalamic Paleospinothalamic Spinomesencephalic
Neospinothalamic Pathway
Paleospinothalamic Pathway
Spinomesencephalic Pathway
Descending control of pain
Sensory System Summary
1. Sensory systems detect change over space (lateral inhibition to
enhance contrast)over time (rapidly adapting)
2. Detect “features”
4. Parallel pathways
5. Hierarchical processing
6. Topographical organization
7. Non-uniform receptive fields
8. Extreme sensitivity, wide dynamic range
9. Non-linear response
3. Structures are laminated (cells in layers)