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Begin the Middle Ages if there’s time

September 5, 2012

Hand back tests10-15 minutes to correct the test

Middle Ages

September 7, 2012

Harmonics (c. 330 BC) “Need Good Ear

Aristoxenus (c. 350 BC) Greek Theorist

One of earliest examples of music text & notation

Seikoles Song (1st Century AD)

Organized Plainchant Pope Gregory I (reigned 590-604 AD)

Notre Dame Organum 1st 4 pt. polyphony

Perotin (c. 1155-1225)

Timeline Entries

450-1450Or

400-1400Or

500-1400

The Middle Ages

What do you know about it?

Reading in groups: Country Life

Life in the Middle Ages

IconographyDescriptions in literature & aural traditionsSurviving InstrumentsEthnomusicologySurviving LyricsTheorists

AristoxenusSurviving notated music

Siekolas Song

How Do We Know About this Music?

500-1400 A.D.Starts at end of Roman Emperor

Sometimes called the Dark AgesPatronage system beganBlack Death occurredTwo styles of music

SacredSecular

Middle Ages

Most important musicians were priests or people who worked for the church.

Music education for the boys for schools associated to churches

NO SINGING FOR WOMEN!Some nuns learned to sing (Hildegard of Bingen)Because of the huge amount of music in the

church, only sacred music was notated for centuries!

Vocal music dominated because churches thought that instruments played a large role in prior pagan rites

Monks had to sing with pronunciation, concentration and tone quality

Music of the Middle Ages

Melody set to Latin (religious) textMonophonic3 Types of Gregorian Chant

SyllabicNeumaticMellismatic

Meant to enhance religious ceremoniesNo exact rhythm (notation of time did not

exist yet!)Tend to be a narrow range of pitchesWhy do they call it Gregorian chant?

Gregorian Chant

Pope Gregory I

Passed on by oral traditionIntonationReciting Tone (Meditation)Terminatione u o u a e – The vowels used as an abbreviation for

“saeculorum, amen,” the last words of the doxologyModesNeumesBreaths

Take a closer look at chant

Middle Ages

September 11, 2012

What are the dates of the Middle Ages?

Extra Credit

Listening Example“Alleluia: Vidimus

Stellam

Solo opening phrase – cantor

Choir opening phraseMelismatic on ia

Choir: Vidimus stellam ejus in Oriente et venimus cum muneribus adorare Dominum

Translation

Hallelujah

Hallelujah

We have seen his star in the east and are coming with gifts to worship the Lord

IntroitGradualAlleuiaTractSequenceOffertoryCommunion

Proper Chants of the MassEach chant has special words for the type of mass

KyrieKyrie Eleison (3x)Christe Eleison (3X)Kyrie Eleison (3X)

GloriaCredoSanctusBenedictusAgnus Dei

All chants are found in the Liber Usualis

Ordinary Chants of the MassFixed text that is sung at each mass

Hildgard von Bingen (1098-1179)Father was a knightGiven to the church

by parentsBecame a nunWrote poetry, music

& philosophyKnown for having

visionsBelieved it was okay

to have instruments in church

Founded the Miracle PlayEnactments of scenes from the BibleTook place outside the churchUsed heterophony

More than one sound

Hildegard continued

Listening ExampleO Successores

Osuccessores fortissimi leonis inter templum et altare – dominantes in ministratione eius – sicut angeli sonant in laudibus, et sicut adsunt populis in adiutorio, vos estis inter ilos, qui haec faciunt, semper curam habentes in officio agni

Translation

You successors of the mightiest lion between the temple and the altar – you the masters in his household – as the angels sound forth praises and are here to help the nations, you are among those who accomplish this, forever showing your care in the service of the lamb.

Used sacred textInfluenced by secular stylesDroneUsually performed outside of the church

Hildegard’s Music

Not religious musicSong about love or chivalry or nature-sung in their own

languageMedieval minstrels: goliards, jongleurs

Minstrels were like slavesCourtly musicians: troubadours (S. France), trouveres (N.

France), minnesingers (Germany) Instrumental dance music was also very popularBegan in notation in the 12th and 13th centuriesKnights were musical poets!Estampie (dance) Instruments included rebec, pipe, psaltery

Key Points of Secular Music

Instruments of the Middle Ages

Medievel BagpipesBecame modern day

bagpipeshttp://www.music.ias

tate.edu/antiqua/bagpipe.htm

Bladder pipehttp://www.music.ias

tate.edu/antiqua/bladpipe.htm

Harphttp://www.music.ias

tate.edu/antiqua/harp.htm

GemshornBecame modern day

flutehttp://www.music.ias

tate.edu/antiqua/gemshorn.htm

Hurdy-Gurdyhttp://www.music.ias

tate.edu/antiqua/hurdy.htm

Pipe and Taborhttp://www.music.ias

tate.edu/antiqua/pipetabr.htm

Organettohttp://www.music.ias

tate.edu/antiqua/organeto.htm

Psalteryhttp://www.music.ias

tate.edu/antiqua/psaltery.htm

Rebechttp://www.music.ias

tate.edu/antiqua/rebec.htm

ShawmBecame the modern

oboehttp://www.music.ias

tate.edu/antiqua/renshawm.htm

Polyphony– The single most important development of music historyThe intentional combination of separate

musical linesHeterophony – everyone plays melody but

improvises around it at different timesDronesIntentional polyphony

Began 850-1150

Organum

1. Gregorian Chant2. Doubling of chant at a parallet 4th or 5th

3. Guido d’Areggo – developed the staff with 4 lines and 4 spaces

4. Free organum5. Melismatic organum6. Mass of Notre Dame

Development of Polyphony

Perotin Alleluia: Nativitashttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJxRDhejt

wo

Listening Example Organum

September 13, 2012Middle Ages500-1400 AD

Extra Credit QuestionWhat was the single most important

development in Western European music?

Review from WednesdayWhat is the definition of:

Sacred MusicSecular MusicDates of Hildegard von BingenOrganum

Development of the OrganumCantus Firmus

A chant that is used as the basis for polyphony

Timeline EntriesArs Nova (c. 1325) Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361)Mass of Notre Dame – 1st Polyphonic setting of the mass ordinary

Guillame de Machaut (c. 1300-1377)

Philippe de Vitry 1290-1361Priest, poet and

musicianDeveloped a complex

way of writing down music to accommodate the more complicated rhythms and music

De Vitry Cont.1325 wrote a book called Ars Nova

New styleChallenged by Jacobus of Luttich

Music should be left aloneArs Antiqua

Music of de Vitryhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtoYzKX-e2A

14th CenturyAge of disintegrationHundred Year’s WarCatastrophic Plague (black death)Weakening of the feudal system and Catholic

churchSecular music became much more important

than sacred musicBeats were subdivided into sets of 2 as well as

threeSyncopation were very profound – became the

“new art”

Francesco Landini?-1397Famous organistPoet, scholar and

inventor of string instruments

Secular music for 2 or 3 voicesLove and natureMorality and politics

Most celebrated Italian composer of the 14th century

Wrote Italian songs for 2 or 3 voicesEco la primavera (Spring has come)

Ballata – Italian poetic and musical form that originated as a dance-song

Francesco Landini

Listening ExampleEcco la primavera

Ecc la primavera, Che ‘ cor fa rallegrare; Temp’e d’annamorare E star con lieta cera

No vegiam l’aria e ‘l tempo Che pur chiam’ allegrecca

Translation

Spring has come. It makes the heart joyful; now is the time to fall in love and be happy.

We see the air and the fine weather which also call us to be happy.

In questo vago tempo Ogni cosa a vaghecca.

L’erbe con gran freschecca E fior’ coprono i prati, E gli albori adornati Sono in simil manera.

Ecco la primavera Che ‘lcor fa rallegrare, Temp’e d’annamorare E star con lieta cera.

In this sweet time, everything is beautiful.

Flowers and fresh green grass cover the meadows, and the trees too are in blossom.

Spring has come. It makes the heart joyful; now is the time to fall in love and be happy.

Guillaume de Machaut1300-1377Spent much time as

a court official for various royal families

Great composer, singer & performer

Wrote the first polyphonic setting of the mass ordinary

Mass of Notre DameMass ordinary consists of texts that remain

the same from day to day throughout most of the church year.

Written for four voicesListening example

Agnus DeiA prayer for mercy and peace

Triple meter3 parts

Mass of Notre DameAgnus Dei, qui tollis

peccata mundi: miserere nobis

Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi: miserere nobis

Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi: miserere nobis

Lamb of God, who taketh away the sins of the world, have mercy on us

Lamb of God, who taketh away the sins of the world, have mercy on us

Lamb of God, who taketh away the sins of the world, have mercy on us

Quick OverviewMutant Chant forms

TropesSequence

Bridge between Secular and Sacred MusicMiracle Plays

BallataAn Italian poetic and musical form that

originated as a dance-song

Class ProjectThe Medieval Period

The term Middle Ages implies little more than the period between the “good old days” of Rome, and the “wonderful new days” of the Renaissance. But during this time, a thousand years of human history, something must have happened that would deserve greater distinction.

Your job is to get an overall feeling for the period (actually 3 periods) by filling in the provided chart

Castles in the Middle Ages

September 17, 2012

Medieval Castle – What do you know?

Video on castles

Castles

Work on projects

September 19, 2012

Continue Projects – Due today!Written Assignment

September 21, 2012

Review for testFinish written assignments

September 25, 2012

10 minutes to look over notesTest on Middle Ages

September 27, 2012