CENSUS OF INDIA 1991
SERIES - I PART-XI
CENSUS ATLAS NA TIONAL VOLUME-I
DIRECTION
MINATI GHOSH DEPUTY REGISTRAR GENERAL (MAP)
GENERAL DIRECTION
A.R.NANDA OF TIlE INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE
REGISTRAR GENERAL & CENSUS COMMISSIONER,INDIA
(ii)
Cartographic Processing . by PC ARCIINFO Version 3.40 Plus Digitizer: Summagraphics Summagrid III Plotter: Roland GRX - 450 at Map Division Office of the Registrar General, India West Block - 1, R.K. Puram New Delhi - 110066
The maps included in this Atlas are based upon Survey of India maps with the permission of the Surveyor General of India.
The boundary of Meghalaya shown on these maps is as interpreted from the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act. 1971, but has yet to be verified.
The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line.
Government of India copyright,1995.
FOREWORD
Census of India being one of the leading map producing agencies in the country has been bringing out Census Atlases at National and Regional level regularly since 1961. These maps are the result of a well knit co-ordination between geographers and demographers which highlights various socio-economic and cultural factors as depicted over the space.
In this tradition Census of India has, for the first time, entered into the era of computer cartography and has brought out the National Volume-I of Census Atlas through computer using versatile GIS package. These maps cover most of the data that have so far been released by Census of India to date. This volume has been brought out in a record time by the Map Division of my office which includes maps on the aspects such as demographic structure and trend, urbanization, socio-cultural and economic aspects on specific themes.
The Atlas is an exemplary outcome which reflects the technological advancement adopted by Census of India towards modernising the census activities in the field of cartography. These analytical maps have been prepared through auto-carta mapping and application of G IS which will earn distinction in presentation over the traditional mapping because of its ease of handling vast range of data for cross classification and synthesis in spatial context in record time. Spatial variations over the region in the purview of socio-economic, cultural and demographic aspects have been tried to bring forth in its presentation which will not only demonstrate the ground reality of the country but also will be of immense help on the front of policy recipes.
For this commendable venture, I congratulate Mrs. Minati Ghosh, Deputy Registrar General (Map) and her team of officers and geographers whose hardwork and devotion have shown this endeavour the light of the day.
June '94 New Delhi
A. R. NANDA Registrar General
& Census Commissioner of India
(iii)
PREFACE
Socio-economic scenario of Indian society has been experiencing heterogenous momentum of development since long. Consequently, large scale disparities are ostensible in concentration of resources from society to society, class to class, individual to individual and region to region. Considerable work has been done by geographers to indentify regional disparities at the levels of socio-economic development in the country. In the field of demography also geographers have undertaken considerable research work and spatial variations of demographic scenario have been highlighted through National and State volumes of Census Atlas Series during 1961, 1971 and 1981.
Population problems are not same throughout the country and those vary from region to region. Besides, rapid increase in the size of population poses threat to the overall development of the country. Though the adoption and implementation of official population planning programmes' uniform package has been adopted throughout the country, the population problems and demographic parameters of the population register large scale regional variations. As a result of this, we have not been able to cope up with population problems of the country even after a lapse of more than four decades of Independence. Growth of population, in fact, exceeds the pace of socio-economic development, hence it is engulfing the development of the country. Therefore, it requires reconsideration of population planning and family welfare programmes, For this, regional aspects seem to be indispensable for natural and human resources as population problems are different for different regions.
Within the purview of above mentioned facts, an endeavour has been made here to bring forth Vol. I of Census Atlas of India of 1991 in order to highlight regional dimensions of the demographic attributes of the population. This atlas will help planners to streamline various application parameters for the formulation and implementation of demographic planning by regions in order to ensure balanced regional development of the society, on the one hand and to diagnose regional population problems of the country, on the other.
The importance of using computer techniques with related peripheral devices to store and retrieve Census Cartographic data for tensus planning and operations and to draw thematic maps for:presentation of Census results for the Planning Commission and the Administrators have been felt for sometimes. During the Eighth Five Year Plan, Planning Commission has commissioned a project on Computer Assisted Cartography and Data Dissemination to Map Division of the ORGI. Under this project, one PC 486 with related peripherals and mapping software ARC/INFO have been procured and installed in Map Division of the ORGI. The present Atlas (National VOlume-I) is the first output of this project.
The present volume has been organised into four sections. First section concen-trates on administrative hierarchy of the country, second section deals with spatial analysis of demographic variables, third section gives economic characteristics and fourth section deals with detailed socio-cultural facets of the country. Besides, composite indices ha .... M~n worked out to assess the level of economic development at the district lev.l,
The maps in this Atlas show data for 1991 Census excepting for those showing increase or decrease and vital rate of the country which is the moving average for 1990-1992 derived from Sample Registration System.
Computer graphics have been used in the production of the maps for this Atlas. Multi-coloured choropleth maps are the product of an automated mapping system facilitated with ARC/INFO. This mapping system used several computer files as inputs. The Census data of 1991 on floppy diskettes provided data for the maps. Files containing vector format for the State and District boundaries and coastline data were created on 1 :4.5 million scale and got authenticated by the Survey of India. Separate programme was developed to introduce various symbols for choropleth shading and maintenance of hierarchy of data. Dbase IV software compatible with the mapping software was used to perform statistical calculations and their classification into categories. Texts for map titles, legends and notes were scaled, positioned and centred by the mapping software through SML files generated in this process. Plot files (PLTs) were created to get output of the vector-oriented map on GRX 450 Roland Piotter.
A team of dedicated officers and geographers at the RGI Headquarters, viz. S/Shri Mahesh Ram, Research Officer (Map), P. S. Chhikara, Map Analyst, Kum. Sarita, Prem Chand, (Sr. Geographers), Dr. R. C. S. Taragi, Dr. K. Kumar, Pooran Singh, and D. N. Das, (Geographer/Cartographers) has accomplished this task. This team has done a challenging job as computer aided cartography is a new venture in Indian Census which has been taken up only..a few months back and a proper training programme is yet to be formulated. All secretarial assistance for this Project was rendered by Smt. P. Sridevi, Stenographer. S/Shri M. P. Mahawer, Artist and Dinesh, Draftsman have assis-ted in preparation of cover design and arr'angement of the manuscript. I thank all of them for their devotion to work.
The Printing Cell of RG's Office under the able stewardship of Shri K. S. Natarajan, Deputy Registrar General (Demography) deserves special recognition for printing of this publication. .
I am thankful to Shri E. R. Gadkar. General Manager, Government of India, Press Nashik who gladly accepted this Atlas for printing. Shri A. V. Naik Satam, Works Manager (PLW) and his able team of experts associated with this job to bring out this Atlas within such a short span of time deserve special mention. I thank all of them.
I am grateful to Shri A. R. Nanda, former Registrar General and Census Com-missioner of India and Dr. M. Vijayanunni, the Registrar General of India for their valuable suggestions and guidance at every stage which have greatly helped in accomplishing this formidable task in such a short time.
June '94 New Delhi
(vi)
MINATI GHOSH Deputy Registrar General (Map)
Plate No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Title of the map
Foreword
Preface .
GENERAL
CONTENTS
Administrative Divisions . .
DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS
Growth of Population, 1981-91
Density of Population .
Sex Ratio . . . .
Urban Sex Ratio .
Rural Sex Ratio
Persons per Household
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Infant Mortality Rate .
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Main Workers . . . .
Male Main Workers
. Female Main Workers
Workers in Primary Sector
Cultivators
Page No.
(iii)
(v)
44
45
'46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58,
(vii)
Plate No.
(viii)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
25.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Title of the map
Agricultural Labourers •
Workers III Secondary Sector
Workers III Tertiary Sector .
Level of Economic Development
URBANISATION
Level of U rballisation .
Concentration of Urban PopUlation
SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS
Literacy. . .
Male Literacy
Female Literacy
Urban Literacy. .
Urban Male Literacy
Urban Female Literacy
Rural Literacy . . . .
Rural Male Literacy
Rural Female Literacy.
Scheduled Castes . . . . .
Concentration of Scheduled Castes
Scheduled Tribes • • • . • . . •
Concentration of Scheduled Tribes
Level of Status of Women . . • .
Page No.
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
GENERAL
2-79 R G Indla/NO/95
2BO
16°
8 °
2
ARABIAN
SEA
-., ., ,, .. .. .. ;
N • D
72° EAST Of GREENl lCH
76°
A
76'
80°
... .... .... .,. < .. . .... .. .. .. .... U. ... ... .. .. .. ... '«
." o. "'. W" '" .. :lUI. T> .. ,. ... 1'.1". .. .. ro. >&oM. , ... 'U
LANKA N.A.
N 0
88°
INDIA ADMINISTRA TIVE DIVISIONS, 1991
Bouodary, leteroatioeal _ .. _ .. _ .. _ Bouodory, SlatejUJ ... _____ _ . __ ._ Bo\l~d~!" Di,trl~\. . .
KlLOIlETR&S 10050 0 100 200 300 400 500
BAY
o F
BEN GAL
IIIlIWN~UI ("u....u#J~ will' / DlIfMCr .""'" p.UIln; Il .,u •• ra; Jlllflnlll ..... """'AlItI .... (nAJI d d . ) t SlliPUl ~~I'II • (II'~~ • .I,I; I'/tUu.j .. uW • .,1. ........ , rwmuJlCM,) olaUJI_1. £u/IJ.'/II~ (tMJu.IT) ... r..,~
(.unll"~.) .. '111'.,1,}. :111>>1Il10' ( .,IfJif..ll P.1lADD.) II. ,-"",' IIHIIIfI; 'O!I.J~" (PflN.ld) '.M •• IIIJW. 'UlI'(J,. · ,,~ (Urru,~.)
.'II'U~."',"". ~,L/I(JIIf.4U ( NJItJ.-l
~Iltn. • .J>:!i".I. fI,ffT • (,JlJiliIIrJ .. 1t14.1I11A) "4.3.III"~. ( .IAMI/t1 .t: ItU •• J~
I, 1If1._ JlSf'Nr;r
1t • .a:MUA C~.£kJ .. rm-IU"'~ 1'~.UI;UI (1f1lM) '_~.JlI!lT1Uer
nT_.~."~ ( ..... ,1) .._ .Mf' QlSrAJC'F ..... IID~ (II .IRIJI,I) rpl'f1~ .fl"06.Cft.~ (" .. ~P) 1n1'UI'dl'tlJI (n~) f. 1I~.Ulfl(j:AA I'l.flle.,. a rnt PAJ ...... .-.. CIlU'dD1 ( NIlUlJ ":!NJIn1l rltl",Aij I'J.3IlJIII'fJ1I TflltPUf
(rUlIL .J.tn) "'-r., •• "".u t. _ ' 6.U4llr.mA ( It II,""! ~1I.uJ~ (JJ.II1/rI .., IIUII IIII1) 1IIfI.uJ,C.II,."MU (,w .... ) 1I1'.Jttt;Uj (,,1I'J' ... j ~~11/t;U1 (.w.4II) $.I.JIJSrIMl. ( .w. ,d) rI.rrIllIlUl ILU
S""''''''''J6 rrMlIJ.II,f/tIJ) ", •• ,,ut~ (.~'J ttr .. ll'l1 .~.UjJ r.n ll~UI.I'" r. "..M..I['·j .fll." (,JttIUl..U~) 74Jro . .... J&.A/I tn.u., 1!Il':11 I KPI'V ( jiauLAIIJ) ft •• e.r.J.I . fUS (~4lI) r,ISY"....,.rw (.".JJ..d~ ) .~t:~.Il.J,.! ( 1t1U.uT,j)
- D.t • •• l .. eil'abl,.
C E A N
MO l1li0 92°
PLATE I
. Harcotld.4.b:l. la -.01
36°
o 32
ZOO
8 0
DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS ------
('
ARABIAN
SE A
N D A N
76'
4
INDIA GROWTH OF POPULA TIO~, 1981-91
Boundary, Inloro, lional _ .. _ ._ .. _ Boundary, SlaleJ U.T . . . _______ _ _ Boundary, Distml. ..
KILOIIE'TRE:s 100M 0 100 200 300 400 500
BAY
o F
BEG A L
P!~C!NTm CHANG! GAIN LOSS
• 35.01 AM D ABOVE ulln~ -2.51 m 3001 3S.00 ~ 25 01 - 30.00 (Na lional AIm" - 2l3S\
~ 2001 - z:;,()(}
§ 1501 - 20.00 E l j 15.00 AND BELOI ~ D,t. nol avail.bl.
Tb. 1991 C,,,us bas not b
II A RABIAN
S EA
.. .. .. I •
N D A N
INDIA DENSITY OF POPULA nON, 1991
llou.darl. Inlernational _. _ .. _ .. _ BouDdar!. SlJ lefU.r . • aoundary. DislricL
KILOIIETI< ES 10050 0 100 200 300
6
ARABIAN
S E !\
of- . ' • .. .,
ISO RABIAN A
SEA
.. 12·
... .,. '" .. + .,. . " ~
" .. ~ .. '" ..
~
& D
N D A N
PLATE "
31·
INDIA URBAN SEX RATIO, 1991
BODndary, Int,national _. _ .. _ .. _ Boundary, Slale; U.'_ .. • • _ •• . . . . Boundary, DistTleL ..
KJLOWEI'Iml 100 50 0 100 :lOO:lOO ' 00 500
BAY
o F
BEN GAL
fEYAUS PER 1000 KALt:S
II 1001 tND AIkiVE 951 -1000
~ 901 950
~ 851 - 000 IMation,1 Avera,. 1)91)
B 801 1150 0 ~ IND mo. . D NTIRELY RURAL ~ 0.10 nol ."il.bl •. lh. 1191 e..,,, h .. nol br" b, ld i. J.lIlmu & ("hmir.
o c E A N
" .
D 32
\ ": p • 12" .. ~ . -: ... . " ...... ,p-ci .. .. .. "
7
Ie
8
ARAB[AN
SEA
.. '" ."
.-_ .. ., : .. "
~'" . .. ..
N
n" EAST Of GREENIICH
D A N
880
INDIA RURAL SEX RATIO, 1991
Bound~r" Inlemlional ___ ._ Boundary, Sl~le/U.T . . . _._. __ ._. __ . __ Boundar" Dislrlct. . .
JQLOIIETRES 100 50 0 100 200 300 400 500
' f
rWL!!s m 1000 MAIJS
1050 uro 'OOV~ 1000 -1~9
95() - 99G
N
BAY
OF
BENGAL
iOO - ~9 INalionl1 hen,. - 938]
1150 - l19li
&49 AND BUO'
ENTIIiU Y URBAN
11ot ••• t ... iJabie.
The 1991 e..,UI bu .ot beu beld I. I,mm. i luhmir,
o c E A N
PLATE 6
o 32
ARABIAN
SEA
" . .. " ~ . . ,
d d
~ ...
3-79 R.G. In dialND/95.
N D A N
INDIA PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD. 1991
Boundar,. Internationll " _ ._ .. _ Boundl!J. SlllejU.T . . " ........ ... . BoD.dar, . Dislnol ..
KU.OIIETRES lOOfJO 0 100 200 300 400 500
N
•
B AY
o F
B EN GA L
MUKB~ or PERSONS PER HOUSKIlOlD
u
~ .5! 'HD {OOf(
6.01 - 6.~
5.51 - 6.00
S.D! - 5!JO [Na!iono) h m ge - 5.51}
l.St - 5.00
lSO AND mOl
Dat. Dot . .. il.ble.
The li'l! CtUD. h .. 001 bou held i. I.",m. l b,llI.ir
o C E A N
PLATE 7
o .
9
- SO II'
c
a'
II'
.' ARABIAN S EA
..
I •
N D A N
10
S O ill'
INDIA BIRTH RATE, 1992
Bo und ' If, Inlernalional _ .. _ __ . _ Bounda ry, Slale/O.T .. . _._._._._. __
KILO!lETRES 10050 0 100 200 300 100 500
N
•
BAY
o F
B E N GAL
LIV~ BIRT BS PER 1000 PERSQNS
35.01 AND ABOVE
30.01 - 35.00
25.01 - 30.00 [Nat iona l A. erage - ~20J
20.01 - 25.00
G(),oo AND BEUYII
Dota nol m ilaM.
The 1Wl c.nru. bas Dol beeII bold ill IJIIIIIU k Kashmir.
o c E A N
e O
';. ~ 'S ~-)-. .
..
.0
•
13° ARABIAN
SEA
12°
N D A N
16°
INDIA DEA TH RATE, 1992
Boundary. International _ .. _ .. _ .. _ Boundar,. StatefU.! . . . _._. __ ._._ ._
Kn.ololETRES
100 50 0 100 200 300 400 500
" ' " I N
........... .. ...,
\.~ L . .,.
\1'\ ...........
•
BAY
o F
BEN GAL
DEATHS PER 1000 PERSONS
U.Ol AND ABOVE • IlIlil 9.01 _ U.OO [National Average _ 1010] ~ [ill] [Zj [~}
o
5.01 - 7.00
5.00 AND BELOlI
DoLo 001 naUabi.
c E A N
\12'
311°
. 24'
12 '
8 0
11
31'
•
•
Ii!
I •
12
.'
ARABIAN
• SEA
,- -.. .. ~ .,. . ,. "_ .. ~ .. ..
n' IIS!fJI~
N D A N
Ij' .0 I!'
INDIA INF ANT MORT ALiTY RATE, 1992
(MA.KlR STA 1£S)
.'
Bon.dlry. Inltr.llionll _ .. _ . _ .. _ Boandl',. Slal./ U.T ... _._._._._._._
m.olllTRES 100 50 0 100 200 3IlO 400 500
N
•
BAY
o F
BENGAL
IKflKT MOJ!T1IJTY UTE PU 1000 LIVE BliTIIS
81 AND ABOVE
Gl - 70 [National A •• r .... - '1'lI]
60 AND IIELOlf
Dall lOt lniIoIoIe.
o c E A N
&4 ' .'
MYANMAR
(BURMA)
'PLATE 10
31'
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
14
ARAB I AN
SE A
..,. ,' . ., .. ... #' . "
d~ '"
N
1l!' lAS! OF GIlEENrlCH
D A N
[ DIA MAIN WORKERS, 1991
aoun~ar , Int~t naU.n.l _ _ . _ "_ 8oand"~ , Sl~lt/U.T . . ' • • __ ... _ .. .•.• Bound.fr, DistrICt. . .
KlLOIIETR~
100:;0 0 100 200 300 400 ::;00
B AY
o F
B EN GA L
KAIN I ORKERS IS PERCENT ACE or TOTAL POPULATION
i 601 AND ABOVE
42.01 - 46.00
3B.01 - 4200
3401 . 38.00 IN.lional Ama" . 34.10)
30.01 • 34.00
3000 AND BELOI
• ~- D.l. nol ' ' 'ilable.
lb, 1991 C,n,us bas .,1 be,. beld ,n J.IPIP U k h ,bmir.
o c E A N
Ba'
_.
~ ,~
J . :, ............ .
.. tf .. ... .......
92°
PLATE II
o 32
c
ARABI AN
SEA
, 0
N D A N
72° lAST or CRUfil lCB '16 0
INDIA MALE MAIN WORKERS, 1991
Boundary, International _ .. ___ Boundar" Stale/ U,T, , " _ . ___ . __ Boun dary, DislrlCt , .
KIWIII:l'RES 100 50 a 100 200 300 400 500
MALE MAIN fORmS AS PERCENTAGE or TOtAL MALE POPULATION
III 51.01 AND AOOVE m 51.01 - 54.00
BAY
o F
BEN GAL
~ 4aol - 51.00 INltion.1 her.,. - 5O,93J
~ 45.01 - 48,00
El \5,1)1) m ~tL~l ~ Dat. not ... il.bl ..
lb. 1991 C.n,u, h., DOt betn beld in J.mmu • la,bmir,
o c E A N
PLATE 12
38°
8 0
15
20 0
12
16
A R ABIA N
S EA
" ..
N
72° U Sf OF GREKNflCH
D A N
glo
INDIA FEMALE MAIN WORKERS, 1991
Boundar y, Interna tional _.'_ "_ ,_ Boundary, Stato/U,T. , , ___ . ___ __ _ Boundary, Di,lncl, , ,
KILOIi ETRES IDO 50 0 100 ZOO 300 4DO 500
I N
"
BA Y
o F
BEN G A L
FEmE YAIN f ORKERS AS PERCEN1AGE or TOTAL rEYH K PIIPULATIOH
35.01 AND ABOVE
25,01 - 35,00
15,01 - 25,00 [Nalional Aveng. - 15,93)
5.01 - 15,00
5,00 AND BELOI
Dala not available.
ill. 1991 ' ''''' ba, . ot be.o b.ll iD jammu ~ h'bmir.
o c E A N
~ .@ .. ~ .. , .. " '\ . _
. .... 11 ... .1 ..
~.~~~ .... ..
PLA TE 13
o 32
ISO A R A B I A N
S E A
.. 12
~ .. .. .. .. .. '" ,. . " .' ..
" " ~ .. .., .. .. 8 •
N D
4- 79 R.G. India/ND/ 95.
A N
76'
INDIA WORKERS IN PRIMARY SECTOR, 1991
BouedalY. lelele.liocal _. __ _ . _ ___ BouedalY. SlalejU.T. .. _________ ___ . __ BoundalY. DisLncL . .
K1LOIIETRES 100 50 0 100 2OO:JO() 400 500
J
B
'ORIDS [II PRIIIARJ SECTOR AS PlRCXlITAC! Of roTAL 'ORIERS
85.01 AID ABOVE
75..01 . 115.00
N
BAY
OF
BENGAL
65.01 . 75.00 [Nolionll hero, •. rI.53j
55.01 - 65.00
45.01 - 55.00
45.00 AND BELO'
Doll eot .. ailable.
The lm c. .... h .. no! been beld in Jammn A Kuhmir.
o C E A N
""" . -" . ,'" .. ~ ... -; . ..
31°
18' A.R A. B 1 AN
S E A
~
.. .. 12°
.. " '" .. " . .. .. .. .. '" .. .. .. .. ,
'" .. .. ..
S °
N D
T.!' IASI' or CDallCB
18
A N
",0
118°
INDIA CUl TN AT ORS, 1991
BouDdary, IJ.ternllioul _ .. _ .. _ .. _ BoDDtlUY, stau/o.r . . .... , ... '.'.'.'.'. Bouodary, Diltrkl . .
IClLOIlETRIS 10050 0 lOO 200 300 400 500
I N
BAY
o F
BEN GAL
CULTlJUORS AS PDCllfUCI or Tom 'ORIDS '15.01 .lJD !MY!
80.01 . '15.00
4~.0I - 110.00
:not - ruo [J.1iooJ1 "mae - 38.T.!] 15.01 - 30.00
15.00 AID lIlLO'
DIll not lYailabJe.
o C E A N
WY..\NYAR
(BURllA)
PLATE 15
• sa
ARABIAN
S EA
"
N
720 US! Of GREEMIICH
.. .. .. ..
D A N
INDIA AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS, 1991
96°
Boundary. International _ .. _ .. _ .. _ BounduJ. State/ U.T . . . _._._._. __ . __ ._ ll
18
20
ARABIAN
SEA
.. .. ~ " , .,. .. .. " .. , ..
..
N
720 EAST 0' CREEnleR
.. .. ..
D A N
INDIA WORKERS IN SECONDARY SECTOR, 1991
Bou ndary. International _ .. _ .. _ ._ Boundary. Slatej U.T . . . _______ . __ Boundary. Distrlcl. . .
K1LOHETRES 100 50 0 100 200 300 400 500
t ORKERS IN SECONDARY SECTOR AS PERCENTAGE or Tom . ORIERS II 32.01 AND AEOVE m IS.OI - 32.00
BAY
a F
BENGAL
~ 8.01 - IS.OO INational Average - 1197J
~ 4.01 - B.OO
B 2.01 - 4.00 D 2.00 AND BELOr [ill Dala no t available The 1991 Cen,us bas Dol been held in Jammu & Kasbmir .
o c E A N
8,0 "
MYANMAR
(BURMA)
~ ~.. . .. . " .. .. ..
1.··' .. ·1 ..... 4"" ej'P'.,. ~.. .. 1; .,.
~" Q 0 .. ..
. ," .. -:.'1 ~ - .. Io! ...
EDl!~
PLATE 17
ARABIAN
SEA
.. " . .. '" . .,. "" .. .. ..
~ 4-~ .. .. ..
.. ...
c
.. .. ..
N D A N
76°
INDIA WORKERS IN TERTIARY SECTOR, 1991
Boundary, Inle rnalional _ .. _ ._ . _ Boundary, SlileJU.t. .. •.••• ...... Boundary, DistrICt. ..
KI LOLlE:TRES 100 50 0 100 200 300 400 500
I
BAY
o F
BENGAL
WORKERS IN TKRTIARY SECTOR AS PERCENTAGE or TOTAL lORKERS
II m ~ ~ § o ~
31).01 AND ABOVE
25.01 - 30.00
20.01 - 25.00 [National hera,e • 20.53!
15.01 - 20.00
10.01 • 15.00
10.00 AND 8~W'
Data not millble.
T~. 1991 Census b., not been b.ld ID Jammu & Kasbmir
o c E A N
~ .j
J~ ~ .. ....... . .. ..
' A~ .. c '"
---d... .,
PLATE !t::
a J2
21
22
SIlO
ARAB I AN
SEA
~ ,' . .. .. ... ... ..
" ~ .. .. ..
..
..
N D
'120 EJ.ST OF CRl:ENJICH
c
A N
INDIA LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, 1991
BouDdary, Inleroalional _._ .. _ __ Boundary, SlalejUl . . _._. ___ " . __ _ Boundary, DistmL ..
KILOIlETRES 100 50 0 100 200 300 ~oo 500
BAY
o F
BEN GAL
INDEX or DEVELOPMENT
• 2.51 AND ABOVE (VERY BIGHI 1m 2.~\ - 2.~ ISle\!) ~
1.51 _ 2.00 (VODERATEI
~ 1.01 _ 1.50 (LOll
0 1.(10 AND BELOI (VERY LOll _ Nl. Data not nail.ble.
Tb. 1991 Ceo,", bu Dol b
URBANISATION
23
28
24
ARABIAN
SEA
. "_ .. .. ... ...... .. .. .. ~
A R AB I A N
SEA
.. .. ., ... ." .. .... .. ..
'" .. ..
..
..
N D
72° n Sf OF CBIEHJ!C11
5-79 R.G . India/ NO/ 95.
c
A N
920
INDIA CONCENTRA TION OF URBAN POPULATION, 1991
Boundary. International _., _ .. _ .. _ Boonda!,}". Stale/D.T . .. _._" ._._. __ ._. _ Bouodary. District. . .
KlLOIilETRES 100 50 0 100 200 300 400 500
II
!NOEl OF CONCllfI'RArION
2.01 AND ABOVE (VERY RlGH)
1.51 - 2.00 (HIGH)
1.01 - 1.50 (liODERATE)
alil _ UJO (Lar )
05(1 AND BELOI (VERY LOI)
ENTIRELY RURAL
Dala not .nil ,ble .
N
( IN' DI. A.)
BA Y
o F
BE N GA L
the 1991 C .. ,u. h.s Dol breD. held in J.mmu & K .. hmir.
o C E A N
~ .~ ~ .. ~~ . ~r
:" •• ".". •• 6-
~ · ri~.,. "'" .. ..
PLATE 2)
o 32
25
SOCIO-CUL TURAL ASPECTS
8 0
28
ARABIAN
SEA
" . ..
'\ .
Ie A R A B I A N
S E A
.,.
12
< ? .. .. ..
* ... .,. , .. " ~ ..
~ .. ..
D A N
72° EAST OF GREKNlICH
INDIA MALE LITERACY I 1991
BoUDdlI'J. luterualional _'._ ._ ._ Boundary. Slale/D.T . .. _____ - - - -Bouuda rJ. DislmL . .
Kn.ol(ETRC> 10050 0 100 200 300 400 000
',\",,_, I
\ ..........
~ \ .. ~~ fJ
I
•
llL! L1nHATES .IS PERCE TAC E
or Tom WALE POPULATION
85.01 AN 0 ABOVE
15.aJ - IlS.OO
6~.Ol - 75.00
N
(INDIA)
BAY
o F
BEN GAL
55.01 - &5.00 I aI"' •• 1 Ama,. - 6-4131
45.01 - ~5.00
4~.OO A 0 BELOt
Dat. Dol ,nilable,
r~. 1991 Ctlll"! ~ .. oDI bttJl btl4 II J'1:I/1/0 ! Xuhl:lir
o c E A
\ 1': -- q ..
:" .... ,. . ~.~ .. ;.. ... ... .....
PL A rE 23
29
30
ARABIA
SEA
• '" .. , ..
of,. ", , ' .. .. •
C'
..
N D A N
INDIA FEMALE LITERACY, 1991
Boundary, International _ .. _ .. _ ._ Bou.ndarr, Slale/ U.T . . . __ ______ _ Bou.ndlrr. DistrlcL ..
KII..OIIETRES 100 50 0 100 200 300 400 500
J
ftllm um ms l S PtRctlIUGt
If TOTU fEmE POPUUTIOH
65.01 AND ABOVE
5oS.01 - 65.00
45.01 - 55.00
BAY
o F
B EG A L
35.01 - 4~1IO 1 atioD.1 Arm" - 39..29J
Z5 01 - 35.00
~oo ~MQ BM'
Dill Dol 1",lable.
Tht 1991 emus b .. Dol be,. beld 13 Jammu k Kashmir .
o C E A N
14Y!NMAR (BURMA)
.. ~ .~
~:~ . :. .......... ,
• (j" .. .. ....
PLATE 24
o 32
C'
leO A R A B I A N
SEA
~
.. 12°
..
... ... " . '" .. .. ...
~
" " ~ .. ~ .. ..
8 0
N o A N
'12 0 EAST OF GREENltCB
INDIA URBAN LITERACY, 1991
Boundary. Internat ional _ .. _ ,._ ,_ Boundary, StateJU T . . , ............. .. Boundary. DistrICt. , ,
KILOIIETRES tOO 50 0 100 200 300 400 500
I N
BAY
o F
BEN GAL
URBAN LITERATES AS P~RCENTAGE or TOTAL URBAN POPULATION
II 95.01 AND ABOVE ~ 65.01 - 95.00
[Z3 75,01 -8500
~ 65.01 - 75.00 IN.tional Am.ce - 7:],081
§ 6O,Ol - 65.00
0 &1,00 AND BELDI 0 ENTIRELY RURAL I Ii.!, I Dil. nol ntil.ble, Tbe 1991 eeom bas Dol been held in Jalllmu ~ Kasbmir,
o c E A N
\~ ,.~ .. ~ ..
~ .. ... .... I. J. ./{~
.. ty. ....... ""
PLATE 25
o 32
8 0
31
C'
II A RABIAN
S E ~
. .. "
.,. ~
.. .. .. • '!> .. ..
N D A N
CHUI ICll
32
INDIA URBAN MALE LITERACY, 1991
Boundary, International _ ._ .. _ _ 8ounda.ry. Stale/U.T .. ' •... ___ . ,_ lloucdary, D'ls\rlcl ' ,
KILOlj ETRES 10050 0 100 200 300 400 500
I
B A. Y
o F
BEG A L
URBAN MALE UTERAT AS PERCENTACE Of TOm URBAN »ALE POPULATION • 90,01 AND ABOVE
m 55.01 - 9000 ~ 8001 85.00
~ 75,01 - 80,00 [National Ama,e - 81 09]
o 70.01 - 7500 o 70.00 AWn BELor o tliTlRELY RURAL @ !>til DO\ luilable !ht I~I I:tM~' b" nol betJ> bel6 In l.mmn • h,bmlr
o C E A N I
~J, . ·f .. a.',..... . ...
.. ·ri· ... +.. ..
Q
... "'" o .. .. . ," ..
" -:.
~\ -~.
PL A TE 26
36°
12
ARABIAN
S EA
.. .. " ..
-.t.- .".."
"~ "
..
N
72° UST OF GRUN'ICH
6- 79 R.G. India/NO/95.
76°
o A N
INDIA URBAN FEMALE LITERACY, 1991
Boundary, International _______ ___ Doundary, Slale/U_T . ___ __ ___ _ Boundary, DistrICl. . .
KlLOIoIETRIS 100 50 0 100 l!00 3()() 400 500
BAY
o F
BEN GAL
URBAN fEliALE LITERA TES AS PERCENTAGE OF TOm URB.~N FEMALE POPULATION • 85.01 AND ABOVE
~ 7501 - 85_00
~ 65.01 - 75.00
~ 55.01 - 65.00 [Nalional Amige - 6t05]
t= I !5.01 - 55.00 D 45.00 A D B~LO' D ENTIRELY RURAL ~ Data not availablt.
Tb, 1&91 Census bas DOt been btld 10 Jammu & Kashmir.
o c E A N
Q
PL AT 27
o 32
8 0
33
34
ARAB I AN
SEA
. ' . . .. ~ .... ," .. .. ~ ..
!:o ..
..
.. .. .. ..
D
'MD
('
A N
INDIA RURAL LlTERACY, 1991
geD
Bo~Dd!ry. [D ~rD.tioDII _" __ ._ BouDdary. state/u.r . .. ___ . _,_ . _ .. Bound.r,. Dislml . .
KILOIlETRe> 100 50 0 100 200 300 400 500
I N
•
BAY
o F
BENGAL
RURAL LITERATES AS PEJlCEIIUCE or TOTAL RURAL POPUUTlOR • • 10,01 ANll lOOYE
~ 60.01 -7IL00
~ 5O.GI - 60.00
~ 40.01 - 50.00 IMaliou) herace - 4(8)
. t=j 30.01 - 40,00 o 30.00 m BgJ,OI o . ENTIRELY URBAN ~ Dill Dol uai!l.blt.
Tbe lUI C'DIU hal Dol btou hdd i.D JUUlI • lubIr.
o C E A N
. .. .. . .. .. ..
.'
o
\ \ -_ ..
PLAIE 26
,
Ie ARABIAN
SEA
.. ..
..
..
N D A N
72° usr or GREENlICH
INDIA RURAL MALE LITERACY, 1991
Boundary. lnlerna lional _ .. _ ,, _ __ Boundary. Slale/ U.T . .. __ . ___ __ _ -Boundary. DistrICt. . .
KILOIlE:I'R£:l 100:;0 a 100 200 300 400 500
I N
BAY
o F
BEN GAL
RURAL IIALE LITERATES AS PERCENTAGE Of Tom RURAL 11m POPULArlON
~.Ol AND ABOVE
~.Ol - 85.00
65.01 - 75.00
55.01 - 65.00 [Nalional hmg. - 57.871
15.01 - 55.00
45.00 AND BELO'
ENTIRELY URBAN
o.t. Dot available. The 1991 Census bas Dot been beld io Jammu & Kasbmir.
o c E A N
~ .~
~ l' .- ~ .. ~ .... D ......
'd~ "' ll!I + ... " "
·PLATE 29
35
1&0 A R A B I A •
SEA
...
12° .,.
~ .. .. .. " . ... .. .,. ~
~ .. d
" ~ ~ ~ .. ..
N 0 A N
nO liST OF CRmIlCB
36
INDIA RURAL FEMALE LITERACY, 1991
BolI.DdlrJ. International _._ .. _ ._ BolI.DdlIJ. Slate/U.T . . " , ........... , Boundary. Distml . .
10050 0 100 200 300 400 500
I
CloNlCIA.)
BAY
o F
BEN GAL
RU1!AL l'EWALt LlI!RmS AS PERCEHUCE OF TOm Rum FEKAll POPUIJTlON
II 5().01 AND AliiI'!: .. m 10.01 - 5000 ~ 3001 - 10.00 !Nalion.' Anile' - 30.62)
~ 2001 - 30.00 § \~.Il\ - 'la.0Il
0 10.00 .IN 0 BKLOI , D ENTIRELY U1!B.lN @] Data 001 nail_bit. The 1991 etom b" Dol bm held in Jemmu & K"bDlir.
o C E ~ N
~ ., ~t ... '" . ' ..
-. iP .... " d
PLATE 30
ARABIAN
SEA
.-"" .. " .
«J. .. ..
" "
..
N ' D A N
INDIA SCHEDULED CASTES, 1991
BDundar y. International _ .. _ ,,_ ,, _ Boundary. Statej U,T, , , ____ _ ••• • Boundary. Distm t. ' ,
KLLOIo(ETRES 100 50 0 100 200 300 400 500
I
BAY
o F
BE NGA L
SCHEDULED CASTES AS PERCENTAGE
OF TOm POPULATION
II 34.01 m ABOH II 24.01 - 3400 ~ 1101 . 2t OO
~ . 10m ., 17,00 [National Average .. 16161
!2Zl 101 .. 10.00 . ~ 3.00 AND BELOI
[ill Dala Dol naillble,
Tb, J ~~ J Ceom h4$ DOt b«o held fD J.mJlJu t K .. bm ir.
No C.,t" 1 m scheduled by lhe PreSIdent 01 Indi. for Hagaland,&ndaman ~ Hieobu Island! and Laksbadl eep,
o c E A N
PL A TE 1I
37
II A R A B I A
S E A
.. .. ~
12
.. ~ " . 4-.,
.. ..
N
'120 liST OF Gi£!UICR
38
o A N
96°
INDIA CONCENTRA TIO OF SCHEDULED CASTES, 1991
BoUDdar,. IDlernational _. __ .. _ Boundary. Shle/U.T, . ' • •••• ••• • Boundary. DlstncL . .
KILOIIETRES \00 M 0 tOO 200 '300 400 wo
I N
BAY
o F
BEN GAL
fNDEX OF CONCENTRATION
.. \!JI iNII iBQVE \l!Ililll
m 101 - I~ (WOD&RATE) ~ 0.51 1.00 (LOl l
LJ 0.511 UD mor (mY LOl l ~ D.tl nol HII1.bl.
Tb. 1991 Ctom hal 001 beeo held 10 Jammu & usbmlr.
Ro Cui., It" srh!'1laJed h, Ibe Pt."dtl11 01 India lor M.,alaod.Aodlm,o k Nlcobar 1,I'Dd, lDd Lok,badl
lZ
ARABIAN
SEA
"
" . .. .. ... ....... d.~ 'i) .. r.. .. ..
.. ...
N D
?eO
C'
A N
I DIA SCHEDULED TRIBES, 1991
Boundary, InltrDltional _ .. __ ._ Boundar" 51,le/D.T . . . ____ ____ _ Boundu1, DislncL ..
KILOllETR&1l 100 51) 0 100 200 300 400 5()0
BAY
o F
BEN GAL
SCHEDULED TRIBES AS PERCENTAGE or TOTAL POPULATION
o I H.!·l
7~.01 m ABOVE
33.01 - 75.00
15.01 - 35.00
5.01 - 15.00 [Nallonal ATonge - 8.1)61
101 - 500
1.00 AKD BELO W
NO SCHEDULED 1RlBE POPDL.lJlOIi
Dlh nol &tallable
Tbe 1991 C'o •• s bas nat be,o h,ld in Jammu & K.,bolll.
No Tribes "If scheduled by lb. Presid,nt ~f IndiO lor H.rYloa J ~ K,P.Illb. haodl!uh,O.lbl .nd Poodl
18 A R A B J A N
SE A
.. ,.
12
.. .. . .. ~ .. .,.
" " ~ !' .. ..
N 0 A N
40
INDIA CONCENTRATION OF SCHEDULED TRIBES, 1991
Bollnd.rJ. Inl.mtiooal ___ .. _ .. _ Bouodary. Slate/U.T . . .. __ __ . ___ _ Boundar,. DUlrrcL ..
KlLOllETRES 100 fiO 0 100 200 300 ~oo 500
BAY
o F
BEG A L
INOEl Dr comNTRATIOM
!IlIl m ~ ~
5.01 AND ABOVE (VERY RICH)
2.51 _ 5.00 (HIGH)
I.~I - ~.~ 1~~DtUt&1
1.01 - L50 (LO I)
~ .~ \ ~~ . i'
.... \
§ 051 100 (mY LOl l :~ I."'I. III.
R a 50 AND m Ol (L£!ST) -
' A II col Ifl ilible
Ibe 1991 CeDSU! has DOt beeB htld 10 Ja mmu ~ Kasbmir
No Tnll::! .. r ~,btd gltd br Ibe Prl::!i4ecl of ladil Itl HllfUi,1 k K.Pu~l.b,C h. pdjrllb,D.rbl .Dd PO Dd lohmy
o C E A N
. , • e"'· ...... "
PLAH 3 4
o S2
ISO ARABIAN
SEA
..
..
L .. , U " ~
N
'--. j
\_} j
.. .. .. ..
D
72° EAST or GREENJICH
7-79 R.G. India/ND/95.
A N
920
INDIA LEVEL OF STATUS OF WOMEN, 1991
!Hlundary. International ___ _ _____ Bound~ ry. State/U.T ... ______ _____ ._._ Bounda ry. DistncL ..
KILOWETRES 100 50 0 100 200 300 400 500
BAY
o F
BEN GAL
INDEX or smus
• 101 !NO ABOVE (HIGH) m 2.01 - 3.00 (MODERATE) ~ 1.01 - aoo (L01")
§ 1.00 AND BELO' (mr LOll -~ - Data not anilable Tbe lE9t Census has 001 been beld iR Jammu. Kashmir .
o c E A N
PLATE 35
o 32
41
ANNOTATIONS
PLATE 1 ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS, 1991
This map depicts the states/union territories and districts as existed at the time of 1991 census. In this map, the administrative boundaries-International, State/Union Territories and Districts-have been shown by different symbols. The names of all states/ union territories and districts are written within the respective territorial units or have been represented by abbreviations with due explanation in the legend due to limitation of space.
The graticular extension of the Indian sub-continent lies between 8°4'28" to 37°17'53" north latitudes and 68°7'53" to 97°24'47" east longitudes bounded by Tibet, China, Nepal and Bhutan in the north; Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Arabian Sea in the west; Sri Lanka and the Indian Ocean in the south and the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh and Myanmar (Burma) in the east.
For administrative purposes, Indian union is divided into 32 units, i.e., 25 states and 7 union territories, which are further sub-divided into 466 districts during 1991 as shown on the map.
Although the districts have been shown as the lowest unit on this map, yet there are still lower level divisions (known as tahsils/taluks/communes/CD blocks/P .S'/circles) below the district level but due to the limitations of scale these could not be shown on this map.
Madhya Pradesh is the biggest state in area which is followed by the states of Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh while the smallest state is Goa. Among the union territories, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, covering an area of 8249 sq. km., is the biggest while Laksha-dweep is the smallest. Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir is the largest district in area while Mahe in Pondicherry is the smallest one.
Among the states and union territories Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of districts (63) while Goa, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Daman & Diu have only two districts. There are four uni-district union territories, viz. Delhi, Chandigarh, Laksha-dweep and Dadra & Nagar Haveli.
SI.No. States/UTs No. of districts Area in sq km. Population Name of Capitals
INDIA·
STATES 1 Andhra Pradesh 2 Arunachal Pradesh 3 Assam 4 Bihar 5 Goa 6 Gujarat 7 Haryana 8 Himachal Pradesh 9 Jammu & Kashmir
10 Karnataka 11 Kerala 12 Madhya Pradesh 13 Maharashtra 14 Manipur 15 Meghalaya 16 Mizoram 17 Nagaland 18 Orissa 19 Punjab 20 Rajasthan 21 Sikkim 22 Tamil Nadu 23 Tripura 24 Uttar Pradesh 25 West Bengal
UNION TERRITORIES 1 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 2 Chandigarh 3 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 4 Daman & Diu 5 Delhi 6 Lakshadweep 7 Pondicherry
• - Including Jammu & Kashmir. •• - Projected.
466
23 11 23 42
2 19 16 12 14 20 14 45 30
8 5 3 7
13 12 27
4 21
3 63 17
2 1 1 2 1 1 4
3287263 846302688 New Delhi
275045 66508008 Hyderabad 83743 864558 Itanagar 78438 22414322 Dispur
173877 86374465 Patna 3702 1169793 Panaji
196024 41309582 Gandhinagar 44212 16463648 Chandigarh 55673 5170877 Shimla
222236 7718700·· Srinagar 191791 44977201 Bangalore 38863 29098518 Trivandrum
443446 66181170 Bhopal 307713 78937187 Bombay
22327 1837149 Imphal 22429 1774778 Shillong 21081 689756 Aizawl 16579 1209546 Kohima
155707 31659736 Bhubaneshwar 50362 20281969 Chandigarh
342239 44005990 Jaipur 7096 406457 Gangtok
130058 55858946 Madras 10486 2757205 Agartala
294411 139112287 Lucknow 88752 68077965 Calcutta
8249 280661 Port Blair 114 642015 Chandigarh 491 138477 Silvassa 112 101586 Daman
1483 9420644 Delhi 32 51707 Kavaratti
492 807785 Pondicherry
Notes: -1. The area figure for India IS 3287263 sq. km which includes 78114 sq. km. under illegal occupation of Pakistan and 5180 sq. km. illegally handed over by Pakistan to China and 3755 sq. km. under illegal occupation of China in Ladakh district.
44
2. The 1991 Census was not held in Jammu & Kashmir. The projected population of Jammu & Kashmir excludes the population of areas under unlawful occupation of Pakistan and China.
PLATE 2
GROWTH OF POPULATION, 1981-91
The decadal growth rate of population of the districts is indicated by six ranges as shown in the legend of the map. There are 43 districts in the country which have recorded high decadal growth rate of more than 35.00 per cent. These are the districts of Faridabad (48.71) in Haryana. Lohit (57.75) in Arunachal Pradesh. Ghaziabad (49.37) in Uttar Pradesh. Chhimtuipui (50.03) in Mizoram. Mokokchung (50.58). Mon (57.37). Kohima (65.10) and Ttiensang (69.92) in Nagaland. Bhopal (50.72) in Madhya Pradesh, Thane (55.85) in Maharashtra. Rangareddi (58.83) in Andhra Pradesh and Delhi (50.84), Chandigarh (49.32). Andaman (50.91) in Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The smallest district of Yanam in Pondicherry shows the highest growth
rate of 74.91 per cent. Most of the districts in the north-eastern states
generally show much higher growth rate. Majority of the districts fall under the ranges from 15.01 to 35.00 per cent in the country. Thirty eight districts in the country experience decadal growth rates of less than 15.01 per cent. The majority of these districts are in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The district of Lahul & Spiti experienced a negative growth rate during this period. Besides being already saturated in terms of human habitation in this belt. out-migration might have contributed to the low growth rates of these thirty eight districts. On the whole. there are 224 districts above and 205 districts below the national average of 23.85 per cent population growth.
SI. No.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
2 3 4 5 6 7
Population States/UTs Growth (%)
1981 1991
INDIA* 683329097 846302688 23.85
STATES Andhra Pradesh 53551026 66508008 24.20 Arunachal Pradesh 631839 864558 36.83 Assam 18041248 22414322 24.24 Bihar 69914734 86374465 23.54 Goa 1007749 1169793 16.08 Gujarat 34085799 41309582 21.19 Haryana 12922119 16463648 27.41 Himachal Pradesh 4280818 5170877 20.79 Jammu & Kashmir 5987389 7718700 28.92 Karnataka 37135714 44977201 21.12 Kerala 25453680 29098518 14.32 Madhya Pradesh 52178844 66181170 26.84 Maharashtra 62782818 78937187 25.73 Manipur 1420953 1837149 29.29 Meghalaya 1335819 1774778 32.86 Mizoram 493757 689756 39.70 Nagaland 774930 1209546 56.08 Orissa 26370271 31659736 20.06 Punjab 16788915 20281969 20.81 Rajasthan 34261862 44005990 28.44 Sikkim 316385 406457 28.47 Tamil Nadu 48408077 55858946 15.39 Tripura 2053058 2757205 34.30 Uttar Pradesh 110862512 139112287 25.48 West Bengal 54580647 68077965 24.73
UNION TERRITORI ES A & N Islands 188741 280661 48.70 Chandigarh 451610 642015 42.16 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 103676 138477 33.57 Daman & Diu 78981 101586 28.62 Delhi 6220406 9420644 51.45 Lakshadweep 40249 51707 28.47 Pondlcherry 604471 807785 33.64
The 1981 census could not be held in Assam and 1991 census in Jammu & Kashmir. The population figures for 1981 for Assam have been worked out by interpolation and for 1991 figures for Jammu and Kashmir by projection.
45
PLATE 3
DENSITY OF POPULATION. 1991
The map depicts the density of population i.e. persons per sq. km. at district level. All the districts have been grouped into six ranges as shown in the legend of the map.
A glance at the map reveals that the average density of population of the cou ntry comes to 274 persons per sQ. km .. but the density is strikingly uneven in the country. There are highly urbanized districts like Calcutta (23783). Madras (22077). Greater Bombay (16461). Hyderabad (14497). Delhi (6352). Chandigarh (5632). Haora (2535). Kanpur Nagar (2325). Bangalore (2210). North Twenty Four Parganas (1778). and Hugli (1382) where the density is very high. Moreover. most of the districts of Kerala and West Bengal and the Gangetic belt of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have very high density. On the other hand. the districts of Bikaner. Churu. Jaisalmer. Jodhpur and Barmer in Rajasthan; Chamba. Kullu. Lahul & Spiti and Kinnaur in Himachal Pradesh;
SI. States/UTs No.
INDIA·
STATES 1 Andhra Pradesh 2 Arunachal Pradesh 3 Assam 4 Bihar 5 Goa 6 Gujarat 7 Haryana 8 Himachal Pradesh 9 Karnataka
10 Kerala 11 Madhya Pradesh 12 Maharashtra 13 Manipur 14 Megh ala ya 15 Mizoram 16 Nagaland 17 Orissa 18 Punjab 19 Rajasthan 20 Sikkim 21 Tamil Nadu 22 Tripura 23 Uttar Pradesh 24 West Bengal
UNION TERRITORIES
1 A & N Islands 2 Chandigarh 3 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 4 Daman & Diu 5 Delhi 6 Lakshadweep 7 Pondicherry
Excluding Jammu & Kashmir.
46
Pithoragarh, Chamoli and Uttar Kashi in Uttar Pradesh as well as most of the districts of the north-eastern region. except thbse of the state of Tripura and a few others. do show a meagre density below 100 persons per sq. km. The portion of central India extending from eastern half of Rajasthan to western Orissa down to southern Andhra Pradesh and northern Karnataka generally shows the density in the range of 101 to 200 persons per sq. km.
There are 210 districts above and 235 districts below the national average of 274 persons per sq. km .. while 2 districts are at par with national average. The density figures for the 5 districts of Assam could not be calculated due to non-availability of area figures. There are 49 districts in the country which have a density of more than 800 persons per sq. km. while a majority of the districts are grabbed by the three ranges of 401-800(109). 201-400(110) and 101-200(104).
Area Population Density (sq. km.) (persons per sq. km.)
3065027 838583988 274
275045 66508008 242 83743 864558 10 78438 22414322 286
173877 86374465 497 3702 1169793 316
196024 41309582 211 44212 16463648 372 55673 5170877 93
191791 44977201 235 38863 29098518 749
443446 86181170 149 307713 78937187 257
22327 1837149 82 22429 1774778 79 21081 689756 33 16579 1209546 73
155707 31659736 203 50362 20281969 403
342239 44005990 129 7096 406457 57
130058 55858946 429 10486 2757205 263
294411 139112287 473 88752 68077965 767
8249 280661 34 114 642015 5632 491 138477 282 112 101586 907
1483 9420644 6352 32 51707 1616
492 807785 1642
PLATE 4
SEX RATIO, 1991
The map shows the spatial pattern of sex ratio measured by the number of females per 1000 males at the district level in 1991.
The average sex ratio of the country is 927 as per 1991 Census. It varies from a minimum of 788 in Dibang Valley of Arunachal Pradesh to a maximum of 1205 in Ratnaglri district of Maharashtra state. There are 248 districts falling above the national average of 927 while 204 districts are below this average.
A cursory view of the map reveals that the sex ratio is comparatively higher in the southern and south-western parts of India as well as in a few other districts scattered here and there in the country. Another remarkable feature is the incidence of the female-biased sex ratio (above 1000) in 45 districts
51. States/UTs No.
INDIA*
STATES
Andhra Pradesh 2 Arunachal Pradesh 3 Assam 4 Bihar 5 Goa 6 Gujarat 7 Haryana 8 Himachal Pradesh 9 Karnataka
10 Kerala 11 Madhya Pradesh 12 Maharashtra 13 Manlpur 14 Meghalaya 15 Mizoram 16 Nagaland 17 Orissa 18 Punjab 19 Rajasthan 20 51kkim 21 Tamil Nadu 22 Tripura 23 Uttar Pradesh 24 West Bengal
UNION TERRITORIES
A & N Islands 2 Chandigarh 3 Dadra & Nagar Havell 4 Daman & Diu 5 Delhi 6 Lakshadweep 7 Pondlcherry
• Excluding Jammu & Kashmir.
forming three distinctive contiguous zones com-prising coastal districts of Kerala. Dakshin Kannad in Kar'l,ataka,. Ratnagiri. Raigarh and Satara in Maharashtra. hill districts of Garhwal. Almora. Tehri Garhwal in Uttar Pradesh and Bilaspur in Himachal Pradesh. It is also noticed in the districts of Madhya Pradesh. Orissa and Andhra Pradesh and in a few districts of the southern Tamif Nadu.
Rest of the area is male-biased having the sex ratio below 1000. On the lower extreme. there are 48 districts where sex ratio is less than 850 females per 1000 males. The majority of these districts are located in continuous belt in central Uttar Pradesh and north-western Madhya Pradesh which is socially and economically backward region where social taboo against female child is more pronounced.
Males Females Sex Ratio
435218358 403387830 927
33724581 32783427 972 465004 399554 859
11657989 10756333 923 45202091 41172374 911
594790 575003 967 21355209 19954373 934
8827474 7636174 865 2617467 2553410 976
22951917 22025284 960 14288995 14809523 1036 34267293 31913877 931 40825618 38111569 934
938359 898790 958 907687 867091 955 358978 330778 921 641282 568264 886
16064146 15595590 971 10778034 9503935 882 23042780 20963210 910
216427 190030 878 28298975 27559971 974
1417930 1339275 945 74036957 65075330 879 35510633 32567332 917
154369 126292 818 358614 283401 790 70953 67524 952 51595 49991 969
5155512 4265132 827 26618 25089 943
408081 399704 979
47
PLATE 5 URBAN SEX RATIO) 1991
The map depicts the urban sex ratio as females per 100Q males at the district level as recorded in 1991 Census.
As a whole the urban sex ratio in the country is recorded as 894 where 214 districts are below and 228 districts are above this average. Mahe district of Pondicherry has the highest urban sex ratio of 1156 followed by Diu 1115. Except these two, there is no other district in the country having urban sex ratio above 1100. There are only two districts which record urban sex ratio even below 600. These are Tehri Garhwal of Uttar Pradesh (563) and North District of SiKkim (5S1).
Twenty one districts of the country have urban sex ratio in favour of females i. e. above 1000. These are 1 i districts of Karata. 3 districts each of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. 2 districts of Pondicherry
and 1 district each of Karnataka and Diu.
There are 48 districts where urban sex ratio varies between 951-1000. Most of these districts lie in two southern states of Andhra Pradesh and Kamataka.
In the range of 901-950, there are 230 districts. These districts are mainly spread over the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra. Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
A record number of districts, i. 8.161, are found in the range of 851-900 while in the other two lower ranges of 801-850 and below 801 there are 53 and 36 districts respectively. These districts are located in the states of Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam. West Bengal and Orissa.
SI. S!ates/U1s Urban Males Urban Females lJrban Sex Ratio No.
INDIA' 113936953 101834659 894
STATES 1 Andhra Pradesh 9132700 8754420 959 2 Arunachal Pradesn 64038 46590 728 3 Assam 1353828 1133967 838 4 Blhar 6156996 5196016 844 5 Goa 248621 231131 930 6 Gujara! 7470910 6775151 907 7 Haryana 2170140 1884604 B68 8 Himachal Pradesh 245274 203922 831 9 Karnalaka 7206975 6700813 930
10 Kerala 3776207 3904087 1034 11 Madhya Pradesh 8102940 7235897 B93 12 Maharashtra 16289338 14252248 875 13 Manlpur 255964 249681 975 14 Meghalaya 172822 157225 910 15 Mizorarn 164564 153382 932 16 Nagaland 119047 89176 749 17 Orissa 2269191 1965792 B66 18 Punjab 3208611 2784614 868 19 Rajasthan 5356317 4710796 879 20 8,kkim 21150 15856 750 21 Tamil Nadu 9731258 9346334 960 22 Tripura 215401 206320 958 23 Uttar Pradesh 14839819 12766096 860 24 West Bengal 10068423 8639178 858
UNION TERRITORIES 1 A & N Islands 42383 32572 769 2 Chandigarh 318066 257763 810 3 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 6454 5271 817 4 Daman & Diu 23484 24059 1024 5 Delhi 4630456 3841169 830 6 Lakshadweep 15088 14026 930 7 Pondicherry 260482 256503 985
'Excluding Jammu & Kashmir.
48
PLATE 6
RURAL SEX RATIO, 1991
The map depicts the rural sex ratio as number of rural females per 1000 rural males in the districts of India in 1991 Census.
In the country as a whole the rural sex ratio is also adverse towards female. The figure is 939. Majority of the districts i. e. 232 are above this figure whereas 214 districts record sex ratio below the national average. There is a wide range of variation of rural sex ratio. On the one hand. Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra shows a maximum with a surprisingly high sex ratio of 1230. on the other hand. Chandigarh records the lowest of only 632.
Further. the map reveals that there are 13 districts where sex ratio is above 1050 and these are distributed as 5 in Kerala. 3 in hilly Uttar Pradesh. 2 in coastal Maharashtra and 1 each in the states of Karnataka. Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh. Again. among these 13 districts there are 5 districts where rural sex ratio is above 1100. These are Ratnagiri (1230) and Sindhudurg (1149) of
Maharashtra. Hamirpur (1123) of Himachal Pradesh and Garhwal (1119) and Almora (1116) of Uttar Pradesh. Perhaps male out-migration in search of job is the reason behind this high female biased sex ratio in this region. In another range of favourable sex ratio of females (1000-1049) there are 39 districts. These districts are mainly located in the tribal belt of southern Orissa and adjoining districts of Madhya Pradesh. western hilly Uttar Pradesh. Himachal Pradesh and in some coastal districts of Maharashtra. Goa. Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
In the country most of the districts are concen-trated in the two middle ranges of sex ratio of 950-999 and 900-949. (140 and 136 districts respec-tively). These districts are spread all over the country except in Punjab. Haryana. western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan. Bihar and Arunachal Pradesh where rural sex ratio is recorded below 900. Altogether there are 68 districts in the range of 850-899 and 50 districts lie below 850 sex ratio.
SI. States/UTs Rural Males Rural Females Rural Sex Ratio No.
INDIA" 321279405 301532971 939
STATES
1 Andhra Pradesh 24591875 24029007 977 2 Arunachal Pradesh 400966 352964 880 3 Assam 10304161 9622366 934 4 Bihar 39045095 35976358 921 5 Goa 346169 343872 993 6 GuJarat 13884299 13179222 949 7 Haryana 6657334 5751570 864 8 Himachal Pradesh 2372193 2349488 990 9 Karnataka 15744942 15324471 973
10 Kerala 10512788 10905436 1037 11 Madhya Pradesh 26164353 24677980 943 12 Maharashtra 24536280 23859321 972 13 Manlpur 682395 649109 951 14 Meghalaya 734865 709866 966 15 Mlzoram 194414 177396 912 16 Nagaland 522235 479088 917 17 Orissa 13794955 13629798 988 18 Punjab 7569423 6719321 888 19 Rajasthan 17686463 16252414 919 20 Slkklm 195277 174174 892 21 Tamil Nadu 18567717 18213637 981 22 Trlpura 1202529 1132955 942 23 Uttar Pradesh 59197138 5:?309234 884 24 West Bengal 25442210 23928154 940
UNION TERRITORIES
A & N Islands 111986 93720 837 2 Chandlgarh 40548 25638 632 3 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 64499 62253 965 4 Daman & Diu 28111 25932 922 5 Deihl 525056 423963 807 6 Lakshadweep 11530 11063 959 7 Pondlcherry 147599 143201 970
* excluding Jammu & Kashmir.
49 8-79 R.G. India/ND/95.
PLATE 7
PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD, 1991
This map shows the dlstributioJ"l of average size of household in India by districts in 1991 as measured in terms of the number of persons per household.
4 and Rajasthan only one district. In general, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have household size of more than 6 persons per household. In the country, there is a majority of districts showing househo:d size between 5-6 persons (240 districts). The next smaller household size i. e. below 5 persons. is shown by 79 districts. Most of the districts of this range form a belt along the eastern coast comprising the states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.
The national average of the sile of household is 5.51. The hOUSE'hold Sile in Indta varies from 382 in Periyar district of Tamil Nadu to 7.42 In Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh. There are only 13 districts where household size is more than 7 persons. Among these 13 d,stricts, Bihar has 8, Uttar Pradesh
SI. States/UTs Population
No
INDIA· 838583988
SlATES
1 Andhra Pradesh 66508008
2 Arunachal Pradesh 864558
3 Assam 22414322
4 Bihar 86374465
5 Goa .,169793
6 GUjarat 41309582
7 Hary,md 16463648
8 Himachal Pradesh 5170877
a Karnataka 44977~01 10 I0 S,kklm 406457
?I Tamil Nadu 55858946
22 Tnpura 2757205
23 Uttar Pradesh 139112287
24 West Bengal 68077965
UNION TERRITORiES
A & N Islands 280661
2 Chandlgaril 642015
3 Dadra & Nagar HallE'I' 138477
4 Daman & Diu 101586
5 Delhi 9420644
6 Lakshadweep 5t707
7 Pondicherry 807785
- -~- ~---------. * Excluning Jammu & Kashmir.
50
No of Househcld Persons per Housp-hold
152009467 5.51
13937455 477
175448 4.93
3B44370 5.83
14012071 6.16
234597 4.99
7492603 551
2614725 0.30
969018 534
8143879 5.52
5513200 5.28
11714945 565
15344435 5.14
296689 6.19
327371 5.42
120994 5.70
216982 557
5999447 528
3424666 5.92
7289839 604
76329 5.33
12542672 4.45
526659 5.24
22377820 0.22
12514414 5.44
59113 4.75
146521 438
26237 528
19179 5.30
1877046 5.02
8295 6.23
162448 4.97
PLATE 8
BIRTH RATE, 1992
The map depicts the birth rate in the country at the state/union territory level as revealed through the Sample Registration System during 1992. Data on birth rates for the states of Mizoram and Jammu and Kashmir are not available.
During 1992, India has recorded the estimated birth rate of 29.2 per mille. Among the states, Uttar Pradesh records the highest (36.3 per mille) birth rate while Goa comes at the bottom with birth rat.e of 14.7 per mille. In all the union territories, the birth rate is lower than the national average except in the union territory of Dadra & Nagar Haveli which shows the birth rate of 37.8 per mille.
Further, over the entire period 16 states exhibit birth rate lower than the national average. The map
SI. States/lJTs Birth Rate No. (per mille)
INDIA 29.2 STATES
Andhra Pradesh 24.5
2 Arunachal Pradesh 266
3 Assam 30.8
4 Bihar 32.3
5 Goa 14.7
6 Gujarat 28.1
7 Haryana 32.0
8 Himachal Pradesh 28.1
9 Karnataka 26.3
10 Kerala 17.7
11 Madhya Pradesh 34.9
12 Maharashtra 25.3
13 Manipur 19.5
14 Meghalaya 29.8
15 Mizoram
depicts a sharp divide between northern and southern states so far as birth rate is concerned. The overall picture that emerges out is that of a low birth rate in the southern states as compared to the atates In the northern belt, namely, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan where birth rate is much higher. The factors responsible for this large variation may be varying but the social and economic factors namely. high literacy. sex ratio. female work partiCipation and better health hygiene and nutrition conditions which lead to upgrade quality of life and restrict family size are more pronounced in southern states. The state of Goa stands in the list of low birth rate with 14.7 per mille followed by Kerala with 17.7 per mille.
51. States/UTs Birth Rate No. (per mille)
16 Nagaland 19.2
17 Orissa 27.8
18 Punjab 27.1
19 Rajasthan 34.9
20 Sikkim 22.0
21 Tamil Nadu 20.7
22 Trlpura 23.1
23 Uttar Pradesh 36.3
24 West Bengal 24.8
UNION TERRITORIES
A & N Islands 20.0
2 Chandlgarh 15.6
3 Dadra & Nagar Haven 37.8
4 Daman & Diu 24.8
5 Delhi 26.0
6 Lakshadweep 25.0
7 Pondicherry 19.8
51
PLATE 9
DEATH RATE, 1992
This map shows death rate at state/union territory level in India according to the Sample Registration System. for 1992.
Among 25 states and 7 union territories in India. data for this purpose are not available for the states of Mizoram and Jammu and Kashmir. During 1992 the estimated death rate for the country as a whole stood at 10.1 per mille and only six states and one union territory lie above this level. The country holds 4 states/UTs in the highest range of 11.01 and
SI. State/UTs Death Rate No. (per mille)
INDIA 10.1
STATES
1 Andhra Pradesh 92
2 Arunachal Pradesh 9.4
3 Assam 10.4
4 Bihar 10.9
5 Goa 7.4
6 Gujarat 9.2
7 Haryana 8.7
8 Himachal Pradesh 8.8
9 Karnataka 8.5
10 Kerala 6.3
11 Madhya Pradesh 12.9
12 Maharashtra 7.9
13 Manipur 5.6
14 Meghalaya 8.5
15 Mizoram
52
above where. Madhya Pradesh records the highest death rate (12.9 per mille) followed by Utter Pradesh (12.8 per mille). In the next range of 9.01-11.00 there are 6 states/UTs while those in the range of 7.01-9.00 are 11. Below this. the ranges of 5.01-7.00 and below 5.01 record 7 and 2 states/ UTs respectively.
Death rates lower than the national average have been found in 24 states/UTs where Chandigarh records the lowest (3.30 per mille).
SI. State/UTs Death Rate No. (per mille)
16 Nagaland 3.8
17 Orissa 11.7
18 Punjab 8.2
19 Rajasthan 10.5
20 Sikkim 5.8
21 Tamil Nadu 8.4
22 Tripura 7.6
23 Uttar Predesh 12.8
24 West Bengal 8.4
UNION TERRITORIES
A & N Islands 5.2
2 Chandigarh 3.3
3 Dadra & Nagar Havell 11.4
4 Daman & Diu 7.5
5 Delhi 6.5
6 lakshadweep 6.1
7 Pondicherry 6.8
PLATE 10
INFANT MORTALITY RATE, 1992
The map shows the estimated infant mortality rate (IMR) in 1992forthe 15 major states of India. In 1992 the estimated IMR in India is 79 per 1000 live births. Among the 15 major states Orissa has the highest IMR of 115 and KeraJa has the lowest of only 17 per 1000 live births.
In the states of Orissa. Rajasthan. Uttar Pradesh.
81. States No.
INDIA
STATES
1 Andhra Pradesh
2 Assam
3 Bihar
4 Gujarat
5 Haryana
6 Karnataka
7 Kerala
8 Madhya Pradesh
9 Maharashtra
10 Orissa
11 Punjab
12 Rajasthan
13 Tamil Nadu
14 Uttar Pradesh
15 West Bengal
and Madhya Pradesh the IMR is above 80 in 1992. States which have IMR between 70-80 are Karnataka. Andhra Pradesh. Haryana. Bihar and Assam. In the states of Gujarat and West BengallMR lie in between 60-70. All the other major states, Le. Punjab. Maharashtra. Kerala and Tamil Nadu record IMR below 60.
Infant Mortality Rate (per mille)
79
71
76
73
67
75
73
17
104
59
115
56
90
58
98
65
53
PLATE 11
MAIN WORKERS. 1991
The map shows the proportion of main workers in the total population at district level in the country.
Main workers constitute about one third of the total population of the country in 1991 (34.10%). At the district level their proportion varies from the minimum 21.08 per cent in Mahe district to the maximum 55.25 per cent in Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state. A glance at the map reveals that almost entire Deccan Peninsula excepting the state of Kerala, north-eastern states excepting Tripura and Assam, Sikkim, the hill districts of Utlar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh show proportion of main workers above the national average (34.10).
The proportion of main workers is high (above 38%) among the districts belonging to hilly and tribal areas of the country comprising Himachal Pradesh,
SI. States/UTs Total No. Population
INDIA· 838583988
STATES
Andhra Pradesh 66508008 2 Arunachal Pradesh 864558 3 Assam 22414322 4 Bihar 86374465 5 Goa 1169793 6 GUjarat 41309582 7 Haryana 16463648 8 Himachal Pradesh 5170877 9 Karnataka 44977201
10 Kerala 29098518 11 Madhya Pradesh 66181170 12 Maharashtra 78937187 13 Manlpur 1837149 14 Meghalaya 1774778 15 Mizoram 689756 16 Nagaland 1209546 17 Orissa 31659736 18 Punjab 20281969 19 Rajasthan 44005990 20 Sikklm 406457 21 Tamil Nadu 55858946 22 Trlpura 2757205 23 Uttar Pradesh 139112287 24 West Bengal 68077965
UNION TERRITORIES
A & N Islanas 280661 2 Chandigarh 642015 3 Dadra & Nagar Havell 138477 4 Daman & Diu 101586 5 Deihl 9420644 6 Lakshadweep 51707 7 Pondlcherry 807785
-Ex.cluding Jammu & Kashmir.
54
U.P. Hills, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland. Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya, south-eastern Madhya Pradesh and most parts of Andhra Pradesh. The proportion is also high in the interior districts of Tamil Nadu. The main workers are low in proportion (38% & below) in the Indo-Gangetic plain. Rajastha'l and Kerala. There are 239 districts below and 213 districts above the national average (34.10%).
Majority of the districts in the country i.e .• 114 and 119, fa" in the categories where the proportion of main workers ranges between 30.01-34.00 and 30.00 & below respectively. These are primarily spread over the Indo-Gangetic plain and Rajasthan, Gujarat and Kerala states. Most of the districts of Madhya Pradesh and the western districts of Kar-nataka and Maharashtra belong to the range of 34.01-38.00 per cent main workers.
Main Percentage Workers
285932493 34.10
28445482 42.77 390976 45.22
6992056 31.20 25619038 29.66
383559 32.79 14095692 34.12 4718726 28.66 1779100 34.41
17292117 38.45 8301087 28.53
24934521 37.67 31006109 39.28
·,08283 38.55 715587 40.32 290317 42.09 511497 42.29
10377635 32.78 6098374 30.07
13915071 31.62 164392 40.45
22799066 40.81 802063 29.09
41360734 29.73 20581048 30.23
90807 32.36 223628 34.83 60801 43.91 32162 31.66
2968377 31.51 12388 23.96
261800 32.41
PLATE 12
MALE MAIN WORKERS, 1991
This map portrays the proportion of male main workers in the total male population of the country at district level as per the 1991 Census results.
On an average a little more than half of the rnale population (50.93%) of the country is classified as main workers which reflects the dominating role of males In the economic activities of the country. Two districts in the Southern India-Periyar of Tamil Nadu and Malappuram of Kerala-show the highest (65.1 B) and lowest (37.66) per cent of male workers respectively. Of the total 452 districts (excluding Jammu & Kashmir), 235 districts show the proportion of male main workers below the national average (50.93%) while the remaining 217 districts above this average.
SI. StatesiUTs Total
There are 88 districts which have more than 54 per cent of male population in the category of main workers while in another 122 districts this percentage ranges from 51.01 to 54.00. These districts are mainly concentrated in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat. Orissa, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
The highest number of districts Le. 128, are found in the range of 48.01-51.00 while 75 and 39 districts are found in the other two ranges of 45.01-48.00 and below 45.01 per cent respectively. Mostly, these districts of the above mentioned three ranges belong to the states of Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and to all the northern-eastern states except Arunachal Pradesh.
Total Percentage No. Male Population Male Workers
INDIA* 435218358 221658584 50.93
STATES 1 Andhra Pradesh 33724581 18594100 55.13 2 Arunachal Pradesh 465004 248876 53.52 3 Assam 11657989 564018 7 48.38 4 Bihar 45202091 21513704 47.60 5 Goa 594790 287154 48.28 6 Gujarat 21355209 11354794 53.17 7 Haryana 8827474 4?59846 48.26 8 Himachal Pradesh 2617467 1284679 49.08 9 Karnataka 22951917 12285340 53.53
10 Kerals 14288995 6404458 44.82 i 1 Madhya Pradesh 34267293 17651164 51.51 12 Maharashtra 40825618 20918541 51.25 13 Man,pur 938359 414812 44.21 14 Meghalaya 907687 449625 4954 15 Mizoram 358978 178011 49.59 16 Nflgaland 641282 299437 46.69 17 Orissa 16064146 8490943 52.86 18 Punjab 107780::1-1 5832852 54.12 19 Rajasthan 23042780 11182060 48.53 20 Slkklm 216427 109994 50.82 21 Tamil Nadu 28298975 15874517 56.10 22 Tropura 1417930 666287 46.99 23 Uttar Pradesn 74036957 36510310 49.31 24 West Bengal 35510633 17989505 50.66
UNION TERRI TOAIES 1 A & N Islands 154369 80665 52.35 2 Chandlgarh 358614 194502 54.24 3 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 70953 39691 5594 4 Daman & Diu 51595 26143 50.67 5 Deihl 5155512 2660967 51.61 6 Lakshadweep 26618 10920 41.02 7 Pondlcherry 408081 204500 50.11
---.... --------~------. ------_. * Excluding .Jammu & Kashmir.
55
PLATE 13
FEMALE MAIN WORKERS, 1991
The proportion of female main workers to the total female population of the country at district level is shown in this map as per the 1991 Census data.
Contrary to the male main workers, the share of female main workers is very low in the total female population in the country. It is observed that the percentage of female workers has a wide range of variation from 0.92 in Mainpuri district of Uttar Pradesh to 46.60 in Senapati district of Manipur. The national average of female workers is 15.93 per cent. Out of the total of 452 districts (excluding Jammu and Kashmir), a majority of the districts (241 districts) are below this national average which highlights the poor female participation rate in the economic activities of the country.
There are only 33 districts which have more than 35 per cent females classified as main workers and
SI. States/UTs Total
these districts are mostly concentrated in the hilly and tribal areas of the country. There are 83 districts where the percentage of female workers varies between 25.01 and 35.00 and again these districts are found in the hilly and tribal belts of northern, north-eastern, central, southern and western India. There are 103 districts recording a percentage of female workers between 15.01-25.00 while 161 and 72 districts record this percentage in the range of 5.01-15.00 and below 5.01 respectively.
The proportion of female main workers is much below the national average in most of the districts of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh plains, parts of Bihar, West Bengal, Assam and Orissa. In general, southern half of the country alongwith the north-eastern states, Himachal Pradesh and hilly Uttar Pradesh shows a higher proportion of female main workers to total female population.
Total Percentage No. Female Population Female Workers
INDIA" 403367630 64273909 15.93
STATES 1 Andhra Pradesh 32783427 9851382 30.05 2 Arunachal Pradesh 399554 142100 35.57 3 Assam 10756333 1351869 12.57 4 Bihar 41172374 4105334 9.97 5 Goa 575003 96405 16.77 6 Gujarat 19954373 2740898 13.73 7 Haryana 7636174 458880 6.01 8 Himachal Pradesh 2553410 494421 19.36 9 Karnataka 22025284 5006777 22.73
10 Kerala 14809523 1896629 12.81 11 Madhya Pradesh 31913877 7283357 22.82 12 Maharashtra 38111569 10087568 26.47 13 Manlpur 898790 293471 32.65 14 Meghalaya 867091 265962 30.67 15 Mlzoram 330778 112306 33.95 16 Nagaland 568264 212060 37.32 17 Orissa 15595590 1886692 12.10 18 Punjab 9503935 265522 2.79 19 Rajasthan 20963210 2733011 13.04 20 Sikklm 190030 54398 28.63 21 Tamil Nadu 27559971 6924549 25.13 22 Trlpura 1339275 135776 10.14 23 Uttar Pradesh 65075330 4850424 7.45 24 West Bengal 32567332 2591543 7.96
UNION TERRITORIES 1 A & N Islands 126292 10142 8.03 2 Chandlgarh 283401 29126 10.28 3 Dadra & Nagar Havel! 67524 21110 31.26 4 Daman & Diu 49991 6019 12.04 5 Deihl 4265132 307410 7.21 6 Lakshadweep 25089 1468 5.85 7 Pondlcherry 399704 57300 14.34
" Excluding Jammu & Kashmir.
58
PLATE 14
WORKERS IN PRIMARY SECTOR, 1991
Proportion of workers in primary sector to total workers is portrayed through this map at district level according to 1991 Census. Of the nine industrial categories of workers as defined in the Census, Category I (Cultivators), II (Agricultural labourers), III (Livestock, forestry, plantation, fishing and hunting etc.), and IV (Mining and quarrying) have been clubbed here into the Primary Sector.
Being an agricultural country, there is an overwhelming majority of the districts in India which have more than two-thirds of their workers classified as primary workers. There are 51 districts which have more than 85 per cent of their workers in this sector which are primarily concentrated in the Tarai area of Uttar Pradesh, northern Bihar, eastern Madhya Pradesh and a few in north-eastern states.
SI. States/UTs Total No. Main Workers
INDIA· 285932493
STATES Andhra Pradesh 28445482
2 Arunachal Pradesh 390976 3 Assam 6992056 4 Bihar 25619038 5 Goa 383559 6 Gujarat 14095692 7 Haryana 4718726 8 Himachal Pradesh 1779100 9 Karnataka 17292117
10 Kerala 8301087 11 Madhya Pradesh 24934521 12 Maharashtra 31006109 13 Manlpur 708283 14 Meghalaya 715587 15 Mlzoram 290317 16 Nagaland 511497 17 Orissa 10377635 18 Punjab 6098374 19 Rajasthan 13915071 20 Sikkim 164392 21 Tamil Nadu 22799066 22 Tripura 802063 23 Uttar Pradesh 41360734 24 West Bengal 20581048
UNION TERRITORI ES
1 A & N Islands 90805 2 Chandlgarh 223628 3 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 60801 4 Daman & Diu 32162 5 Deihl 2968377 6 Lakshadweep 12388 7 Pondlcherry 261800
• Excluding Jammu & Kashmir.
9-79 R.G. India/ND/95.
The national average of the primary sector worker is 67.53 per cent where 302 districts stand above and 150 districts below this figure. Madhepura district of Bihar has the highest percentage (92.69) of workers in primary sector while Greater Bombay of Maharashtra has the lowest percentage (0.84).
It is observed that as many as 174 districts of the country have workers in primary sector between 75.01 and 85.00 per cent. In the other ranges of lower percentages the number of districts decline gradually. In the ranges of 65.01-75.00, 55.01-65.00, 45.01-55.00 and below 45 per cent the number of districts are 95, 63, 32 and 37 respectively. In general, it is noticed that highly urbanised districts have very low percentage of workers in the primary sector.
Main Workers Percentage in Primary Sector
193092104 67.53
20266149 71.25 263666 67.44
5173662 73.99
21099596 82.36
123861 32.29 8423399 59.76
2776873 58.84
1232554 69.28 11648694 67.27
3985955 48.02
19333411 77.54
19072137 61.51
495792 70.00
535297 74.81
191576 65.91 384968 75.26
7869488 75.83 3419897 56.08
9967524 71.63
112439 68.40
14092686 61.81 513978 64.08
30194721 73.01
11626480 56.49
31325 34.50
9950 4.46 43660 71.81 12001 37.32 84557 2.85
3099 25.02
102709 39.24
57
PLATE 15
CULTIVATORS, 1991
The map shows cultivators as percentage of total workers at the district level in 1991 Census.
The national average of the cultivators as percentage of total workers is 38.72 per cent. Out of 452 districts (excluding J&K). 283 districts are above national average whereas rest 169 are below this figure. Percentage of cultivators shows a wide range of variations. Lakshadweep has no cultivators while Senapati district of Manipur has the highest 88.51 per cent cultivators. Other districts which have below 1 per cent Cultivators include Greater Bombay (0.10), Madras (0.08). Calcutta (0.15). and Hyderabad (0.24). In north-eastern region another two districts have recorded a figure quite close to Senapati district which are Tamenglong (87.25) of Arunachal Pradesh and Mon (86.78) of Nagaland.
Pradesh. Rajasthan. Gujarat. Madhya Pradesh and Bihar (1 each). In the range of 60.01-75.00. there are 73 districts where Uttar Pradesh shares the highest number of districts.
It is also revealed from the map that two medium ranges share the highest number of districts. These two ranges of 45.01-60.00 and 30.01-45.00 cover 118 and 137 districts respectively, Except Kerala all other states have some share in these categories. while whole of Tripura comprising of three districts fall in these ranges.
In the two lower categories of 15.01-30.00 and below 15.01 per cent there are 12 districts of Tamil Nadu. 10 districts of Andhra Pradesh and all the 14 districts of Kerala.
In 22 districts. cultivators account for 75 per cent and above among the total workers. Most of the districts are concentrated in the north-eastern states. namely in Manipur and Nagaland whereas rest are scattered over Uttar Pradesh (3 districts). Himachal
Another three contiguous regions with lower categories of percentage of cultivators are located in Maharashtra and Gujarat comprising 5 districts each and in eastern India with 5 districts of West Bengal and one district of Bihar.
SI. States/UTs Total Cultivators Percentage No. Main Workers
INDIA· 285932493 110702346 38.72 STATES
1 Andhra Pradesh 28445482 7891167 27.74 2 Arunachal Pradesh 390976 235987 60.36 3 Assam 6992056 3559117 50.90 4 Bihar 25619038 11164519 43.58 5 Goa 383559 56528 14.74 6 Gujarat 14095692 4703628 33.37 7 Haryana 4718726 1829530 38.77 8 Himachal Pradesh 1779100 1125311 63.25 9 Karnataka 17292117 5915633 34.21
10 Kerala 8301087 1015983 12.24 11 Madhya Pradesh 24934521 12904121 51.75 12 Maharashtra 31006109 10172108 32.81 13 Manipur 708283 437499 61.77 14 Meghalaya 715587 395804 55.31 15 Mizoram 290317 178101 61.35 16 Nagaland 511497 371597 72.65 17 Orissa 10377635 4598500 44.31 18 Punjab 6098374 1917210 31.44 19 Rajasthan 13915071 8181512 58.80 20 Sikklm 164392 95078 57.84 21 Tamil Nadu 22799066 5664090 24.84 22 Trlpura 802063 305523 38.09 23 Uttar Pradesh 41360734 22031181 53.27 24 West Bengal 20581048 5844993 28.40
UNION TERRITORIES 1 A & N Islands 90807 14525 16.00 2 Chandlgarh 223628 23'02 1.03 3 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 60801 36278 59.67 4 Daman & Diu 32162 3266 10.16 5 DeIhl 2968377 33296 1.12 6 Lakshadweep 12388 0.00 7 Pondicherry 261800 17959 6.86
• Excluding Jammu & Kashmir.
58
PLATE 16 AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS. 1991
The map shows the distribution of agricultural labourers as percentage of total workers in the country at district level as per the 1991 Census.
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Bihar, forming two contiguous belts, one over the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra and the other in the state of Bihar.
In 1991,26.09 per cent of the total workers of the country are recorded as agricultural labourers. Among the districts, West Godavari records the highest agricultural labourer of 55.19 per cent. On the other hand, not a single person of the Union Territory of Lakshadweep has been recorded as agricultural labourer. The other districts which are having very low percentage of agricultural labourers even below 0.1 per cent are Madras (0.02) of Tamil Nadu, Greater Bombay (0.07) of Maharashtra and Zunheboto (0.09) district of Nagaland. It is observed that out of total 452 districts (excluding J&K) of the country 294 are having percentage below the national average (26.09).
In the ranges of 30.01-40.00 and 20.01-30.00 there are 69 and 120 districts respectively. These districts also form more or less contiguous belt mainly spread over the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, GUjarat, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa. A number of districts of Punjab and Haryana also fall in these ranges.
There are 13 districts of the country where more than half of the workers are agricultural labourers. Six districts of Bihar, 4 districts of Andhra Pradesh and 3 districts of Maharashtra are among these 13 districts. Agricultural labourers between 40.01-50.00 per cent are found in 42 districts which are mainly located in the five states of Andhra Pradesh,
Apart from some scattered districts, there are three prominent regions in the country where percentage of agricultural labourers are below 20.01. One such region lie in the northern India covering the states of Rajasthan, Haryana. Western Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh. the second one is covering all the north-eastern states and the third one is a long narrow strip along the Western coast covering Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. There are altogether 111 districts in the range of 10.01-20.00 and 97 districts in the range below 10.01 per cent of agricultural labourers.
SI. States/UTs Total Agricultural Percentage No. Main Workes Labourers
INDIA· 285932493 74597744 26.09 STATES
1 Andhra PradeSh 28445482 11625159 40.87 2 Arunachal Pradesh 390976 20054 5.13 3 Assam 6992056 844964 12.09 4 Bihar 25619038 9512892 37.13 5 Goa 383559 35284 9.20 6 GUjarat 14095692 3230547 22.92 7 Haryana 4718726 896782 19.00 8 Himachal Pradesh 1779100 58668 3.30 9 Karnataka 17292117 4999959 28.92
10 Kerala 8301087 2120452 25.55 11 Madhya Pradesh 24934521 5863029 23.51 12 Maharashtra 31006109 8313223 26.81 13 Manlpur 708283 47350 6.69 14 Meghalaya 715587 89492 12.51 15 Mizoram 290317 9527 3.28 16 Nagaland 511497 7233 1.41 17 Orissa 10377635 2976750 28.68 18 Punjab 6098374 1452828 23.82 19 Rajasthan 13915071 1391670 10.00 20 Sikklm 164392 12851 7.82 21 Tamil Nadu 22799066 7896295 34.64 22 Trlpura 802063 187538 23.38 23 Uttar Pradesh 41360734 7833258 18.94 24 West Bengal 20581048 5055478 24.56
UNION TERRITORIES
1 A & N Islands 90807 4989 5.50 2 Chandlgarh 223628 1642 0.74 3 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 60801 6233 10.25 4 Daman & Diu 32162 1199 3.73 5 Deihl 2968377 25195 0.85 6 Lakshadweep 12388 0.00 7 Pondlcherry 261800 77203 29.49
• Excluding Jammu & Kashmir
59
PLATE 17
WORKERS IN SECONDARY SECTOR, 1991
The map shows the proportion of the workers engaged in secondary sector as per cent to total workers at the district level. Industrial categories viz. V (Household and other than household industry) and VI (Construction) are taken here in the secondary sector.
On an average 11.97 per cent of total workers of the country are classified as secondary workers. The lowest percentage has been recorded by Senapati district of Manipur (1.01) and the highest by Nicobar (47.50) of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The localised distribution of secondary workers is clear from the fact that there are 323 districts out of 452 districts that stay above the national average. In nine districts of the country almost one-thirds (above 32 per cent) of
SI. States/UTs Total No. Main Workers
INDIA* 285932493
STATES
Andhra Pradesh 28445482 2 Arunachal Pradesh 390976 3 Assam 8992056 4 Bihar 25619038 5 Goa 383559 6 GuJarat 14095692 7 Haryana 4718726 8 Himachal Pradesh 1779100 9 Karnataka 17292117
10 Kerala 8301087 11 Madhya Pradesh 24934521 12 Maharashtra 31008109 13 Manipur 708283 14 Meghalaya 715587 15 Mizoram 290317 16 Nagaland 511497 17 Orissa 10377635 18 Punjab 6098374 19 Rajasthan 13915071 20 Sikkim 164392 21 Tamil Nadu 22799066 22 Tripura 802063 23 Uttar Pradesh 41360734 24 West Bengal 20581048
UNION TERRITORIES
1 A & N Islands 90805 2 Chandlgarh 223628 3 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 60801 4 Daman & Diu 32162 5 Deihl 2968377 6 Lakshadweep 12388 7 Pondlcherry 261800
• Excluding Jammu & Kashmir.
60
the total workers fall in secondary sector while in another 75 districts this proportion ranges from 16.01 to 32.00 per cent. These districts are primarily associated with the districts having to.wns with small and large scale industries and are scattered over the country with their main concentration along the western coastal region. Majority of the districts. I.e .• 140 and 161. are concentrated in the two ranges of 8.01-16.00 and 4.01-8.00 respectively.
In the absence of infra-structure and other physical constraints. the Himalayan region and some parts of the southern India show relatively very low share of secondary workers. There are 17 such districts with below 2 per cent workers in secondary sector.
Main Workers Percentage in Secondary Sector
34214884 11.97
2982702 10.48 33859 8.66
388723 5.56 1187775 4.64
84302 21.98 2517954 17.86
621809 13.18 177754 9.98
2279098 13.17 1508623 18.17 2087343 8.37 4898049 15.80
68404 9.66 26743 3.73 14722 5:07 17790 3.48
779074 7.51 905181 14.84
1373769 9.87 18282 11.12
3687313 16.18 51379 6.41
3716053 8.98 3666939 17.82
22829 25.14 62228 27.82 9809 16.30 8169 25.40
962522 32.43 3131 25.27
52356 19.99
PLATE 18
WORKERS IN TERTIARY SECTOR, 1991
The map depicts the district level distribution of the workers in tertiary sector as percentage to total workers In the country as per 1991 Census.
The tertiary workers include those engaged in industrial categories of VII (Trade & Commerce), VIII (Transport, Storage and Communication) and IX (Others) which altogether account for 20.50 per cent of the workers of the country.
Higher proportion of tertiary workers in the country is confined mainly to more urbanized dis-tricts of the country. The variation ranges from 5.95 per cent in Madhepura district of Bihar to 72.48
SI States/UTs Total No. Main Workers
INDIA- 285932493
STATES
Andhra Pradesh 28445482 2 Arunachal Pradesh 390976 3 Assam 6992056 4 Bihar 25619038 5 Goa 383559 6 Gujarat 14095692 7 Haryana 4718726 8 Himachal Pradesh 1779100 9 Karnataka 17292117
10 Kerala 8301087 11 Madhya Pradesh 24934521 12 Maharashtra 31006109 13 Manipur 708283 14 Meghalaya 715587 15 Mizoram 290317 16 Nagaland 511497 17 Orissa 10377635 18 Punjab 6098374 19 Rajasthan 13915071 20 Sikkim 164392 21 Tamil Nadu 22799066 22 Trlpura 802063 23 Uttar Pradesh 41360734 24 West Bengal 20581048
UNION TERRITORIES
1 A & N Islands 90805 2 Chandlgarh 223628 3 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 60801
