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SEPSISIII

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  • 7/29/2019 SEPSISIII

    1/4

    O r i g i n a l A r t i c l e

    Ear ly On set Neonata l Sep s isB e t ty C h a c k o a n d I n d e r p r e e t S o h iNeonatology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Christian M edical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Pun jab, India.

    A b s t r a c t . Objec t ive : To s tudy t he ma te r na l r i sk f ac to r s and c l i n i co - bac te r i o log i ca l p r o f i l e o f ea r l y onse t seps i s ( E O S ) , i n ate r t i a r y ca r e neon a ta l un i t. M e t h o d s : R e l e v a n t d a t a o f n e o n a t e s b o r n d u r in g t h e s t u d y p e r io d w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e i r c a s er eco r ds . A d iagnos i s o f ea r l y onse t seps i s w as m ade i f e i t he r c li n ica l seps i s d eve lop ed w i t h in 72 h ou r s o f l if e o r if pos i ti ve b lood /C S F cu l t u r es w er e ob ta ined i n t hose w i t h po ten t ia l m a te r na l r i sk f ac to rs . S ta t i s ti ca l ana l ys i s w as done us ing O dds R a t i o o r C h i -squa r e and F i she r ' s exac t t - t es t as app l i cab le . R e s u l t s : A mong 1743 l i ve b i r t hs , a t o ta l o f 69 ep i sodes o f seps i s occu r r ed i n65 neona tes ( 43% cu l t u r e p r oven ) w i t h an i nc idence o f 37 .2 pe r 1000 l i ve b i r t hs . The i nc idence o f E O S w as 20 .7 pe r 1000 l i veb i r t hs and it cons t i t u ted 5 5 .4% o f ove r a l l seps i s . A mo ng the pe r i na ta l r isk f ac to r s asse ssed , a s ign i f i can t asso c ia t i on o f E O Sw i t h p r o l o n g e d r u p t u r e o f m e m b r a n e s , f o u l s m e l l i n g l i q u o r , d a i ( m i d w i f e ) h a n d l i n g a n d m a t e r n a l u r i n a r y t r a c t i n f e c t i o n w a so b s e r v e d ( p < 0 .0 5 ) . A m o n g i n fa n t s a t ri s k o f E O S , 2 0 . 6 % d e v e l o p e d s e p s i s c o m p a r e d t o o n l y 0 . 5 % o f t h o s e w i t h o u t th e s e r i s kf a c t o rs ( p 0 . 0 0 1 ) . E v e n a m o n g t h o s e a t h ig h r i s k s u c h a s l o w b i r th w e i g h t , p r e t e r m , a n d a s p h y x i a t e d n e o n a t e s , i n c i d e n c e o fE O S w a s n e g l ig i b le i n th e a b s e n c e o f a m a t e r n a l r i s k f a c to r . P n e u m o n i a ( 6 6 . 7 % ) , s h o c k ( 2 7 . 7 % ) , m e t a b o l i c a c i d o s is ( 1 9 . 4 % )a n d m e n i n g it is ( 8 . 3 % ) w e r e t h e c o m o r b id i ti e s s e e n a m o n g t h e c a s e s . C u l t u r e p r o v e n E O S o c c u r r e d i n 4 1 . 6 % , P s e u d o m o n a sb e i n g t h e c o m m o n e s t ( 6 0 % ) i so la te . T h e c a s e f a t a li ty r a te w a s 1 9 . 4 % . C o n c l u s i o n : S c r e e n i n g f o r s e p s i s i n a n a s y m p t o m a t i cneo na te i s w a r r an ted on l y i n t he p r esenc e o f a ma te r na l r i sk f ac to r even i f t he neo na te i s a t h igh r i sk o f deve lop ing seps i s d u et o a s s o c i a te d p r o b l e m s o f p r em a t u r it y , l o w b i rt h w e i g h t o r a s p h y x i a . K n o w l e d g e o f l i k el y c a u s a t i v e o r g a n i s m s o f E O S c a n a i din ins t i tu t i ng p r om pt and app r o p r i a te t he r apy , i n o r de r to m in im ise mor b id i t y a nd m or ta li ty .[ I n d i a n J P e d i a t r 2 0 0 5 ; 7 2 ( 1 ) : 2 3 - 2 6 ] E-ma il : be t t ychacko@ hotma i l . comK e y w o rd s : Ear ly-ons et ; Neona te; R isk fac tors ; Seps is .N e o n a t a l s e p s is i s o n e o f t h e m a j o r c a u s e s o f m o r b i d i t ya n d m o r t a l i t y in t h e n e w b o r n . S u r v i v i n g i n fa n t s c a n h a v es i g n i f ic a n t n e u r o l o g i c s e q u e l a e a s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f c e n t r a ln e r v o u s s y s t em i n v o l v e m e n t , se p ti c s h o ck o r h y p o x e m i as e c o n d a r y t o s e v e r e p a r e n c h y m a l l u n g d i s ea s e .

    O v e r a l l i n c i d e n c e o f c u l t u r e p r o v e n s e p s i s v a r i e sb e t w e e n 1 - 8 c a s e s p e r 1 0 0 0 l i v e b i r t h s w i t h a l m o s t e q u a ld i s t r i b u t i o n o f e a r l y o n s e t a n d l a t e o n s e t c a s e s . ~ E a r l yo n s e t s e p s i s ( EO S ), w i t h a n o n s e t d u r i n g t h e f i r s t 7 2 h o u r so f li f e i s c a u s e d b y o r g a n i s m s p r e v a l e n t i n t h e m a t e r n a lg e n i t a l t r ac t o r i n th e l a b o u r r o o m a n d m a t e r n i t yo p e r a t i o n t h e a tr e . I t c a n o c c u r d u e t o a s c e n d i n g i n f e c t io nf o l l o w i n g r u p t u r e o f m e m b r a n e s o r d u r i n g t h e p a s s a g e o ft h e b a b y t h r o u g h i n f e c t e d b i r t h c a n a l a n d a t th e t i m e o fr e s u s c i t a ti o n . 2 W h e n a n y m a t e r n a l r i sk f a c t o r s u c h a sp r o l o n g e d r u p t u r e o f m e m b r a n e s o r f o u l sm e l l in g l iq u o ri s p r e s e n t, e v e n t h o u g h t h e n e o n a t e m a y b e a s y m p t o m a t i cs o o n a f t e r b i r th , a s e p s i s s c r e e n is u s u a l l y p e r f o r m e d . B u tt h e c r i t e ri a f o r s c r e e n i n g m a y d i f f e r f r o m c e n t e r t o c e n t e r .F e w i n f an t s m a y d e v e l o p E O S e v e n w i t h o u t a n yi d e n t i f ia b l e m a t e r n a l r i s k f a c t o r . T h e p a t t e r n o f o r g a n i s m sc a u s i n g s e p s i s a l s o d i f f e r s f r o m p l a c e t o p l a c e a n d c a nc h a n g e i n t h e sa m e p l a c e o v e r a p e r i o d o f t im e . E a r l yt r e a t m e n t w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e a n t ib i o ti c s w o u l d m i n i m i s eCorrespondence and Reprint requests : Dr. Bet ty Chacko,Department of Pediatrics, Christian Medical College & Hospital,Ludh iana -141 008, Punjab.

    t h e r i sk o f s e v e r e m o r b i d i t y a n d m o r t a l i t y b e s i d e sr e d u c i n g t h e e m e r g e n c e o f m u l t i d r u g r e s is t a n t o r g a n is m si n in t e n s i v e c a r e u n i t s b y r a t i o n a l a n t i b i o t i c u s e . T h ep r e s e n t s t u d y w a s c a r r i e d o u t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c u r r e n ti n c i d e n c e o f e a r l y o n s e t s e p s i s , i d e n t i f y m a t e r n a l r i s kf a c t o rs a n d a n y a s s o c i a te d n e o n a t a l f a c t o rs a n d a l so t h ec l i n ic o - b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l p r o f i l e o f E O S i n t h e n e o n a t a l u n i to f a t e a c h i n g h o s p i t a l .

    M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D ST h e s t u d y w a s c a r r i e d o u t i n a t e r t i a r y ca r e n e o n a t a l u n i to f a te a c h i n g h o s p i t a l i n N o r t h I n d i a o v e r a p e r i o d o f 1 5m o n t h s f r o m O c t o b e r 2 00 0 t o D e c e m b e r 2 00 1 . T h e a u t h o r ss t u d i e d t h e c a s e re c o r d s o f al l in b o r n n e o n a t e s d u r i n g t h isp e r i od . R e l e v a n t in f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g a n t e p a r t u m a n di n t r a p a r t u m f a c to r s t h a t c o u l d h a v e a b e a r i n g o n n e o n a t a ls e p s i s w a s c o l l e c t e d . F o r t h e p u r p o s e o f th i s s t u d y , a l li n fa n t s w i t h p o s i t iv e b l o o d / c e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u id c u l t u re s( CS F ) o r t h o s e d e v e l o p i n g c l i n i ca l s e p s is w i t h i n 7 2 h o u r so f b i r t h w e r e d i a g n o s e d t o h a v e a n e a r l y o n s e t s ep s is .N e o n a t e s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e a t r i s k o f d e v e l o p i n g E O Si f a n y o n e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g p o t e n t i a l m a t e r n a l r i s k f a c t o r sw e r e p r e s e n t - - p r o l o n g e d r u p t u r e o f m e m b r a n e s( P R O M ) f o r > 2 4 h o u r s , f o u l s m e l l i n g l i q u o r , d a i ( m i d w i f e )h a n d l i n g , m a t e r n a l u r i n a r y t r a c t in f e c t i o n w i t h i n 2 w e e k sp r i o r t o d e l i v e r y o r p e r i p a r t u m f e v e r . S a m p l e s f o r b l o o d

    I nd ian Jou r na l o f P ed ia t r i cs , V o lum e 72 - - - Janua r y , 200 5 23

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    Betty Chacko et alc u l t u r e w e r e c o l l e c te d f r o m t h e s e n e o n a t e s s o o n a f t e rb i r th . B l o o d a n d C S F c u l t u r e s w e r e a l s o o b t a i n e d i ni n f a n t s w i t h a n y f e a t u r e s s u g g e s t i v e o f s e p s i s s u c h a sa l t e r e d b o d y t e m p e r a t u r e , t a c h y p n e a / a p n e a , l e t h a r g y ,p o o r f e e d i n g , s h o c k o r m e t a b o l i c a c i d o s is . A l l i n f a n t s o fw h o m b l o o d c u l t u re s h a d b e e n s e n t w e r e s ta r te d o na n t i b i o t ic s , w h i c h w e r e d i s c o n t i n u e d a f t e r 4 8 h o u r s i fc u l t u r e s t il l d a t e w e r e n e g a t i v e a n d i f t h e b a b i e s r e m a i n e da s y m p t o m a t i c . A n t ib i o ti c s w e r e h o w e v e r , c o n t i n u e d f o r1 0 t o 14 d a y s i n s y m p t o m a t i c c a s e s a n d c u l t u r e p r o v e ns e p s i s . O d d s r a t i o w i t h 9 5 % c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s w a sc a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h r is k fa c t o r s tu d i e d . Q u a l i t a t i v ev a r i a b le s w e r e c o m p a r e d u s i n g C h i - s q u a r e o r F i s h er 'sexac t t e s t .

    RESULTSA m o n g 1 74 3 l iv e b i r t h s d u r i n g t h e s t u d y p e r i o d , a to t a l o f6 9 e p i s o d e s o f s e p s i s o c c u r r e d in 6 5 n e o n a t e s , t h ei n c i d e n c e b e i n g 3 7 . 2 /1 0 0 0 l i v e b i r t h s ( L B). T w e n t y - e i g h ti n f a n t s ( 4 3 .1 % ) h a d c u l t u r e p o s i t i v e s e p s i s . E a r l y o n s e ts e p s i s o c c u r r e d i n 3 6 n e o n a t e s , w i t h a n i n c i d e n c e o f 2 0 .7p e r 1 0 00 L B c o n s t i t u t i n g 5 5 .4 % o f a n o v e r a l l n e o n a t a ls e p s i s . T h e r a t e s o f i n f e c ti o n w e r e s i m i l a r i n m a l e s ( 2. 05 % )a n d f e m a l e s ( 2. 08 % ). A m o n g i n f a n t s w i t h F ,OS, 30 (83.3%)w e r e l o w b i r t h w e i g h t , 1 1 (3 0 .5 % ) w e r e v e r y l o w b i r t hw e i g h t a n d 2 9 (8 0 .6 % ) w e r e p r e t e r m s . T h e i n c i d en c e o fE O S in v a r i o u s c a t e g o r i e s o f b a b i e s a s s h o w n i n T a b l e 1,i s s i g n i f ic a n t l y h i g h e r i n p r e t e r m s a n d l o w b i rt h w e i g h ti n f a n ts . C u l t u r e p r o v e n s e p s i s o c c u r r e d i n 1 5 n e o n a t e s ,c o n s t i t u t i n g 4 1 . 6 % o f a n o v e r a l l E O S , a n d 5 .3 % , 3 .4 % a n d3 .7 % i n V L B W , S G A a n d p r e t e r m c a t e g o r i e s r e sp e c t i v e ly .

    A m o n g a to t a l o f 1 36 n e o n a t e s , w i t h a n u n d e r l y i n gp o t e n t i a l m a t e r n a l r i s k f a c to r f o r s e p s i s 2 0. 6% d e v e l o p e dE O S , w h i l e i n th o s e w i t h o u t t h e s e r i s k fa c t o r s E O So c c u r r e d i n o n l y 8 (0 .5 % ) ( p = 0 .0 0 00 ). A m o n g t h e v a r i o u sh i g h r i s k g r o u p o f in f a n ts s u c h a s V L B W , p r e t e r m s a n dS G A s , t h e i n c i d e n c e o f s e p s i s w a s n e g l i g i b l e i f m a t e r n a lr i s k fa c t o r s w e r e a b s e n t ( 0 .4 6 % t o 4 .3 % ) b u t i n t h o s e i n

    w h o m r i sk f a c to r s w e r e p r e s e n t t h i s v a r i e d f r o m 3 0 . 5 % to3 7.5 % . It is n o t e w o r t h y t h a t a m o n g t h o se w h o d e v e l o p e dE O S , 2 8 ( 7 7 . 8 % ) w e r e i n f a n t s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e a t r i s k f o rs e p s is , a n d a m o n g c u l t u r e p r o v e n c a s e s th i s f i g u r e w a s8 0 % . O n e f if th o f m o t h e r s w i t h P R O M , a n d 3 0 % w i t h f o u ls m e l l i n g l i q u o r h a d i n f a n t s w i t h E O S , t h e o d d s r a t i o b e i n g2 5 . 5 a n d 2 2 .0 8 r e s p e c t i v e l y ( p < 0. 00 1 ) c o m p a r e d t o th o s ew i t h o u t t h e s e r i s k f a c t o r s ( T a b l e 2 a ) .

    T h e r e w a s n o s i g n i f ic a n t a s s o c i a t io n o f m a t e r n a ld i a b e te s , m u l t ip l e p r e g n a n c y o r m e c o n i u m s t a in i n g o fl i q u o r w i t h E O S ( T a b l e 2 b ). A s p h y x i a t e d i n f a n t s w e r em o r e l i k e ly t o h a v e E O S , o d d s r a t io b e i n g 1 1 .1 c o m p a r e dt o t h o s e n o t a s p h y x i a t e d ( p < 0 . 0 0 0 1 ) .

    T h e c o m o r b i d i ti e s s e e n a m o n g i n fa n t s w i t h E O S w e r ep n e u m o n i a i n 6 6 . 7 % , n e c r o t i s i n g e n t e r o c o l i t i s ( N E C ) i n1 1 .1 % a n d m e n i n g i t i s i n 8 . 3 % ( T a b l e 3 ). C u l t u r e p o s i t i v i t yh a d n o s i g n i f ic a n t i n f lu e n c e o n t h e r a te s o f o c c u r r e n c e o fv a r i o u s m o r b i d i ti e s , e x ce p t f or p n e u m o n i a , w h i c h w a sm o r e l ik e l y i n c u l t u r e n e g a t i v e t h a n p o s i t i v e c a s e s (9 0 .5 %v / s 33.3%, p

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    Early Onset Neonatal SepsisTABLE2. Maternal and Neonatal Risk Factors in Early Onset Sepsis

    (a) Perinatal risk factorsEarly Onset SepsisRisk factors Total Num ber Od ds Ratio (C.I.)Number of cases P value

    CultureprovenEOSPROM 105 21 (20%) 25.5 (12.1-54.0)Perip artum fever 12 1 (8.3%) 4.4 (0.1-31.8)Foul smelling liqour 10 3 (30%) 22.1 (4.3-100.8)Dai han dled 20 3 (15%) 14.0 (2.95-57.9)UTI 9 2 (22.2%) 14.3 (1.97-79.24)

    0.0 6 (5.7%)0.22 0 (0%)0.0009 2 (20%)0.002 2 (10%)0.01 2 (22.2%)(b) Other associated FactorsAp gar

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    B e t ty C h a c k o e t a li n f a n t i s a t h i g h r i s k f o r s e p s i s d u e t o p r e m a t u r i t y , v e r yl o w b i r t h w e i g h t , s m a l l f o r g e s t a t i o n a l a g e , o r n e o n a t a la s p h y x i a , t h e i n c i d e n c e o f E O S i s n e g l i g i b l e ( T a b l e 1 ).H e n c e n e o n a t a l f a c t o r s b y t h e m s e l v e s d o n o t d e s e r v ec o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r p e r f o r m i n g s e p s i s s c r e e n i n a na s y m p t o m a t i c i n f a n t. B u t t h e s e v e r y s a m e f a c t o rs h a v e a ni m p o r t a n t a n d s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e i n l a te o n s e t s e p s i s in w h i c hi n s t a n c e s c r e e n i n g i s d o n e o n l y w h e n i n f an t b e c o m e ss y m p t o m a t i c .

    T h e u s u a l p r e s e n t a t i o n o f E O S i s w i t h r e s p i r a t o r yd i s t r e s s a n d p n e u m o n i a w i t h i n 7 2 h o u r s o f a g e a c c o r d i n gt o th e N a t i o n a l N e o n a t a l P e r i n a t a l D a t a b a s e ( N N P D ) 2 00 0r e p o r t . ~3 P n e u m o n i a w a s t h e c o m m o n e s t ( 6 6. 7 % )p r e s e n t a t i o n i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y t o o. V a r g a s '4 r e p o r t e dm e n i n g i t i s i n 1 0 % o f o v e r a l l c a s es , a n d 2 5 % o f c u l t u r ep r o v e n c a s e s w h i c h i s c o m p a r a b l e t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y c a s e s( T a b l e 3 ) .

    T h e c u l t u r e p o s i t i v i t y ra t e in t h e c u r r e n t s t u d y w a s4 1 .7 % . T h e c o m m o n e s t o r g a n i s m i s o l a t e d w a sp s e u d o m o n a s ( 6 0% ) s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f T a l l u r e t a l w h or e p o r t e d k l e b s i e l l a a n d p s e u d o m o n a s t o b e t h e c o m m o n e s ta g e n t s . 3 R e p o r t f r o m N N P D 2 0 00 r e v e a l s K I e b s i e l l ap n e u m o n i a e a n d S . aureus t o b e t h e m o s t f r e q u e n t c a u s a t iv eo r g a n i s m s i n I n d i a . 13 S . a u r e u s c o n s t i t u t e d o n l y 1 3 . 3 % i nt h e p r e s e n t s t u d y p r o b a b l y b e c a u s e t h is d i d n o t i n c l u d en o s o c o m i a l o r l a t e o n s e t s e p s is . I n a r e p o r t f r o m K a r a c h i ,t h e i n c id e n c e o f g r a m n e g a t i v e a n d g r a m p o s i t i v e i s o la t e sw e r e a l m o s t e q u a l . ~s I n t h e w e s t , G r o u p B s t r e p t o c o c c u s( G B S ) i s t h e m i c r o o r g a n i s m m o s t f r e q u e n t l y ( 2 6 .2 % )i s o l a te d f o l l o w e d b y S . e p i d e r m i d i s , E .C o I i a n d S .a u r e u s . 6S c h u c h a t e t a l r e p o r t e d G B S ( 1 . 4 / 1 0 0 0 b i r t h s ) a n d E.co l i( 0. 6 / 1 0 0 0 b i r t h s ) t o b e t h e m o s t c o m m o n e t i o l o g i c a la g e n t s o f E O S /" l h e c a s e f a t a l i t y r a t e i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w a s 1 9 .4 % i nE O S a n d 1 3 .3 % i n c u l t u r e p o s i t i v e c a s e s w h i c h i sc o m p a r a b l e t o 1 6. 7% r e p o r t e d b y K u r u v i l l a e t a ld L o w e rm o r t a l i t y r a t e s o f 7 .6 % h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d f r o m t h eW e s t . 6 H o w e v e r o t h e r s t u d i e s f r o m I n d i a h a v e r e p o r t e dh i g h e r r a t e s o f 3 7 -4 7 .5 % . T M A s i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y c a s e sw e r e i n t r a m u r a l n e o n a te s , k n o w l e d g e o f p e r i p a r t a l r i skf a c t o r s w i t h e a r l y s c r e e n i n g a n d p r o m p t u s e o fa p p r o p r i a t e a n t i b i o t i c s c o u l d h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o l o wm o r t a l i t y r a t e s.

    C O N C L U S I O NI r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e p r e s e n c e o f n e o n a t a l f a c t o r s s u c h a sp r e m a t u r i t y , a s p h y x i a o r v e r y l o w b i r t h w e i g h t , sc r e e n i n gf o r E O S i s w a r r a n t e d o n l y i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f m a t e r n a l r i s kf a c to r s a s t h e f o r m e r a r e m o r e l i k e l y t o b e a s s o c i a te d w i t hl a te o n s e t s e p s i s t h a n E O S . I n a d d i t i o n , k n o w l e d g e o f t h el i k e l y c a u s a t i v e o r g a n i s m s a n d t h e i r s e n s i t i v i t y p a t t e r n sw o u l d a l s o c o n t r i b u t e t o w a r d s a m o r e r a t i o n a l a n da p p r o p r i a t e u s e o f a n ti b i o ti c s , t h u s m i n i m i s i n g t h e e m e r -g e n c e o f m u l t i d r u g r e s i s t a n t b a c t e r i a i n n e o n a t a l u n i t s.

    AcknowledgementWe thank Dr. A.S. Bhatia , Biostat is t it ian and Lectit rer , D epartm ent ofS o c i a l a n d P r e v e n t i v e M e d i c i n e , C h r i s t i a n M e d i c a l C o l l e g e ,Ludhiana fo r h i s va luab le he lp in the s ta t i s ti ca l ana lys i s o f the da ta .

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    con t ro l s tudy . Pediatrics 2000; 105: 21-26.6. Clem ente Yago F, Tap io collados C, Escriva Tomas P, Rub ioC o r i a n o A , G a r c i a M a r t i n e z R , l i m e n e z C o b o B . N e o n a t a lsepticem ia: Incidence and r isk factors . An Esp Pediatr 1992; 37:481-483.7 . Schucha t A , Oxtob y M, Coch i Se t al. P o p u l a t i o n b a s e d r i s kfactors for neonatal gr oup B streptococcal disease: Results of acohort s tud y in metrop oli tan Atlanta. J Infect Dis 1990; 162: 672-677.8 . Som an M, Green B , Da l ing J . R isk fac to r s fo r ea r ly neon a ta lsepsis . Am J Epidemiol 1985; 12 1: 712-719.9. Stol l BJ, Go rdon T, Koro nes SB et al. Early onset sepsis in veryl o w b i r t h w e i g h t n e o n a t e s : A r e p o r t f r o m t h e N a t i o n a lIns t i tu te o f Ch i ld Hea l th and H uman Deve lopm ent Neon a ta lResearch Network. J Pediatr 1996; 129: 72- 80.10. Odd ie S , Emble ton ND. Risk Fac to rs fo r Ear ly onse t Neona ta lGrou p B S t rep tococca l Seps i s : Case con t ro I s tudy . BM J 2002;325: 308.

    11. Bhutta ZA , Yusuf K. Early- onset neonatal sepsis in Pakistan:A Case Cont ro l s tu dy o f r i sk fac to r s in a b i r th cohor t . A m JPerinatol 1997; 14 : 577-581.12. Pass M, Khare S, Dil lon HC Jr: Twin pregna ncies: Incidence ofg roup B s t rep tococca l co lon iza t ion and d i sease . J Pediatr 1980;97: 635-637.13. Repor t o f the Na t iona l Neona ta l Pe r ina ta l Da tabase (Na t iona lNeon a to logy Forum) 2000.14. Varga s PE. Bacteremia and N eona tal sepsis . Ret, Med Panama1990; 15 : 127-137.1 5. A n w a r S K , M u s t a f a S , P a r i y a n i S , A s h r a f S , T a u f i q K M .Neona ta l seps i s: an e t io log ica l s tudy . J Pak Med Assoc 2000; 50:91-94.16. Le ibov i tz E, F l ide l- R imon o O, Jus te r-Re icher A , Ami ta y M,MiskinA , Barak Yet al. Sepsis at a Neo natal Intensive Unit . lsrJMed Sci 1997; 33: 734-738.

    Contributors: BC planned the s tudy and co l lec ted the da ta . IS he lpedi n c o l l e c t i o n o f d a t a a n d d r a f t e d t h e m a n u s c r i p t . B C c r i t i c a l l yrev iew ed and f ina l ised the manuscr ip t .Competing interests: N o n eF u n d i n g : N o n e

    26 Indian Joumal of Pediatr ics, Volume 72--J anu ary, 2005