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Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 1
Silicon Photomultipliers for
accelerator and medical applications
Dr Sergey VinogradovDr Sergey Vinogradov
The QUASAR group at the University of Liverpool and the Cockcroft Institute, UKThe QUASAR group at the University of Liverpool and the Cockcroft Institute, UK
The Solid State Physics Department, P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russia The Solid State Physics Department, P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russia
Content
◙ IntroductionSiPM features and parameters
◙ Photon detection with SiPM Photon detection types
◙ SiPM application overviewTokai-to-Kamioka (T2K) – neutrino detectionPositron Emission Tomography (PET) – medical imagingBeam Loss Monitoring (BLM) – Cherenkov fiber BLM
◙ Summary
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 2
Conventional SiPM:photon number resolving detector
SiPM = Array of independent limited Geiger mode APD pixels
with poly-silicon resistors for breakdown quenching
and with common output producing a sum of binary signals
Initially developed by MEPhI/Pulsar, Russia (~ 2000)
Most popular SiPM on market – Hamamatsu MPPC
(MultiPixel Photon Counter, 2008)
Yu. Musienko, CERN, 2011
R. Mirzoyan et al., NDIP, 2008 (SiPM MEPhI)
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 3
SiPM drawbacks:Crosstalk, Afterpulsing, Nonlinearity
primary avalanche
afterpulsesΔ time
Output
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Number of photons, Nph
Nu
mb
er o
f fi
red
pix
els
, Ns
Ideal response<Ns>=<Nph>
Nonlinear response<Ns>=f(<Nph>)
Output SignalDistribution
Equivalent SignalDistribution
Incident PhotonDistribution
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 4
SiPM parameters
◙ High gain low noise fast time multiplicationAccompanied by high gain related drawbacks
―Crosstalk and afterpulsing
◙ Key parameters―Photon Detection Efficiency ~ 20 – 40%―Dark count rate ~ 0.1 – 1 Mcps/mm2
―Crosstalk ~ 5 – 40%―Afterpulsing ~ 5 – 20%―Pixel recovery (single electron response) time ~ 10 – 300 ns―Pixel density ~ 103 – 104 mm-2
―Spectral range ~ 350 … 900 nm (for Si, but also IR InGaAs)―Active areas: 1x1 … 6x6 mm-2
―Arrays: 1x 16 … 8x8 (monolithic), 12x12 (hybrid)
◙ A lot of space for improvements in performance byNew designsAdvanced technology
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 5
Detection types
◙ Single photon counting - binary detection (PDE, DCR, dead time) –Single photon counting - binary detection (PDE, DCR, dead time) – disadvantageousdisadvantageous◙ Detection of short weak light pulsesDetection of short weak light pulses - - highly competitive with PMT and APDhighly competitive with PMT and APD
◙ Photon number resolution (SNR, noise-to-signal ratio, Photon number resolution (SNR, noise-to-signal ratio, σσnn//μμnn) )
◙ Time-of-flight detection (transit time spread, time resolution, Time-of-flight detection (transit time spread, time resolution, σσtt) )
◙ Detection of time-varying signals (MTF, signal reconstruction)Detection of time-varying signals (MTF, signal reconstruction) - - challengeablechallengeable
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 6
SiPM application areas
◙ AcceleratorsSiPM (MEPhI) small HCAL (MINICAL), DESY, 2003
MPPC (Hamamatsu), T2K, 2005-2009
MAPD vs. MPPC at LHC CMS HCAL, 2009-2012
Various SiPM at NA61/SHINE, LHC
RICH for ALICE (LHC)
CALICE Hadronic Calorimeter for ILC
FermiLab, Jefferson Lab calorimeter upgrade projects
CLIC STF3, Beam Loss Monitoring
◙ AstrophysicsSiPM (MEPhI) cosmic ray study at International Space Station, 2005
MPPC, First G-APD Cherenkov telescope (FACT), 2011
Cherenkov light detection of air showers (MAGIC upgrade, CTA)
◙ TelecommunicationsDeep space optical links (NASA & JPL Mars exploration program)
Quantum cryptography (Paul Scherrer Inst., Geneva Univ.)Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 7
Tokai-to-Kamioka (T2K)Tokai-to-Kamioka (T2K)long-baseline neutrino oscillation
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 8
Selection of SiPM for T2K
◙ RequirementsOperational in a magnetic field
Compact to fit the limited space inside the magnet
Good stability and low cost for a large number of readout channels (60 000)
Green light sensitivity (WLS fiber)
Photon detection efficiency > than that of a MAPMT
Sub-ns time resolution
◙ UncertaintiesMetrology / characterisation / selection
Reproducibility
Reliability / aging
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 9
Results of T2K with SiPM
◙ T2K collaboration selected MPPC in 2005T2K collaboration selected MPPC in 2005◙ Mass production of MPPC started in 2008 Mass production of MPPC started in 2008 ◙ 60K MPPCs have been tested and installed in 2008 – 200960K MPPCs have been tested and installed in 2008 – 2009◙ Experiment started in 2009Experiment started in 2009◙ Observation of neutrino oscillations has been reported in 2011Observation of neutrino oscillations has been reported in 2011
◙ KEKKEK◙ TRIUMPHTRIUMPH◙ ImperialImperial◙ INRINR
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 10
SiPM in medical imaging applications
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 11
PET with SiPM
◙ Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – medical imagingPositron Emission Tomography (PET) – medical imaging
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 12
Magnetic Resonance Imaging + PET
◙ Key constrains:Magnetic field
Limited space
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 13
Time-Of-Flight PET
Target objective for SiPM time resolution: 100 ps
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 14
Selection of SiPM for PET
◙ Energy resolution (Photon Number Resolution)~ 10% @ 511 KeV ~ PMT (limited by scintillator at ~8%)
◙ Time Resolution~ a few ns for conventional PET
→ 100 ps for TOF PET
◙ MRI compatibility for PET/MRI◙ Hamamatsu MPPC 3x3 mm2, 50 um pixel (GE, Siemens)
◙ Philips digital SiPM 4x4 mm2 (Philips TOF-PET scanner)
◙ SensL SPM 3x3 mm2 (Samsung brain PET/MRI)
◙ Brain PET/MRI Scanner ◙ (Samsung Research)
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 15
BLM: Cherenkov fiber detection
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 16
BLM: first evaluation of SiPM
D. Di Giovenale et al., NIMA, 2011SPARC accelerator, Frascati, INFN
FERMI@Elettra, Synchrotrone Trieste
MPPC, 1mm2, 400 pixels
Quartz fiber 300 μm, 100 m
Dark count noise: negligible
Electronic noise: negligible
Spectral dispersion in fiber: n( ) →∆t( ) 𝜆 𝜆 ~ 3 ns @100 m
τfall ~ 10 ns → deconvolutionSummary◙Compact low cost BLM
~1m-scale resolution @100m
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 17
BLM: first experiment at CTF3
QUASAR group, University of Liverpool, Cockcroft
Institute, CERN
(L. Devlin et al., 2012-2013)
More info: welcome to 11:45, May 09 E. Nebot del Busto
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 18
Challenges for SiPM in BLM:saturation, recovering, duplications
◙ Transient nonlinearity of SiPM responseLarge rectangular light pulse: Nph > Npix; Tpulse > Trec
Peak – initial avalanche events in ready-to-triggering pixels
Plateau – repetitive recovering and re-triggering of pixels
Fall – final recovering (without photons, but with afterpulses!)
4 us pulse 50 ns pulse
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 19
Summary
◙ SiPM technology: breakthrough in photon detectionPhoton number resolution at room temperature
Silicon technology / mass production / reliability / price
Highly competitive in short (< μs) pulse detection
Fast progress in improvements
◙ Welcome to SiPM applicationScintillation
Cherenkov
Laser pulse
And more…
SNR performance (relative to ideal) in nanosecond light pulse detection by 1mm2 PDs
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
1.E+0 1.E+1 1.E+2 1.E+3 1.E+4 1.E+5 1.E+6 1.E+7 1.E+8 1.E+9
Number of photons per pulse
Det
ecti
ve Q
uan
tum
Eff
icie
ncy
SSPM potential
DAPD Amplification Tech.
MPPC-50 Hamamatsu
APD
PIN - photodiode
PMT
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 20
Sergey Vinogradov Seminars on SiPM at the Cockcroft Institute 2 December 2013 21G. Collazuol, PhotoDet, 2012
Acknowledgement & References
Thanks to my colleagues on CLIC BLM project @QUASAR group
L. Devlin and C.P. Welsch (University of Liverpool, Cockcroft Institute)
E.N. Del Busto and M. Kastriotou (University of Liverpool, CERN)
References[1] CLIC collaboration, “A multi-TeV linear collider based on CLIC technology - CLIC Conceptual Design Report”, Technical report, CERN, Geneva, 2012.
[2] D. Di Giovenale, L. Catani, and L. Fr¨ohlich, “A read-out system for online monitoring of intensity and position of beam losses in electron linacs,” NIMA 665, 33–39, 2011.
[3] M. Panniello, L. Devlin, P. Finocchiaro, A. Pappalardo, and C. P. Welsch, “SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL SILICON PHOTOMULTIPLIERS,” Proc. BIW2012, Newport News, VA, USA, 2012.
[4] E.B. Holzer, J. van Hoorne, S. Mallows “Fiber Based BLM System R&D at CERN – Quantitative loss measurement with long bunch trains”, Proc. HB2012, Beijing, China, 2012.
[5] L. Devlin et al., “UPDATE ON BEAM LOSS MONITORING AT CTF3 FOR CLIC”, Proc. IBIC2013, Oxford, UK, 2013.
[6] E.N. Del Busto et al, “Monte Carlo simulations of beam losses in the test beam line of CTF3”, Proc. IBIC 2013, Oxford, UK, 2013.
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 22
The end
Thank you for your attention
Questions?
+44 1925 60 31 97
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 23
SiPM performance metrics for BLM
◙ Loss scenarios (single or a few separate locations)Amplitude → photons → particles per location (PNR)
Transit time to rising edge → loss location (TTSpread)
Separation of loss locations ― Modulation transfer function (MTF) ?― Pulse pair resolution ?
PNR
TTS
New metrics ?
Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 24