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Farmer perceptions, Economic benefitsand risk- Effects on technology adoption

Socio- EconomicsProgram

CIMMYT

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The Concern

Low yieldgrowth, inspite

of newtechnologies

being introduced

Farmers facethreat ofeconomic

viability andsustainability incrop production

Poor

technologyadoption

Decline ininvestment

Inefficiency

invalue/supplychain

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Technology Adoption

Answers are sought for

Why some technologies are popular among farmers?

Which of the technologies are widely adopted? Where

and Why? How effectively is the technology adopted and

diffused?

This information guides us on

How research has impacted productivity, incomes andpoverty?

What should be the future priorities?

Where are the gaps in research and adoption?

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Technology adoption is effectedby

Knowledge toadopt

Technicalknow how

OtherInformation

Ability toadopt

Credit

Infrastructure

Markets

SupplyChain

Incentive toadopt

Input prices

OutputPrices

Profitability

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Zero-Tillage Wheat in Haryana:Diffusion and Impacts

Study conducted by

Vijesh Krishna

CIMMYT (New Delhi)

&

Mukesh MeenaUniversity of Agricultural Sciences (Bangalore)

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Background of the study

Objectives - Examination of the ZT diffusionpattern (including the reasons for non- and dis-adoption and constraints in adoption of thetechnology)

A list of 100 villages of Haryana, where ZT wheatis widely adopted was obtained from Dr. ML Jat

Data was collected through (a) Focus groupdiscussions (b) Farm-household surveys

FGDs and surveys were conducted duringJanuary-February 2011 in 15 villages selectedrandomly

Random selection of 180 wheat farmers wasdone from these villages (12 households/village)

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ZT adoption in sample villages

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

8090

100

Seg

ha

Kherilama

Bag

hal

Ka

layat

Kau

lekhan

Sonta

Ma

lor

Niharirsi

Do

dhpur

Sha

hpur

Hathira

Thal

San

dha

li

Basna

Basantpur

Kaithal Ambala Kurukshetra

ZTa

doption

(%househ

olds

)insamp

levi

llages

Districts and villages

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ZT adoption among wheat growing households

16%

21%63%

Non adoption Discountinous adoption Continuous adoption

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Reasons for non-, and discontinuous-adoption

and constraints in adoption of ZT wheat

Reasons behind

Constraints

in adoption

(N = 112)

Non-adoption

(N=

28)

Discontinuous

adoption

(N=

38)

Field/plot

characteristic

Excess moisture in field 0 14 2

Soil structure/undulation

unsuitable for ZT

14 5 4

Lack of moisture during

sowing

4 5 1

Small land-holding 11 3 1Cropping pattern Difficulty to manage

kharif crop (pearl millet,

cotton, rice) residues

54 8 9

Early harvesting of kharif

crop

0 0 2

Figures show % of farmers in each group expressing the particular concern

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Reasons for non-, dis- and discontinuous-adoption

and constraints in adoption of ZT wheat (Contd.)

Reasons behind

Constraints

in adoption

(N = 112)

Non-adoption

(N=

28)

Discontinuous

adoption

(N=

38)

Undesirableimpacts of

the

technology

High aphid infestation 0 19 4Negative impact on soil

quality/structure

4 5 0

High fertilizer requirement 0 0 2

High weed infestation 4 3 0

High irrigation requirement 4 5 2

Low yield 7 22 3Low germination of seed 7 0 0

Scarcity of the drill 14 8 1

Other reasons/constraints 0 3 2

No specific reason/constraint 0 3 69

Figures show % of farmers in each group expressing the particular concern

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Farmers perception

Traditional technology vs modern/ new technology

Farmers perception are not adequately analyzed inadoption studies

An econometric model that includes farmers

perception variables can explain adoptionbehaviour better than the ones that include only theusual farm and farmer related variables

An important area of research is to understand the

process through which farmers revise theirperceptions regarding technologies and whyperceptions differ across individuals.

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Farmers perception (cont.)

Differential access to information anddifferences in information processing capacitymay lead to variations in perceptions andfarmers ability to update their initial

perceptions. Knowledge about the specific characteristics

of the new technology play an important rolein adoption and changing farmers perception

Programs and extension strategies help tounderstand farmers perspectives and help torevise framers perceptions- usually lead toimproved adoption rate.

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Farmers associations withtraits

Yield performance

Income

Low cost ofproduction

Pest resistance

Highpriority

Relative Tolerance

Drought tolerance

Environmentaleffects

LowPriority

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Socio-Economic variable impactingtechnology adoption

Internal factors- Characteristics of thedecision maker

Age and Gender

Education and Experience

Farm size

Risk taking attitude

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Socio-Economic variable impactingtechnology adoption (cont.)

External factors-

Closer contacts to source of information

Exposure to experimental trials

Adoption by peers

Ease of access to inputs and machineries

Infrastructure and Governance

Availability of finance

Readability of new technology Market value of new varieties- taste and

preferences

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Economic Benefits

Cost

Machinery and fuelcost

Pesticides/Herbicides/ andWeedicides cost

Invested time tounderstand the newtechnology-management cost

Benefit

Less water utilization

Improved soil health

Reduced labor cost Reduced yield

variability

Shorter cropping

cycle in CA

Perceived economic returns and risk associated with a new technology

impacts the technology adoption.

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Socio Economic Surveys

Location and cropping patter, characteristics, of householdand farmer

Sampling Procedures-

Stratified Random Sampling

Farmers perception - Types of measurement- Qualitative andquantitative

quantitative (e.g., crop yields, quantity of seed and otherinputs used)

qualitative (e.g., farmer opinions of new technologies)

Quantitative measurements are necessary for analyses andinterpretations.

Qualitative data can often add insights and explanations thatare hard to capture in numbers. e.g., farmer reasons for nonadoption) can be quantified after coding,

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Socio Economic Surveyscont. Farmers Perception- Focus Group

discussion

Economic Benefits and Risks-

Household surveys Comparison b/w baselines and

adoption surveys

Control Group to be created

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Technology Adoption- role ofliteracy, social networks and ICT

Formal education may not contribute directly, but influencesefficient allocation of resources.

Literacy has a positive and significant relationship with farmmodernization and agricultural productivity.

Social networks has role in building the trust to influence theadoption of new mindsets and actions by small farmers.

ICT acts as a revolutionising mode to disseminateinformation.- through Internet based information system andmobile phone based information systems

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Improve technology adoption

Understandingfarmersperceptio

n

Do the costbenefit

analysis ofnewtechnology

Connectwithfarmers todisseminate the

knowledgeaboutbenefits

Demonstrate withexperimental trials

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Thank you!!