Sentences have Sentences have two two partsparts

SUBJECT PREDICATE

Noun or Pronoun Verb Answers: Who or what? Answers: What about

it?

What makes a sentence? What makes a sentence?

Type 1:Type 1:

• Draw a picture that depicts an independent person and a

dependent person.OR

• List five differences between an independent person and a

dependent person.

Grammar Lesson:Grammar Lesson:

Independent and Dependent Clauses.

Clause:Clause:a group of words with a subject and a predicate.

Unless it rains todayUnless it rains today

Clause example #1

Although his zipper brokeAlthough his zipper broke

Clause example #2

When the teacher faintedWhen the teacher fainted

Clause example #3

Wait a minute…Wait a minute…

• Did you notice that each of those clauses left you hanging?

• Did you find yourself saying, “Yes, go on”?

• That’s the natural reaction because none of those clauses expresses a complete thought.

• They were all dependent clauses!

Dependent ClausesDependent Clauses• A clause that expresses an

incomplete or partial thought. • It is not a complete sentence; it

can’t stand on its own.– Why?

• It depends on another group of words to express a complete thought.

unless it rains today.unless it rains today.We are going on a picnic

Although his zipper broke,Although his zipper broke,he wore the pants anyway.

When the teacher fainted,When the teacher fainted,I called Mrs. Scheibe.

•All of those added groups of words can stand on their own…–We are going on a picnic.–I called Mrs. Scheibe.–He wore them anyway.

•These are independent independent clausesclauses!

Independent ClausesIndependent Clauses

• A clause that expresses a complete thought; it can stand on its own.

• Does NOT depend on another group of words to express a complete thought (hence the name independent).

What part is a What part is a dependent clause dependent clause and an and an independent clauseindependent clause? ?

1. The Trojans were winning the war until Achilles returned to battle.

– The Trojans were winning the war until Achilles returned to battle.

2. When Sojourner Truth spoke, her powerful words moved everyone in the audience.

– When Sojourner Truth spoke, her powerful words moved everyone in the audience.

Conjunctions reviewConjunctions review

A conjunction joins words or word groups.

There are 7 There are 7 coordinatingcoordinating conjunctions:conjunctions:

For

And

Nor

But

Or

Yet

So

Remember these conjunctions with the acronym: FANBOYS.

Simple SentenceSimple Sentence

-an independent clause

Examples:Leslie will sing in the talent show.

Joe camped with his Boy Scout troop.

Aaron draws very well.

Simple SentenceSimple SentenceA simple sentence may contain a compound subject, a compound predicate, or both.

Examples:Leslie and Mark will sing in the talent show.

Joe camped and hiked with his Boy Scout troop.

Aaron and Susan draw and paint very well.

Compound SentenceCompound Sentence

-two or more independent clauses

-may be joined by a comma and coordinating conjunction

Examples:Leslie will sing in the talent show, and we expect her to win first place.

Joe camped with his Boy Scout troop, but they had to come home early.

Aaron draws very well, so he was selected to enter the poster contest.

Compound SentenceCompound Sentence

-two or more independent clauses

-may be joined by a semicolon ( ; )

Examples:Leslie will sing in the talent show; we expect her to win first place.

Joe camped with his Boy Scout troop; he loves the outdoors.

Aaron draws very well; he was selected to enter the poster contest.

Combine two simple sentences that are related to make Combine two simple sentences that are related to make a a compound sentencecompound sentence. Add a conjunction between . Add a conjunction between

them, and replace the period of the first sentence with a them, and replace the period of the first sentence with a comma.comma.

• Peter plays tennis. He sings in the choir. Peter plays tennis, and he sings in the choir.

• Katie practiced her spelling words for an hour. She got 100% on her test.

Katie practiced her spelling words for an hour, so she got 100% on her test.

• Wendy ran to catch the train. She got there too late. Wendy ran to catch the train, but she got there too late.

• Stores in town were decorated. The holiday season was coming quickly. Stores in town were decorated, for the holiday season was coming

quickly.

• It rained hard last night. They still held the soccer game in the morning. It rained hard last night, but they still held the soccer game in the

morning.

Sentence combiningSentence combining

A Sophisticated Compound A Sophisticated Compound SentenceSentence

-two or more independent clauses

-may be joined by a semicolon( ; ), conjunctive adverb, and comma

Common Conjunctive AdverbsAlso incidentally next

Anyway indeed nonetheless

Besides instead otherwise

Consequently likewise still

Finally meanwhile then

Furthermore moreover therefore

However nevertheless thus

Proper Punctuation:Proper Punctuation:

How do you punctuate this compound sentence correctly?•WRONG: We should leave early otherwise we will miss the start of the movie.

•CORRECT: We should leave early; otherwise, we will miss the start of the movie.

conjunctive adverb

A Sophisticated Compound A Sophisticated Compound SentenceSentence

-two or more independent clauses

-may be joined by a semicolon( ; ), conjunctive adverb, and commaExamples:Leslie will sing in the talent show; furthermore, we expect her to win first place.

Joe camped with his Boy Scout troop; consequently, he loves the outdoors.

Aaron draws very well; therefore, he was selected to enter the poster contest.

Sentence combiningSentence combining

Practice Sheet

Day 2…Day 2…

• Go over Practice Sheet• Review:

Clause

Independent clauseDependent clauseSimple Sentence Compound SentenceCoordinating ConjunctionsConjunctive adverbs

Proper Punctuation:Proper Punctuation:

How do you punctuate this compound sentence correctly?•WRONG: We should leave early otherwise we will miss the start of the movie.

•CORRECT: We should leave early; otherwise, we will miss the start of the movie.

conjunctive adverb

Let’s add on…Let’s add on…

•Dependent Clauses often begin with words like if, whether, since, when, etc. These are called subordinating conjunctionssubordinating conjunctions.

• What does the prefix sub- mean?

Common Subordinating Common Subordinating Conjunctions:Conjunctions:

A Subordinating A Subordinating Conjunction…Conjunction…

• might be located in between the clauses it joins:– I gasped when I saw the headline. IC DC

• might be located at the beginning of a sentence: – When I saw the headline, I gasped.

DC IC

Comma Rule:Comma Rule:

Subordinating conjunction + dependent clause at the beginning

of a sentence = comma before the independent clause.

Ex: When I saw the headline, I gasped. DC IC

Find the Find the dependentdependent and and independentindependent clause. Decide if a clause. Decide if a

commacomma is needed. is needed.1. While some scientists map the human

genome others map the genes of worms.

2. After they had worked for about eight years scientists had sequenced 99 percent of a worm’s genes.

3. Scientists can learn much from this particular worm because it shares many genes with humans.

Where would you put a comma?Where would you put a comma?

1. While some scientists map the human genome, others map the genes of worms.

2. After they had worked for about eight years, scientists had sequenced 99 percent of a worm’s genes.

3. Scientists can learn much from this particular worm because it shares many genes with humans.

(No comma needed because the dependent clause is essential to the meaning of the

sentence.)

Based on your Persuasive Based on your Persuasive Writing…Writing…

– Subordinating Conjunction + Dependent Clause + comma + Independent Clause

– Independent Clause + “because” + Dependent Clause (no comma needed)

New: Complex sentencesNew: Complex sentences

Independent clause + Dependent clause(s) =

A complex sentence!!– Subordinating Conjunction +

Dependent Clause + comma + Independent Clause =

A complex sentence– Independent Clause + “because” +

Dependent Clause (no comma needed) =

A complex sentence

IC IC Complex sentences Complex sentences DCDC

We will go on the roller coaster while they ride

the log flume.

After you eat your cotton candy, we can meet

by the carousel, which will be our last ride.

Complex SentencesComplex Sentences

Use these clauses to create three complex sentences.

1.although they made me dizzy2.the freefall is her favorite one3.when I finally screamed

Compound-Complex Compound-Complex sentencessentences

2 or more Independent clauses + Dependent clause(s)

_____________________________

A compound-complex sentence!!

IC IC Compound-Complex Compound-Complex DCDCSentencesSentences

We will go on the roller coaster while they ride

the log flume, and mom will sit and watch.

If you look to your left, you can see the

carousel, and you will hear its pipe organ.

Compound-Complex Compound-Complex sentencessentences

Practice sheet