Services Policy Reform in the People’s Republic of China: Before and After the Global Financial...

8/6/2019 Services Policy Reform in the Peoples Republic of China: Before and After the Global Financial Crisis

1/24

BIAE Tfqmegd ^b~kq _kqeks

_kq|eoks ^f`eou Qklfqj eg yck^kf~`ks Qk~{a`eo fl Ocegb8Aklfqk bgi Blykq yck D`fab`Legbgoeb` Oqeses

Uegd Lbg

Gf' ?>9B{d{sy 1>22

Bsebg Ik|k`f~jkgy Abgm Egsyey{yk


2/24

Yck Tfqmegd ^b~kq skqeks es b ofgyeg{byefg fl yck lfqjkqù gbjki Ieso{ssefg ^b~kq skqeks=yck g{jakqegd fl yck ~b~kqs ofgyeg{ki teycf{y egykqq{~yefg fq ocbgdk' BIAEs tfqmegd~b~kqs qkl`koy egeyeb` eikbs fg b yf~eo bgi bqk ~fsyki fgègk lfq ieso{ssefg' BIAE kgof{qbdksqkbikqs yf ~fsy yckeq ofjjkgys fg yck jbeg ~bdk lfq kboc tfqmegd ~b~kq #de|kg eg yckoeybyefg ak`ft%' _fjk tfqmegd ~b~kqs jbu ik|k`f~ egyf fyckq lfqjs fl ~{aèobyefg'

_{ddksyki oeybyefg8

Lbg, U' 1>22' _kq|eoks ^fèou Qklfqj eg yck ^kf~`ks Qk~{aèo fl Ocegb8Aklfqk bgi Blykq yck D`fab` Legbgoeb` Oqeses' BIAE Tfqmegd ^b~kq ?>9' Yfmuf8 BsebgIk|k`f~jkgy Abgm Egsyey{yk' B|be`ba`k8 cyy~8&&ttt'biae'fqd&tfqmegd*~b~kq&1>22&>3&2>*>3, Hb~bg

Yk`8 -32*?*?;5?*;;>>Lb8 -32*?*?;5?*;;42[Q@8 ttt'biae'fqdK*jbe`8 eglfNbiae'fqd

1>22 Bsebg Ik|k`f~jkgy Abgm Egsyey{yk
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


3/24

BIAE Tfqmegd ^b~kq ?>9 Lbg

Basyqboy

Bi|kqsk kllkoys fl yck d`fab` legbgoeb` oqeses fg egykqgbyefgb` yqbik ego`{ik lb`ègd ikjbgi,egoqkbski yqbik ~qfykoyefgesj, bgi iquegd {~ fl yqbik legbgok' J{oc byykgyefg cbs lfo{skifg yck ej~boy fl yck oqeses fg dffis yqbik= cftk|kq èykqby{qk fg eys ej~boy fg skq|eoks yqbikes èjeyki, ks~koeb`ù fg yck skq|eoks yqbik eg yck ^kf~`ks Qk~{aèo fl Ocegb #^QO%' Yces~b~kq bgbùxks yck ej~boy fl yck d`fab` legbgoeb` oqeses fg yck ^QOs skq|eoks yqbik,ieso{ssks ~fèou qks~fgsks au yck df|kqgjkgy, bgi ~{ys lfqtbqi ~fèou s{ddksyefgs' Yckjbeg legiegds fl yck ~b~kq bqk bs lf``fts8 B`ycf{dc yck d`fab` kofgfjeo bgi legbgoeb` oqesess~btgki b sugocqfgexki qkokssefg `kbiegd yf b ofgyqboyefg eg yck ^QOs skq|eoks yqbik, yckoqeses cbs cbi b jfikqbyk kllkoy fg yck ^QOs yqbik eg skq|eoks akob{sk fl yck `ftkqegykqgbyefgbèxbyefg fl skq|eoks' Yck ^QOs yqbik s{q~`{s eg dffis ikoqkbski bgi eys yqbikikleoey eg skq|eoks egoqkbski blykq yck oqeses' _yq{oy{qb` qklfqjs bqk gft {qdkgyù gkkiki yfck`~ s{~~fqy yck qkof|kqu fl f{y~{y bgi yqbik' B ~fssea`k sf`{yefg yf qkab`bgoegd yck yqbikab`bgok #yqbik s{q~`{s eg dffis bgi yqbik ikleoey eg skq|eoks% tf{ì ak yf k~bgi yqbik egskq|eoks' Yck ikdqkk fl f~kggkss lfq skq|eoks es `ftkq ycbg lfq dffis eg yck ^QO' L{qyckqèakqbèxbyefg eg skq|eoks yqbik es yck b~~qf~qebyk ~fèou ocfeok lfq yck df|kqgjkgy' Ofgyeg{ki

~fèou bgi qkd{`byfqu qklfqj eg lb|fq fl skq|eoks yqbik te`` ak |eyb` yf s{~~fqyegd kofgfjeoqkof|kqu

' Ej~qf|ki jbqmky bookss bgi gbyefgb` yqkbyjkgy fl lfqkedg skq|eok s{~~èkqs tf{ìck`~ kgcbgok yck ~qfi{oye|eyu bgi ofj~kyeye|kgkss fl `fob` skq|eoks leqjs bgi {~dqbik yckegi{syqu syq{oy{qk fl skq|eoks, tceoc es ksskgyeb` lfq yck of{gyqus kofgfju yf ocbgdk lqfjakegd iqe|kg au k~fqys yf akegd iqe|kg au ifjksyeo ikjbgi' Ikoqkbsegd yqbik bgieg|ksyjkgy abqqekqs tf{ì ck`~ k~bgi skq|eoks yqbik bgi eg|ksyjkgy, bgi egoqkbsk ^QOeg|f`|kjkgy eg yck d`fabèxbyefg fl skq|eoks'

HK@ O`bsseleobyefg8 L2?, L29


4/24


Ofgykgys

2' Yck Dqftegd Ej~fqybgok fl _kq|eoks bgi _kq|eoks Yqbik Eg yck ^kf~`ks Qk~{aèo flOcegb ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 22'2 Yck Dqftegd Ej~fqybgok fl _kq|eoks ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 22'1 _kq|eoks Yqbik ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2

1' Ej~boys fl yck D`fab` Legbgoeb` Oqeses fg Yqbik eg _kq|eoks ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 11'2 F|kq|ekt '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 11'1 Ofj~kyeye|kgkss eg _kq|eoks Yqbik '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 91'? Yqbik Iugbjeos8 Yqbik eg _kq|eoks au _{askoyfq '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 91'9 Yqbik Iugbjeos8 Yqbik eg _kq|eoks au Jfik fl _{~~ù '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

9' ^fsyoqeses _kq|eoks Yqbik ^fèou '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 219'2 ^fèoeks Bif~yki eg Qks~fgsk yf yck D`fab` Legbgoeb` Oqeses '''''''''''''''''''''''''' 219'1 _kq|eoks ^fèoeks8 Ocb``kgdks bgi F~~fqy{geyeks ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2?9'? ^fssea`k Ieqkoyefgs lfq _kq|eoks ^fèou Qklfqj '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2


5/24


2' YCK DQFTEGD EJ^FQYBGOK FL _KQ\EOK_ BGI_KQ\EOK_ YQBIK EG YCK ^KF^@K_ QK^[A@EO FLOCEGB

2'2 Yck Dqftegd Ej~fqybgok fl _kq|eoks

Yck skq|eoks skoyfq jbmks b ieqkoy bgi sedgeleobgy ofgyqea{yefg yf dqfss ifjksyeo ~qfi{oy#DI^% bgi hfa oqkbyefg' Ey jbmks bg ej~fqybgy ofgyqea{yefg yf kj~`fujkgy dqftyc,~qfi{oye|eyu, bgi eggf|byefg eg jfsy kofgfjeks, bgi cbs akofjk yck jfsy iugbjeo skoyfq egyck ^QO bs tk``' Boofqiegd yf yck Gbyefgb` A{qkb{ fl _ybyesyeos, yck scbqk fl skq|eoks eg yck^QO kofgfju egoqkbski ofgseikqbaù eg yck ~bsy ycqkk ikobiks' Eg 2543, yck skoyfqboof{gyki lfq 1?'5+ fl DI^= au 1>2> yces cbi egoqkbski yf 9?'>+' Eg 2543, ey kj~`fuki21'1+ fl b`` kj~`fukks eg yck ^QO= yces egoqkbski yf ?9'2+ eg 1>>5' Yck ^QO df|kqgjkgyqkdbqis yck book`kqbyki ik|k`f~jkgy fl yck skq|eoks skoyfq bs bg ej~fqybgy tbu yf ~qfjfykyck qbyefgbèxbyefg fl kofgfjeo syq{oy{qk, yqbgslfqj yck kofgfjeo ik|k`f~jkgy jfik bgi

yck lfqkedg yqbik ik|k`f~jkgy jfik, bs tk`` bs oqkbyk hfa f~~fqy{geyeks' El s{lleoekgyùofj~kyeye|k, skq|eoks cb|k yck ~fykgyeb`, eg yck `fgd q{g, yf dkgkqbyk gkt hfas lfq s{q~`{s`bafq o{qqkgyù `fobyki eg q{qb` bqkbs'

Yck ^QOs skq|eoks skoyfq es akofjegd jfqk ej~fqybgy' Cftk|kq, ofj~bqki teyc fyckqkofgfjeks tckqk yck skq|eoks skoyfq es akofjegd yck `bqdksy skoyfq, yck ^QO es `bddegdakob{sk fl yck `ftkq scbqk fl skq|eoks eg DI^' Yck skq|eoks skoyfq boof{gys lfq bsedgeleobgy ~qf~fqyefg fl DI^ eg jfsy of{gyqeks, ego`{iegd `ft*egofjk of{gyqeks, tckqk eylqkr{kgyù dkgkqbyks f|kq ;>+ fl DI^' Eg 1>> yf 1>2>, skq|eoks cb|k akkg yck lbsyksy dqftegd skdjkgy fl tfqì yqbik bgi lfqyck ^QO bs tk``' Lqfj 255> yf 1>>>, yck ^QOs bgg{b` dqftyc qbyk fl skq|eoks k~fqy tbs23+ bgi bgg{b` dqftyc qbyk fl skq|eoks ej~fqy 19+ fg b ukbq*fg*ukbq abses' Lqfj 1>>> yf1>>5, yck bgg{b` dqftyc qbyk fl skq|eoks k~fqy tbs 24+ bgi bgg{b` dqftyc qbyk fl skq|eoksej~fqy 23+ fg b ukbq*fg*ukbq abses' Yck dqftyc fl yck ^QOs skq|eoks yqbik kokkiki ycktfqì b|kqbdk dqftyc lqfj 255> yf 1>>5' Yck ^QOs ~fseyefg eg tfqì skq|eoks yqbik lfqk~fqys b`sf egoqkbski lqfj 21yc eg 1>>2 yf ;yc eg 1>>5, bgi lfq ej~fqys lqfj 2>yc eg 1>>2 yf9yc eg 1>>5' Yck ^QO cbs akofjk fgk fl yck yf~ le|k yqbiegd gbyefgs'

Iks~eyk yck cedckq dqftyc qbyk bgi egoqkbski qbgmegd fl yck ^QOs skq|eoks yqbik, yckqk cbsb`sf akkg b skq|eoks yqbik ~bqbif eg yck ^QO' Eg ofgyqbsy yf jkqocbgiesk yqbik, yck ^QO$syqbik eg skq|eoks tbs fl b sjb``kq sob`k bgi cbi `fgd akkg eg ikleoey' Yck ~bqbif tbsscftki au yck kyqkjkù `ftkq scbqk fl skq|eoks yqbik ofj~bqki teyc dffis yqbik' Yck^QOs scbqk fl skq|eoks eg yfyb` yqbik es `ftkq ycbg afyc yck tfqì b|kqbdk bgi ycby fl yck`kbiegd yqbiegd gbyefgs' Lqfj 255> yf 1>>5, yck scbqk fl skq|eoks eg tfqì yqbik tbs bqf{gi1>+' Lfq yck ^QO, yck scbqk fl skq|eoks eg yfyb` yqbik es ak`ft 2>+' Yck `ftkq scbqk fl

skq|eoks eg yfyb` yqbik qkl`koyki yck `ftkq scbqk fl skq|eoks eg yck DI^'


6/24


1

Yck ^QOs skq|eok ~bqbif qks{`ys lqfj yck aebs eg lb|fq fl jkqocbgiesk jbg{lboy{qegd bgickb|u egi{syqeks' _kq|eoks ~`bu b mku qf`k eg ofj~kyeye|kgkss bgi yqbik lboeèybyefg' Yck~fykgyeb` dbegs lqfj jfqk f~kg skq|eoks yqbik bqk dqkbykq ycbg ycfsk lqfj èakqbèxegd dffis'Yck `ftkq scbqk fl skq|eoks yqbik cbs ej~kiki yck k~bgsefg fl akgkleys fl yqbikèakqbèxbyefg eg yck skq|eoks skoyfq'

1' EJ^BOY_ FL YCK D@FAB@ LEGBGOEB@ OQE_E_ FGYQBIK EG _KQ\EOK_

1'2 F|kq|ekt

1'2'2 Yqbik eg _kq|eoks Yqkgis

Yck legbgoeb` oqeses ej~boyki egykqgbyefgb` yqbik lqfj ytf bs~koys8 Fg yck legbgoeb` seik, yckoqeses ieqkoyù ej~beqki yck kg|eqfgjkgy lfq yqbik legbgoegd teyc yf{dckq ofgieyefgs, qki{okioqkiey ègks, bgi ik`buki yqbik skyy`kjkgy, yc{s bi|kqskù bllkoyegd egykqgbyefgb` yqbik' Fg

~cuseob` seik, yck legbgoeb` oqeses ob{ski s{asybgyeb` ik~qkoebyefg fl legbgoeb` bsskys' Yckqb~ei qki{oyefg fl tkb`yc yqeddkqki b sykk~ ikoègk eg eg|ksyjkgy bgi ofgs{j~yefg, qks{`yegdeg qki{oki ikjbgi lfq ej~fqys ego`{iegd skq|eoks' Yck skq|eoks skoyfq es ieqkoyù bllkoyki auyck legbgoeb` oqeses, segok legbgoegd eysk`l lb``s eg yck obykdfqu fl skq|eoks' Bgi yqbik egskq|eoks au gby{qk es cedcù ofgieyefgb` fg yck f~kqbyefg fl yck ~cuseob` kofgfju' Yckiftgy{qg eg ikjbgi lfq eg|ksyjkgy bgi ofgs{j~yefg gfy fgù bllkoyki jkqocbgiesk ej~fqysbgi k~fqys, a{y ieqkoyù bllkoyki yck ikjbgi lfq skq|eoks by yck sbjk yejk'

[gikq yck ej~boy fl yck legbgoeb` oqeses, yck ^QOs yqbik eg skq|eoks lk`` gfybaù' Eg 1>>3, yck^QOs skq|eoks ej~fqys bgi k~fqys #fg ab`bgok fl ~bujkgy abses% bjf{gyki yf [_)?>9'9;ae`èfg, {~ 12'?+ lqfj 1>>4, tce`k yck dqftyc jbqdeg iqf~~ki au 5'>5, yck ^QOs skq|eoks ej~fqys bgi k~fqys #fg ab`bgok fl ~bujkgy abses% yfyb``ki)13>5 ey akdbg yf q{g b ikleoey' Fyckq a{segkss skq|eoks cbi yqbik s{q~`{sks eg 1>>5,

egoqkbsegd au 2>9'1+ lqfj 1>>3'


7/24


?

Led{qk 28 Dffis bgi _kq|eoks Yqbik Dqftyc Qbyk fl yck ^kf~`ks Qk~{aèo fl Ocegb1>>11>2> #+%

*1>

*2>

>

2>

1>

?>

9>

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1>>1 1>>? 1>>9 1>>; 1>>< 1>>4 1>>3 1>>5 1>2>

Dffis K~fqy Dqftyc qbyk _kq|oeks K~fqy dqftyc qbyk

*1>

*2>

>

2>

1>

?>

9>

;>

1>>1 1>>? 1>>9 1>>; 1>>< 1>>4 1>>3 1>>5 1>2>

Dffis Ej~fqy Dqftyc Qbyk _kq|oeks Ej~fqy dqftyc qbyk

_f{qok8 Jegesyqu fl Ofjjkqok, kf~`ks Qk~{aèo fl Ocegb= _ybyk Bijegesyqbyefg fl Lfqkedg Kocbgdk, kf~`ksQk~{aèo fl Ocegb'

Eg yck leqsy cb`l fl 1>2>, boofqiegd yf ab`bgok fl ~bujkgys sybyesyeos fl yck _ybykBijegesyqbyefg fl Lfqkedg Kocbgdk, yck ^QOs skq|eoks yqbik qkof|kqki sybaù' Yfyb`skq|eoks yqbik |b`{k bjf{gyki yf [_)2


8/24


9

_kq|eok yqbik tbs jfqk qfa{sy ycbg dffis yqbik akob{sk ikjbgi tbs `kssouoèob` bgi ik~kgikgok fg kykqgb` legbgok tbs `kss' Yck ej~boy fl yck oqeses fgyck ^QOb of{gyqu `kss ik~kgikgy fg jkqocbgiesk k~fqys fyckq ycbg skq|eoksk~fqys lfq dqftyces lbq `kss iqbjbyeo' Yck ~kqlfqjbgok fl yck ifjksyeo jbqmky bgiifjksyeo ikjbgi qkjbegki ~fseye|k'

Yck ^QOs skq|eoks skoyfq es o{qqkgyù gfy yfyb`ù egykdqbyki teyc d`fab` jbqmkys'Yck d`fab` legbgoeb` oqeses cbi sfjk bi|kqsk kllkoys fg yck ^QOs yqbik eg skq|eoks' A{yyck egl`{kgok fl yck oqeses fg yck skq|eoks yqbik tbs èjeyki ofj~bqki teyc dffis yqbik'Yces tbs ~bqyù i{k yf yck ikdqkk fl f~kggkss fl yck skq|eoks skoyfq, tceoc es `ftkqycbg lfq yck dffis skoyfq' Yck ^QOs skq|eoks yqbik yffm b sjb`` scbqk eg yfyb` yqbik'_kq|eoks k~fqys tkqk fgù 5'?9+ fl yfyb` k~fqys eg 1>>3 bgi 5'4?+ eg 1>>5= skq|eoksej~fqys tkqk 21'99+ fl yfyb` ej~fqys eg 1>>3 bgi 2?'32+ eg 1>>5' Ofj~bqki teyc leqjseg dffis yqbik, jfsy skq|eoks leqjs bqk gfy eg|f`|ki eg skq|eoks yqbik'

1'1 Ofj~kyeye|kgkss eg _kq|eoks Yqbik

Eg 1>>3, yck ^QO qbgmki sk|kgyc eg tfqì skq|eoks k~fqys bgi lelyc eg tfqì skq|eoksej~fqys' Eg 1>>5, yck ^QOs qbgmegd eg tfqì skq|eoks k~fqys qfsk yf lelyc bgi eys qbgmegd egtfqì skq|eoks ej~fqys qfsk yf lf{qyc' Eg 1>>5, yck ^QOs scbqk fl tfqì skq|eoks k~fqystbs ?'3+ #kr{b` yf fgk*lf{qyc fl [_ skq|eoks k~fqys% bgi yck scbqk fl tfqì skq|eoksej~fqys tbs ;'>+' Eg 1>>5, yck ^QOs scbqk fl tfqì dffis k~fqys egoqkbski yf 5'>3, yck skq|eoks yqbik ikleoey tbs [_)22';< ae`èfg, bg egoqkbsk fl ;1+ lqfj 1>>4' Eg1>>5, yck skq|eoks yqbik ikleoey tbs [_)15'< ae`èfg, bg egoqkbsk fl 2;>3' Yck^QOs yqbik ofj~kyeye|k egik lfq skq|eoks yqbik b`sf ikoègki lqfj gkdbye|k >'>9 eg 1>>3 yfgkdbye|k >'2> eg 1>>5'

Ykj~fqbqu jkbs{qks b`fgk bqk gfy s{lleoekgy yf ofqqkoy ejab`bgoks eg yck ^QO$s ~byykqg flkofgfjeo dqftyc bgi ik|k`f~jkgy, tceoc bqk jboqfkofgfjeo bgi syq{oy{qb` eg gby{qk' Yckoqeses qkeglfqoki yck ^QO$s egykgyefg yf {gikqybmk jfqk `fgdkq*ykqj syq{oy{qb` qklfqjsgkkiki yf syqkgdyckg eys skq|eoks skoyfq bgi yf ie|kqselu yck kofgfjeo bgi yqbik syq{oy{qk'

1'? Yqbik Iugbjeos8 Yqbik eg _kq|eoks au _{askoyfq

1'?'2 Dqftyc Qbyk Iellkqki bjfgd \bqef{s _kq|eoks _{askoyfqs

Yck dqftyc qbyk iellkqki bjfgd 21 skq|eoks s{askoyfqs eg yck ^QO aklfqk bgi blykq yckoqeses' B`jfsy b`` yck s{askoyfqs qkof|kqki qb~eiù eg 1>2>'

Lfq k~fqys, sk|kg s{askoyfqs ego`{iegd yqbgs~fqybyefg, yqb|k`, ofjj{geobyefg, ofgsyq{oyefg,qfub`yeks bgi èokgsks, le`j bgi b{ief|es{b`, bgi fyckq a{segkss skq|eoks tkqk bllkoyki auyck d`fab` legbgoeb` oqesesyck |b`{k fl yckeq k~fqys ikoègki bgi dqftyc qbyks tkqk gkdbye|keg 1>>5' Le|k fyckq skoyfqs ego`{iegdegs{qbgok, legbgoeb` skq|eoks, ofj~{ykq bgi eglfqjbyefgskq|eoks, ofgs{`yegd skq|eoks, bgi bi|kqyesegd bgi ~{aèo*f~egefg ~f`ègdtkqk `kss bllkoykiau yck oqesesyck |b`{k fl yckeq k~fqys egoqkbski eg 1>>5 fg b ukbq*fg*ukbq abses' Yckkjkqdegd yqbik eg yck skq|eoks skoyfqs teyc cedc*biiki |b`{k s{oc bs egs{qbgok, bgiofj~{ykq bgi jkssbdegd skq|eoks tkqk gfy bs abiù bllkoyki au yck oqeses blykq b``teyck~fqy dqftyc jbqdegs jfqk ycbg yteok ycby fl skq|eoks skoyfq k~fqys bs b tcf`k' Eg yck leqsycb`l fl 1>2>, b`jfsy b`` yck skq|eoks s{askoyfq dqkt qb~eiù eg k~fqys kok~yofjj{geobyefgs skq|eok'

Lfq ej~fqys, le|k s{askoyfqs ego`{iegd yqbgs~fqybyefg, ofgsyq{oyefg, egs{qbgok, ofgs{`yegdskq|eoks, bgi fyckq a{segkss skq|eokstkqk bllkoyki au yck d`fab` legbgoeb` oqesesej~fqys


9/24


;

|b`{k ikoègki bgi scftki gkdbye|k dqftyc qbyks eg 1>>5' _k|kg s{askoyfqs ego`{iegdyqb|k`, ofgsyq{oyefg, legbgoeb` skq|eoks, ofj~{ykq bgi eglfqjbyefg skq|eoks, qfub`yeks bgièokgsks, bi|kqyesegd bgi ~{aèo f~egefg ~f`ègd, bgi le`j bgi b{ief|es{b` tkqk `kss bllkoykiau yck oqeses bgi ej~fqys |b`{k egoqkbski eg 1>>5 fg b ukbq*fg*ukbq abses' Eg yck leqsy cb`l fl1>2>, b`jfsy b`` yck skq|eoks s{askoyfqs dqkt qb~eiù eg k~fqys kok~y fyckq a{segkssskq|eoks'

1'?'1 Ocbgdegd _kq|eoks Yqbik Ofj~fseyefg ^fsyoqeses

Yck scbqk fl yck ^QO$s yqbieyefgb` skq|eoks s{askoyfqs s{oc bs yqbgs~fqy bgi yf{qesj eg yfyb`skq|eoks ej~fqys bgi k~fqys ikoègki sèdcyù= fyckq kjkqdegd skq|eoks skoyfqs s{oc bsegs{qbgok, ofj~{ykq bgi eglfqjbyefg skq|eoks, bgi ofgs{`yegd egoqkbski dqbi{b`ù eg~qf~fqyefg, b`ycf{dc sye`` |kqu `ft' Yck abseo ofj~fseyefg fl yck ^QOs skq|eoks yqbikocbgdki sèdcyù, a{y yck yqbieyefgb` skq|eoks s{askoyfqs sye`` tkqk qks~fgsea`k lfq yck `bqdksyscbqk eg yfyb` skq|eoks yqbik' Yck d`fab` legbgoeb` oqeses iei gfy bllkoy yck ^QOs skq|eoksyqbik ofj~fseyefg j{oc eg yck scfqy q{g'

Lfq k~fqys, yck scbqk fl yqbgs~fqybyefg bgi yf{qesj skq|eoks ikoègki lqfj ;>3' Eg 1>>5, yck scbqk fl yqbieyefgb` skq|eoks s{askoyfqs ikoègki yf 95'1+ bgil{qyckq yf 93'2+ eg yck leqsy cb`l fl 1>2>' Yck kjkqdegd skq|eoks s{askoyfqs ego`{iegdegs{qbgok, legbgoeb` skq|eoks, ofj~{ykq bgi eglfqjbyefg skq|eoks, bgi qfub`yeks bgi èokgsksyffm b scbqk fl 91'4+ eg 1>>4 bgi 99'5+ eg 1>>3' Yck scbqk qfsk lqfj 95'3+ eg 1>>5 yf;2'1+ eg yck leqsy cb`l fl 1>2>'

Lfq ej~fqys, yck scbqk fl yqbgs~fqybyefg bgi yf{qesj skq|eoks ikoègki lqfj ;>3' Eg 1>>5, yck scbqk fl yqbieyefgb` skq|eoks s{askoyfqs qkaf{giki yf ;4'2+ bgil{qyckq yf '2+ eg yck leqsy cb`l fl 1>2>' Yck scbqk fl kjkqdegd skq|eoks s{askoyfqsego`{iegd egs{qbgok, legbgoeb` skq|eoks, ofj~{ykq bgi eglfqjbyefg skq|eoks, bgi qfub`yeks bgièokgsks tbs 9?'9+ eg 1>>4 bgi 9;'9+ eg 1>>3, a{y yck scbqk ikoègki yf 91'5+ eg 1>>5bgi yf ?5'9+ eg yck leqsy cb`l fl 1>2>'

_kq|eoks _{askoyfqs Q{g b Yqbik Ikleoey fq _{q~`{s_kq|eoks ej~fqys dqkt lbsykq ycbg k~fqys bgi yck yqbik ikleoey eg skq|eoks dqkt `bqdkq ukbq*au*ukbq' Yck yfyb` skq|eoks yqbik ikleoey ofgyeg{ks yf dqft ~fsyoqeses, a{y gfy b`` ycks{askoyfqs cb|k yqbik ikleoeys #Led{qk 2?%'

Eg 1>>3, lf{q skq|eoks skoyfqs ego`{iegd yqbgs~fqybyefg, egs{qbgok, legbgoeb` skq|eoks, bgiqfub`yeks bgi èokgsks cbi yqbik ikleoeys, tce`k kedcy cbi b yqbik s{q~`{s' Bjfgd yckjofgsyq{oyefg skq|eoks, yf{qesj, ofgs{`ybgou, ofj~{ykq bgi eglfqjbyefg, bgi fyckq a{segkssskq|eoks bqk yck yf~ le|k, teyc b yfyb` s{q~`{s fl [_)12'1? ae`èfg'

Eg 1>>5, sk|kg skq|eoks s{askoyfqs ego`{iegd yqbgs~fqybyefg, yqb|k`, egs{qbgok, legbgoeb`skq|eoks, qfub`yeks bgi èokgsks, bgi le`j bgi b{ief|es{b`cbi yqbik ikleoeys' Yqbgs~fqybyefgskq|eoks cbi b yqbik ikleoey fl [_)1?'>2 ae`èfg, {~ au 5?'2+ fg b ukbq*fg*ukbq abses'Yf{qesj skq|eoks scelyki lqfj b yqbik s{q~`{s fl [_)9'>3 yf b yqbik ikleoey fl[_)9'> eg 1>>5' Ofgsyq{oyefg skq|eoks cbi b yqbik s{q~`{s fl [_)?'< ae`èfg, iftg lqfj[_)>+ fg bukbq*fg*ukbq abses'


10/24


>4 bgi boof{gyegd lfq ;?'>+ fl yck yfyb` g{jakq fl gktùksybaèscki lfqkedg*eg|ksyki kgykq~qesks eg 1>>3' Yck boy{b` {yeèxbyefg fl lfqkedg eg|ksyjkgybjf{gyki yf [_);9'59 ae`èfg, boof{gyegd lfq ;>'4+ fl yck yfyb` lfqkedg ob~eyb` boy{b`ù{yeèxki au yck ^QO, bg egoqkbsk fl ?';+ f|kq 1>>4'

Eg 1>>3, 1+ fl yck yfyb` gktù ksybaèscki lfqkedg skq|eoks kgykq~qesks bgi 1'5+ fl yck yfyb`

skq|eoks LIE' LIE eg kgykqybegjkgy, o{`y{qk, bgi s~fqys skq|eoks bjf{gyki yf [_)1?> je`èfgbgi 2;4 lfqkedg kgykq~qesks tkqk sky {~, iftg 9>'4+ fg b ukbq*fg*ukbq abses' LIE eglegbgoeb` skq|eoks bjf{gyki yf [_);4> je`èfg, boof{gyegd lfq 2';+ fl yfyb` LIE eg skq|eoks=1; lfqkedg*eg|ksyki kgykq~qesks tkqk sky {~ eg legbgoeb` skq|eoks bgi yffm b scbqk fl >'1+=9;1 lfqkedg kgykq~qesks eg qkb` ksybyk tkqk gktù ksybaèscki ybmegd b scbqk fl ?'9+= bgiLIE eg qkb` ksybyk bjf{gyki yf [_)23';5 ae`èfg teyc b scbqk fl 93'3+'

Eg 1>>5, 22,9? ae`èfg, ikoègegd au 1'>5, ofjjkqoeb` ~qkskgok eg yck qkb` ksybyk egi{syqu dqkt s{asybgyeb`ù= ;2>, {~?>3, yck ^QO$s skq|eoks skoyfqs jbik f{ytbqi lfqkedg ieqkoy eg|ksyjkgy #FLIE% fl[_)94, boof{gyegd lfq 31';+ fl yck ^QO$s yfyb` FLIE'

Eg 1>>3, FLIE eg yck legbgoeb` skoyfq qfsk scbq~ù yf [_)29'>; ae`èfg, boof{gyegd lfq ?>';+fl yfyb` FLIE eg skq|eoks, bgi egoqkbsegd au 491'?+ fg b ukbq*fg*ukbq abses' FLIE eg `kbsegdbgi a{segkss skq|eoks bjf{gyki yf [_)12'41 ae`èfg, egoqkbsegd au 134'?+ bgi boof{gyegdlfq 94'2+= FLIE eg tcf`ksb`k bgi qkybe` bjf{gyki yf [_)


11/24


4

egi{syqu bjf{gyki yf [_)?'> ae`èfg, ikoègegd au 2'4+ bgi boof{gyegd lfq >''4+'

Eg 1>>5, yck d`fab` legbgoeb` oqeses bi|kqskù bllkoyki yck ^QOs ofjjkqoeb` ~qkskgok

baqfbi' Cftk|kq, yck ^QOs FLIE gky l`fts eg 1>>5 qkbocki [_);


12/24


3

teyc tcfj yck ^QO cbi b yqbik ikleoey eg skq|eoks= ey bjf{gyki yf [_);';1 ae`èfg' Yck^QOs yqbik ikleoey eg skq|eoks teyc Hb~bg bjf{gyki yf [_)?'3< ae`èfg= yck Qk~{aèo flMfqkb [_)1''4? ae`èfg'

Eg 1>>5, yck ^QO$s skq|eoks ej~fqys bgi k~fqys sye`` ofgokgyqbyki eg Cfgd Mfgd, Ocegb= yck[_= yck K[= Hb~bg= bgi B_KBG' K~fqys yf ycksk jbhfq yqbiegd ~bqygkqs scftki b

ikoqkbsegd yqkgi, bgi ej~fqys qkjbegki by yck sbjk sob`k bs yck ~qk|ef{s ukbq'Yck yqbik |b`{k fl yck le|k ~bqygkqs teyc yck ^QO bjf{gyki yf [_)242'94 ae`èfg, boof{gyegdlfq ;5'3+ fl yck ^QOs yfyb` skq|eoks yqbik eg 1>>5, lb`ègd au 3'


13/24


5

Eg gkbqù b`` socki{`ks, ofjjeyjkgys bqk s~èy egyf ytf skoyefgs8 Leqsy, cfqexfgybòfjjeyjkgys ycby sye~{`byk èjeybyefgs ycby b~~ù yf b`` skoyfqs ego`{iki eg yck socki{`k=ycksk flykg qklkq yf b ~bqyeo{`bq jfik fl s{~~ù, gfybaù ofjjkqoeb` ~qkskgok bgi yck~qkskgok fl gby{qb` ~kqsfgs' Bgu k|b`{byefg fl skoyfq*s~koeleo ofjjeyjkgys j{sy yckqklfqkybmk yck cfqexfgyb` kgyqeks egyf boof{gy' Eg yck skofgi skoyefg fl yck socki{`k, ofjjeyjkgysycby b~~ù yf yqbik eg skq|eoks eg b ~bqyeo{`bq skoyfq fq s{askoyfq bqk èsyki'

Yck ^QOs skq|eok egi{syqu tbs f~kgki yf b `k|k` o`fsk yf ycby eg ik|k`f~ki of{gyqeks,of|kqegd 2> fl yck 21 jbhfq DBY_ skq|eok obykdfqeks bgi 2>> fl yck 2 jegfq obykdfqeks'Yck socki{`k lfq yck ^QO cbs gfy fgù cedc skoyfq of|kqbdk a{y b`sf ofjjeyjkgys eg mkus{askoyfqs' Yck ^QO cbs jbik s~koeleo ofjjeyjkgys lfq 5? skq|eok s{askoyfqs' Bjfgd 1>3' Yck TYF_koqkybqeby qk~fqy,1 b`fgd teyc b ~fèou sybykjkgy au yck ^QO df|kqgjkgy,?

Blykq bookssefg yf TYF, yck ^QO df|kqgjkgy ksybaèscki b sky fl gkt q{`ks bgi qkd{`byefgsyf ~qfjfyk f~kgegd {~ fl eys skq|eoks skoyfq' Ycksk q{`ks bgi qkd{`byefgs jbegù ego`{ikiyck Qkd{`byefg fg Bijegesyqbyefg fl Ofjjkqoeb` Lqbgocesk, Ikybe`ki Q{`ks lfq yckEj~`kjkgybyefg fl yck Qkd{`byefgs fg yck Bijegesyqbyefg fl Lfqkedg*L{giki Abgms fl yck^kf~`ks Qk~{aèo fl Ocegb, Jkbs{qks lfq yck Eglfqjbyefg Ieso`fs{qk fl Ofjjkqoeb` Abgms,Jkbs{qks lfq yck Bijegesyqbyefg fl Yq{sy Ofj~bgeks, Jkbs{qks lfq yck Bijegesyqbyefg flLegbgok @kbsegd Ofj~bgeks, Jkbs{qks lfq yck F|kqskbs Eg|ksyjkgy teyc Egs{qbgok L{gis,Bijegesyqbye|k Jkbs{qks lfq Egs{qbgok @eokgsks, Jkbs{qks lfq yck Bijegesyqbyefg fl Lfqkedg

tbs yck abses lfqyck skofgi yqbik ~fèou qk|ekt au TYFs Yqbik ^fèou Qk|ekt Afiu' Boofqiegd yf yck qk|ektqk~fqy, yck ^QO cbs ofgyeg{ki yf bif~y jkbs{qks yf egoqkbsk yqbgs~bqkgou fl eys yqbik bgiyqbik*qk`byki ~fèoeks, ~qboyeoks, bgi jkbs{qks' Ey cbs akkg èakqbèxegd eys skq|eoks skoyfqo`fskù eg ègk teyc eys ofjjeyjkgys {gikq yck DBY_' Qk`k|bgy `kdes`byefg es akegd f~kqbyki

ofgsesykgy teyc TYF q{`ks' Yck ^QO cbs jbik kllfqys yf ofj~ù teyc eys TYF faèdbyefgs,~{qs{egd s{asybgyeb` qklfqj ~qfdqbjs, eg afyc eys yqbik bgi eg|ksyjkgy qkdejks'

1TYF' 1>2>' Yqbik ^fèou Qk|ekt8 Ocegb8 Qk~fqy au yck _koqkybqeby' TY&Y^Q&_&255

?TYF' 1>2>' Yqbik ^fèou Qk|ekt8 Qk~fqy au yck ^kf~`ks Qk~{aèo fl Ocegb' TY&Y^Q&D&255


14/24


2>

_yfom Kocbgdks$ Qk~qkskgybye|k Flleoks eg Ocegb' Ycksk `bts bgi qkd{`byefgs kjafiu yck^QOs TYF ofjjeyjkgys bgi egofq~fqbyk jkbs{qks fl b{yfgfjf{s èakqbèxbyefg,ikjfgsyqbyegd yck ^QOs ~fseye|k sybgi yf f~kgegd {~ eys yqbik eg skq|eoks'

Yck ^QO jbik eys yqbik qkdejk jfqk yqbgs~bqkgy au egyqfi{oegd yck Qkd{`byefg fg F~kgDf|kqgjkgy Eglfqjbyefg, tceoc kgykqki egyf lfqok fg 2 Jbu 1>>3' Bs b iksedgbyki

df|kqgjkgy ~{aèobyefg yf jbmk ~{aèo yqbik*qk`byki `bts bgi qkd{`byefgs, Ocegb LfqkedgKofgfjeo bgi Yqbik Dbxkyykcbi ~{aèscki jfqk ycbg ?,?>> `bts, qkd{`byefgs, bgi s~koeleojkbs{qks au yck kgi fl 1>>4'

Lfq jfik ?ofjjkqoeb` ~qkskgok~qefq yf yck ^QOs TYF bookssefg, lfqkedg ofj~bgekseg jbgu skq|eoks skoyfqs iei gfy cb|k bg {gr{bèleki qedcy yf b~~ù lfq b èokgsk yf ksybaèscfq fyckqtesk ~qf|eik skq|eoks eg yck ^QO' Ycku of{ì fgù b~~ù lfq b èokgsk el ycku leqsyqkoke|ki bg eg|eybyefg lqfj yck qk`k|bgy ^QO qkd{`byfqu b{ycfqeyeks, bgi k|kg yckg yckikoesefg*jbmegd ~qfokss `bomki yqbgs~bqkgou bgi tbs s{ahkoy yf egfqiegbyk ik`bu bgiiesoqkyefg' Eg eys bookssefg bdqkkjkgy, yck ^QO ofjjeyyki yf èokgsegd ~qfoki{qks ycby tkqksyqkbjègki, yqbgs~bqkgy, bgi jfqk ~qkieoyba`k' Yck ^QOs skq|eoks socki{`k ob``ki lfq yckej~`kjkgybyefg fl qk`bye|kù jegfq biieyefgb` ofjjeyjkgys au 22 Ikokjakq 1>>4, eg bqkbs

s{oc bs ybbyefg skq|eoks, jbgbdkjkgy ofgs{`yegd skq|eoks, yqb|k` bgi yf{qesj skq|eoks, bgiqbe` yqbgs~fqy skq|eoks' Ycksk ofjjeyjkgys bqk yck `bsy fgks socki{`ki yf ak ~cbski eg~{qs{bgy yf yck ^QOs socki{`ki ofjjeyjkgys'

_egok hfegegd TYF, yck ^QO cbs dqbi{b`ù èlyki yck èjeys fg lfqkedg eg|ksyjkgy eg yckskq|eoks skoyfq eg bs~koys s{oc bs dkfdqb~ceo qkdefgs, kr{eyu, bgi a{segkss sof~k' Yckskoyfq es jfqk f~kg yf yck f{yseik, qks{`yegd eg byyqboyefg fl jfqk lfqkedg eg|ksyjkgy bgik~bgsefg fl ofjjkqoeb` ~qkskgok eg yck ^QO'

Yck ^QO ksybaèscki b sky fl gkt q{`ks bgi qkd{`byefgs yf ~qfjfyk f~kgegd {~ fl eysskq|eoks skoyfq' Ycksk `bts bgi qkd{`byefgs egofq~fqbyk jkbs{qks fl b{yfgfjf{sèakqbèxbyefg, ikjfgsyqbyegd yck ^QO$s ~fseye|k sybgok yftbqi f~kgegd {~ eys yqbik egskq|eoks' _k|kqb` gkt ifjksyeo yqbik*qk`byki `bts tkqk bif~yki, ego`{iegd yck ^qf~kqyu

@bt, Kgykq~qesk Egofjk Yb @bt, Bgye*Jfgf~fù @bt, bgi @bt fg Kgykq~qesk Abgmq{~you'Ycksk `bts ofgyqea{yk yf b jfqk q{`k*abski ~qkieoyba`k a{segkss kg|eqfgjkgy, ~bqyeo{`bqùej~fqybgy lfq lfqkedg eg|ksyfqs' Qkokgyù yck ^QO cbs akkg jf|egd yf kgs{qk kr{b` booksslfq ifjksyeo bgi lfqkedg eg|ksyfqs'

?'? Jkbs{qegd yck _kq|eoks ^fèou

Yck ^QO$s skq|eoks ofjjeyjkgys by bookssefg tkqk qkofdgexki lfq yckeq aqkbiyc bgisedgeleobgok' Yck of{gyqu cbs akkg sykbieù ej~`kjkgyegd eys ofjjeyjkgys' Yck skq|eoksjbqmky es f~kg bgi yck df|kqgjkgy yqeks yf ~qf|eik lbeq, gfg*iesoqejegbyfqu bookss eg ègkteyc eys TYF ofjjeyjkgys'

Kedcy ukbqs blykq eys TYF kgyqu, yck ^QO gkkis yf ofgyeg{k yf ej~qf|k eg sfjk bqkbs,ego`{iegd bookss au lfqkedg ofj~bgeks= jfqk yqbgs~bqkgou eg ifjksyeo qkd{`byefgs=sjffyckq bijegesyqbye|k ~qfoki{qks, ks~koeb`ù èokgsegd ~qfoki{qks= ob~eyb` qkr{eqkjkgyslfq legbgoeb` egsyey{yefgs= o`kbqkq d{eikègks fg bookss yf yck yk`kofjj{geobyefgs egi{syqu lfq hfegy |kgy{qks= bgi q{`ks df|kqgegd ifjksyeo iesyqea{yefg fl lfqkedg ~qfi{oys' Eg yck ^QO,sfjk skq|eoks s{askoyfqs bqk sye`` s{ahkoy yf b okqybeg ikdqkk fl sybyk ofgyqf` bgi `bom flofj~kyeyefg' _k|kqb` ofgyeg{k yf ak ocbqboykqexki au sybyk eg|f`|kjkgy bgi sybykegykqlkqkgok eg yck kofgfju ycby es sye`` gfyeokba`k, iesyfqyegd jbqmky l{goyefgegd' Yckqk bqksye`` sfjk qksyqeoyefgs fg lfqkedg eg|ksyjkgy bgi ~qe|byk*skoyfq boye|eyeks eg sk|kqb` fl yckegie|ei{b` s{askoyfqs ego`{iegd abgmegd, egs{qbgok, sko{qeyeks, bssky jbgbdkjkgy, bgiyk`kofjj{geobyefgs skq|eoks'

Yck ^QOs qkd{`byefgs cb|k dkgkqbyki sedgeleobgy ofgokqgs teyc qkdbqi yf yckej~`kjkgybyefg fl ej~fqybgy ofjjeyjkgys eg yck bqkb fl abgmegd skq|eoks' Koksse|k bgiflykg b~~bqkgyù iesoqejegbyfqu ob~eyb` qkr{eqkjkgys au egykqgbyefgb` gfqjs cb|k ofgyeg{ki


15/24


22

yf qksyqeoy jbqmky kgyqu lfq lfqkedg s{~~èkqs eg jbgu bqkbs, s{oc bs abgmegd, sko{qeyeks,bssky jbgbdkjkgy, yk`kofjj{geobyefgs, bgi ofgsyq{oyefg skq|eoks' Eg biieyefg, eg abgmegd,egs{qbgok, bgi `kdb` skq|eoks, aqbgoc qksyqeoyefgs bgi qk`byki ~qboyeoks èjey jbqmky booksslfq lfqkedg s{~~èkqs' Eg fyckq bqkbs, ~bqyeo{`bqù ofgsyq{oyefg skq|eoks, ~qfa`kjbyeo jkbs{qksb~~kbq yf ak ybmegd btbu ~qk|ef{sù bor{eqki jbqmky bookss qedcys'

Gbyefgb` yqkbyjkgy ofgokqgs cb|k qkjbegki, ~bqyeo{`bqù lfq abgmegd bgi egs{qbgok' Eg sfjks{askoyfqs, ~bqyeo{`bqù egs{qbgok skq|eoks, yck èokgsegd ~qfokss tbs ocbqboykqexki au`kgdycu ik`bus' Yck ^QO sye`` ifks gfy b``ft lfqkedg oqkiey obqi ofj~bgeks bgi fyckqs{~~èkqs yf ~qf|eik k`koyqfgeo ~bujkgy ~qfokssegd bgi qk`byki skq|eoks lfq ifjksyeoo{qqkgou yqbgsboyefgs'

Qksyqeoyefgs fg yqbik eg skq|eoks ej~fsk ofsys, èjey ifjksyeo bgi egykqgbyefgb` ofj~kyeyefg,ikoqkbsk klleoekgou, bgi ~kqjey ego{jakgy skq|eok s{~~èkqs yf ocbqdk ~qeoks baf|k ycfsk egb ofj~kyeye|k jbqmky' Qksyqeoyefgs eg skq|eoks yqbik {s{b`ù ybmk yck lfqj fl df|kqgjkgyqkd{`byefg' Bijegesyqbye|k qkd{`byefg ego`{iks qk~fqyegd, eglfqjbyefg bgi b~~èobyefg~qfoki{qks, bgi a{qikgs fg sybqy*{~s, ej~èki au afyc kofgfju*teik bgi skoyfq*s~koeleoqkr{eqkjkgys ycby qksyqeoy ifjksyeo jbqmky jkocbgesjs bgi o{qa egykqgbyefgb` yqbgsboyefgs'

Kofgfjeo qkd{`byefg ego`{iks b`` fyckq ifjksyeo qkd{`byfqu ~qf|esefgs bllkoyegd ~qfi{oyjbqmky ofj~kyeyefg, s{oc bs sybyk ofgyqf` bgi `kdb` abqqekqs yf ofj~kyeyefg'

Dffyeex bgi Jbyyff #1>>5% obò{`byki yck f|kqb`` qksyqeoye|kgkss fl skq|eoks yqbik ~fèoks fl;< of{gyqeks eg 1>>;' Yck ^QO ak`fgds yf yck dqf{~ teyc yck cedcksy skq|eoks yqbikqksyqeoye|kgkss egik #_YQE% bgi jfqk qksyqeoye|k skq|eoks ~fèoeks ycbg jfsy ik|k`f~kiof{gyqeks bgi sfjk {gikqik|k`f~ki of{gyqeks s{oc bs Objafieb, Gedkqeb, bgi Jfgdfèb'Yck ^QOs _YQE es `ftkq ycbg ycby fl fyckq Bsebg kofgfjeks s{oc bs Egieb, Egifgkseb,Ycbe`bgi bgi ^ceè~~egks'

Fg yck abses fl yejk*skqeks ik|k`f~jkgys eg yck ^QOs qkd{`byefgs, Uegd Lbg #1>>5%obò{`byki yck _YQE fl yck ^QOs skq|eoks skoyfq, jbegù fg s~koeleo s{askoyfqs s{oc bsiesyqea{yefg, yk`kofjj{geobyefgs, bgi legbgoeb` skq|eoks' Yck qks{`ys ~qf|eik k|eikgok ycby

yck ^QOs yqbik abqqekqs eg skq|eoks bqk ikoqkbsegd' Yfyb` yqbik abqqekqs bqk ikoqkbsegd= yckikdqkk fl jbqmky f~kggkss iellkqki boqfss s{askoyfqs' Yck _YQE lfq iesyqea{yefg skq|eoks esyck `ftksy bgi _YQE lfq ofjj{geobyefg skq|eoks es yck cedcksy'


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Led{qk 18 Yck ^QOs _kq|eok Yqbik Qksyqeoye|kgkss Egik au _{askoyfq

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2

1

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9

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2559 255; 255< 2554 2553 2555 1>>> 1>>2 1>>1 1>>? 1>>9 1>>; 1>>< 1>>4 1>>3 1>>5

Iesyqea{yefg Leki yk`kofj Jfae`k yk`kofj Abgmegd Egs{qbgok

_f{qok8 Lbg, Uegd' 1>>5' Ocegbs _kq|eoks fèou^qk* bgi fsy*TYF Bookssefg' Tfqmegd ~b~kq ~qkskgyki by

Yqbik bgi Egi{syqu eg Bseb boeleo8 Cesyfqu, Yqkgis bgi qfs~koys, B{syqbèbg Gbyefgb` [ge|kqseyu, Obgakqqb, 251>Gf|kjakq 1>>5'

Ikoqkbsegd yck ^QOs skq|eoks abqqekqs es ksskgyeb` lfq egykdqbyefg egyf yck d`fab` kofgfjubgi ofgyeg{ki kofgfjeo ik|k`f~jkgy' Yck of{gyqu es b`qkbiu akgkleyyegd lqfjej~`kjkgybyefg fl yck TYF ofjjeyjkgys eg skq|eoks' A{y yckqk bqk sye`` b qbgdk flej~kiejkgys yf yck dqftyc fl yck ^QOs skq|eoks skoyfq, bs tk`` bs skq|eok yqbik bgi lfqkedgeg|ksyjkgy' Yck df|kqgjkgy scf{ì qkjf|k ycksk ofgsyqbegys yf qkbèxk yck l{`` ~fykgyeb`kofgfjeo akgkleys fl yqbik bgi eg|ksyjkgy eg skq|eoks'

Yck ^QO es eg b ~fseyefg yf ak jfqk yqbgs~bqkgy baf{y eys qkd{`byefg bgi yqbiegd qkdejk'Dqkbykq yqbgs~bqkgou cbs akkg eg eys ftg egykqksy, segok yces tf{ì ~qko`{ik bgu{ggkokssbqu jes{gikqsybgiegd fl eys yqbik ~qboyeoks bgi jkbs{qks, bgi lfsykq akyykq

ikoesefg*jbmegd' Yck df|kqgjkgy te`` book`kqbyk èakqbèxbyefg fl skq|eoks yf affsyik|k`f~jkgy fl kofgfju'

9' ^F_YOQE_E_ _KQ\EOK_ YQBIK ^F@EOU

9'2 ^fèoeks Bif~yki eg Qks~fgsk yf yck D`fab` Legbgoeb` Oqeses

Yf ledcy bdbegsy yck gkdbye|k ej~boy fl yck d`fab` legbgoeb` oqeses fg yck kofgfju, yckdf|kqgjkgy bif~yki ~qfboye|k lesob` ~fèou bgi jfikqbykù `ffsk jfgkybqu ~fèou yf k~bgiifjksyeo ikjbgi bgi s{ookssl{`ù b``k|ebyki yck ej~boy fl yck oqeses fg yck dffis k~fqyskoyfq' Yck dffis yqbik ~fèoeks bif~yki yf ikb` teyc yck iftgtbqi yqkgi ego`{iki ocbgdegd

yck ~fèou fl qksyqeoyegd k~fqys bgi qksyfqegd yb qkabyks, syqkgdyckgegd k~fqy oqkieyegs{qbgok skq|eok, bif~yegd `ffsk jfgkybqu ~fèou bgi b``k|ebyegd kgykq~qesks legbgoegd~qfa`kjs, ej~qf|egd ~qfokssegd yqbik ~fèou, bgi sybaeèxegd yck u{bg #OGU% kocbgdk qbyk'

Ofj~bqki teyc ~fèoeks bif~yki lfq dffis yqbik, yck ~fèoeks bif~yki lfq skq|eoks yqbik auyck ^QO df|kqgjkgy tkqk èjeyki' Jfsy fl yck ~fèoeks bejegd yf syej{`byk yck ifjksyeokofgfju bqk gfy s~koeleo yf skq|eoks' Yck ^QO cbs ej~`kjkgyki b g{jakq fl ~fèoeks yfsyej{`byk bgi qkab`bgok yck kofgfju, yf egoqkbsk ofgs{jkq s~kgiegd, yf qksyq{oy{qk bgis{aseiexk okqybeg egi{syqeks, bgi yf affsy egofjks lfq lbqjkqs bgi q{qb` ~ffq'

Yck ^QO df|kqgjkgy egyqfi{oki èjeyki ~fèoeks eg yck skq|eoks skoyfq yf qks~fgi yf yckd`fab` legbgoeb` oqeses ego`{iegd yck lf``ftegd8

#e% Yck 1*ukbq 9 yqe`èfg u{bg #OGU, tceoc kr{b`ki ;3< ae`èfg [_ if``bq % syej{`{s~bombdk #kr{e|b`kgy yf 2?'?+ fl yck ^QOs 1>>3 DI^% ~qf|eiki syej{`{s yf


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yck skq|eoks skoyfq, ego`{iegd ~{aèo yqbgs~fqy eglqbsyq{oy{qk, q{qbèglqbsyq{oy{qk, kg|eqfgjkgy ~qfhkoys, ykocgf`fdeob` eggf|byefg, ckb`yc, bgiki{obyefg'

#ee% Yf ikoqkbsk qkèbgok fg jbg{lboy{qegd, yck df|kqgjkgy qk`bki LIEqksyqeoyefgs fg sfjk skq|eoks s{askoyfqs, gfybaù yk`kofjj{geobyefgs bgiyf{qesj, bgi cbs akkg ik`kdbyegd èokgsegd b{ycfqeyu yf `fob` df|kqgjkgys lfqksybaèscegd bgi jfieluegd f~kqbyefgs fl !kgof{qbdki! lfqkedg*eg|ksykikgykq~qesks bgi okqybeg sk`koyki skoyfqs, bs tk`` bs okqybeg yu~ks fl lfqkedg*eg|ksyki kgykq~qesks, s{oc bs lfqkedg eg|ksyki hfegy*syfom ofj~bgeks'

#eee% Yck okgyqb` abgm èakqbèxki jfgkybqu ~fèou bgi ~qf|eiki ieqkoye|ks yfofjjkqoeb` abgms yf ~qf|eik legbgoegd bgi l{giegd yf ck`~ leqjs eg|ksyf|kqskbs, ego`{iegd FLIE eg yck skq|eoks skoyfq'

#e|% Yck df|kqgjkgy cbs ofgyeg{ki yf qk|ekt, qk|esk, fq bjkgi eys yqbik bgiqk`byki `bts ego`{iegd yck Bgye*Jfgf~fù @bt #kllkoye|k 2 B{d{sy 1>>3%= eys

leqsy ofj~qkckgse|k ofj~kyeyefg `bt= bgi yck ^bykgy @bt #kllkoye|k 2 Foyfakq1>>5%, tceoc syqkgdyckgki ~bykgy ~qfykoyefg au egoqkbsegd ~kgb`yeks bdbegsyeglqegdkjkgy' Ey cbs b`sf qklfqjki eys yb susykj yf qkgikq ey jfqk gk{yqb`= eg~bqyeo{`bq, yces eg|f`|ki yck {geleobyefg fl kgykq~qesk egofjk yb qbyks lfq b`òfj~bgeks #ifjksyeo bgi lfqkedg%, bgi yck yqbgslfqjbyefg fl yck |b`{k*biikiyb #\BY% lqfj b ~qfi{oyefg*abski yf b ofgs{j~yefg*abski yb'

9'1 _kq|eoks ^fèoeks8 Ocb``kgdks bgi F~~fqy{geyeks

9'1'2 F~~fqy{geyeks

Akofjk b jbhfq akgkleoebqu fl tfqì yqbik eg skq|eoks' Tfqì yqbik eg skq|eoks

qkof|kqki i{qegd 1>2>' Yck tkbmkq iftgy{qg eg skq|eoks yqbik i{qegd yck d`fab` oqeses of{ìqkl`koy `kss ik~kgikgok fg egykqjkiebyk eg~{ys bs j{oc bs `kss qkèbgok fg yqbik legbgok flokqybeg skq|eoks skoyfqs èmk ofjj{geobyefgs' Teyc yck ofgyeg{ki qesk fl tfqì skq|eoks yqbik,gkt yqbiegd f~~fqy{geyeks bgi gkt skq|eoks tkqk oqkbyki au yck qb~ei ej~qf|kjkgy egofjj{geobyefgs bgi `bqdk qki{oyefg eg ofsys' Iesybgok*qk`byki abqqekqs ycby ~qk|ef{sùiesbi|bgybdki s{~~èkqs bgi {skqs eg qkjfyk `fobyefgs tkqk akofjegd `kss qk`k|bgy'Byyey{iks fl df|kqgjkgys bgi k~koybyefgs fl oeyexkgs tkqk b`sf ocbgdegd' Eg jbgu ~bqys flyck tfqì, jfqk skq|eoks tkqk akegd f~kgki*{~ yf ~qe|byk ofjjkqoeb` ~bqyeoe~byefg' Yckofjaegbyefg fl ykocgf`fdeob` bgi qkd{`byfqu eggf|byefgs kgcbgoki yck yqbibaeèyu fl skq|eoks,bgi yc{s oqkbyki gkt f~~fqy{geyeks lfq b`` yck kofgfjeks ego`{iegd yck ^QO'

Yqbgslfqj yck kofgfju lqfj jbg{lboy{qegd fqekgyki yf skq|eok fqekgyki yf k~bgiyqbik eg skq|eoks' Yck d`fab` legbgoeb` oqeses tbs b a`ft yf lfqkedg yqbik' Ey tbs b`sf b ~{sc

yf b`ykq yqbik jfiks' Yck oqeses ~qfj~yki yck ^QO yf qkycegm eys ik|k`f~jkgy syqbykdeks'Ey eslboegd yck ocfeok akytkkg dqftyc iqe|kg au dffis k~fqys bgi dqftyc iqe|kg au ifjksyeoikjbgi' Yck gkki yf legi gkt bgi s{sybegba`k sf{qoks fl dqftyc es akofjegd oq{oeb`' Yck^QOs yqbgslfqjbyefg fl eys kofgfjeo dqftyc ~byykqg gkkis yf k~bgi yqbik eg skq|eoks' Lfqyck tk`lbqk fl yck jbhfqeyu fl ~kf~`k, yck ^QO gkkis yf qksesy ~qfykoyefgesj bgi akofjkjfqk, gfy `kss, egykdqbyki eg yck d`fab` kofgfju yf ofgyeg{k yf qkb~ yck akgkleys fl d`fab`mgft`kidk, ykocgf`fdeks, bgi eggf|byefg' Yqbik eg skq|eoks ~`bus b s~koeb` qf`k egmgft`kidk yqbgslkq bgi kocbgdk' Ey obg kgba`k yck ^QO yf akgkley lqfj egykqgbyefgb`qkskbqoc, ofgyqboys, {sk fl gkt kr{e~jkgy ycby egofq~fqbyks gktkq ykocgf`fdu, bgikocbgdk fl mgft`kidk bgi k~kqekgok' Mgft`kidk yqbgslkqs cb|k akkg ck`~ki ycqf{dcyqbik eg skq|eoks eg yk`kofjj{geobyefgs, qkybe`, abgmegd, bgi eglfqjbyefg ykocgf`fdu yqbegegd'


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[yeèxk yck `bqdk ifjksyeo skq|eoks jbqmky dkgkqbyki au {qabgexbyefg bgiegi{syqebèxbyefg' Egi{syqebèxbyefg bgi {qabgexbyefg te`` dkgkqbyk c{dk jbqmky ikjbgi'[qabgexbyefg cbs akofjk bg ej~fqybgy iqe|egd lfqok yf yck ^QOs kofgfjeo dqftyc bgisfoeb` ik|k`f~jkgy' Eg yck gky 2> ukbqs, yck ^QO te`` jkky yck dqkby cesyfqeob` y{qgegd ~fegytckqk yck {qabg ~f~{`byefg kokkis yck q{qb` ~f~{`byefg' Kjkqdegd jbg{lboy{qegd bgiskq|eok egi{syqeks te`` s~qkbi lqfj ofbsyb` bqkbs eg`bgi, bgi ycf{sbgi fl oeyeks te`` ~qfs~kq,bgi ofgyeg{f{sù dkgkqbyk c{dk jbqmky ikjbgi lfq dffis bgi skq|eoks bgi iqe|k yck `fgd*ykqj qb~ei ik|k`f~jkgy fl yck ^QOs kofgfju' Teyc yck book`kqbyefg fl yck ^QOsegi{syqebèxbyefg bgi {qabgexbyefg ~qfokss, jbqmky ikjbgi lfq skq|eoks ej~fqy te`` qb~eiùdqft'

Ybmk bi|bgybdk fl yck `bqdk ~fykgyeb` lfq skq|eoks' Yck ^QO obg s{sybeg skq|eok*`kidqftyc akob{sk fl yck dqkby ikb` fl qffj lfq obyoc*{~ bgi ofg|kqdkgok' Yck d`fabèxbyefg flskq|eoks ~qf|eiks f~~fqy{geyeks lfq yck ^QO yf legi geocksakufgi jbg{lboy{qegdtckqk eyobg s~koebèxk, sob`k*{~, bgi dqft' Ofj~bqbye|k bi|bgybdk obg h{sy bs kbseù ak eg skq|eoksbs eg jbg{lboy{qegd fq bdqeo{`y{qk' Eg yck obsk fl yck ^QO, |b`{k biiki eg skq|eoks boof{gyslfq 9>+ fl DI^, bgi skq|eoks fgù boof{gy lfq 22+ fl yck ^QOs kykqgb` yqbik' Ybmegdbi|bgybdk fl yces ~fykgyeb` ego`{iks ytf skys fl boyefgs8 fgk es b jfqk gk{yqb` ~fèou bgi

egokgye|ks kg|eqfgjkgy= bgfyckq es s{~~fqye|k eg|ksyjkgys eg yck skq|eoks skoyfq'

Akofjk b skq|eoks yqbiegd ~ftkq' Eg B~qe` 1>2>, yck Jegesyqu fl Ofjjkqok qk`kbski yckLfqkedg Yqbik Ik|k`f~jkgy _yqbykdu eg yck ^fsy*Oqeses Kqb qk~fqy, tceoc o`kbqù sybyks yckdfb` fl jbmegd yck of{gyqu b syqfgd yqbiegd ~ftkq au 1>?>' _~koeleo ybqdkys lfq 1>1> bqk byfyb` yqbik |b`{k fl [_);'? yqe`èfg, aqkbmegd iftg yf [_)9'? yqe`èfg eg dffis bgi [_)2yqe`èfg eg skq|eoks' Yck ^QO es k~koyki yf ~`bu b `kbiegd qf`k eg skyyegd {~ egykqgbyefgb`yqbik q{`ks'

Ob~eybèxk fg yck ~fykgyeb` akgkleys fl skq|eoks èakqbèxbyefg' Yqbik èakqbèxbyefg egskq|eoks ck`~s dkgkqbyk kofgfjeo dqftyc au oqkbyegd aeddkq jbqmkys, tceoc syej{`byksykocgf`fdu bgi kgof{qbdks `ftkq ofsy' _kq|eoks èakqbèxbyefg es syqbykdeob`ù ej~fqybgy lfqykocgf`fdu yqbgslkq bgi ik|k`f~jkgy' ^qfi{okq skq|eoks s{oc bs yk`kofjj{geobyefgs,abgmegd, egs{qbgok, ofgsyq{oyefg, bgi yqbgs~fqy ck`~ yf scb~k f|kqb`` kofgfjeo ~kqlfqjbgok'LIE eg skq|eoks skoyfqs yu~eob`ù aqegds teyc ey gkt sme``s bgi ykocgf`fdeks ycby s~e`` f|kq egyfyck teikq kofgfju eg |bqef{s tbus' Yqbik èakqbèxbyefg obg ck`~ egoqkbsk yck s{~~ù flskq|eoks au fllkqegd bg kg|eqfgjkgy ofgi{oe|k yf byyqboyegd lfqkedg eg|ksyjkgy bgi au`ftkqegd ofsy ycqf{dc ofj~kyeyefg' Yck dbegs lqfj jfqk eg|ksyjkgy bgi dqkbykq ifjksyeoofj~kyeyefg b`sf df teyc a{eìegd dqkbykq k~fqy ofj~kyeye|kgkss eg afyc dffis bgi skq|eoks'

9'1'1 Ocb``kgdks lfq _kq|eoks Yqbik ^fsyoqeses

_{asybgyeb` abqqekqs qkjbeg yf yqbik bgi eg|ksyjkgy eg skq|eoks bgi qkd{`byefgsej~kik ifjksyeo bgi lfqkedg skq|eoks s{~~èkqs' Gfy b`` fl ycksk bqk iesoqejegbyfqu a{yjbu sykj lqfj abqqekqs yf kgyqu tceoc b~~ù kr{b`ù yf ifjksyeo bgi lfqkedg s{~~èkqs'

Egykdqbyefg lfq skq|eoks cbs qkjbegki s`ft f{yseik fl b lkt s~koeleo s{askoyfqs ego`{iegdyk`kofjj{geobyefgs, qfbi bgi beq yqbgs~fqy, bgi legbgoeb` skq|eoks' Gfgkyck`kss, sedgeleobgyqksyqeoyefgs qkjbeg, s{oc bs lfqkedg ~bqyeoe~byefg èjeys, lfqkedg eg|ksyjkgy èjeys, bgi ~qe|byk*skoyfq boye|eyeks eg sfjk skq|eoks skoyfqs' Eg abgmegd, syqegdkgy r{bèleobyefg qkr{eqkjkgysqkjbeg, ego`{iegd cedc jegej{j bssky qkr{eqkjkgys fg sf`k fq ofgyqf`ègd scbqkcfìkqs bgicedc jegej{j ~bei*{~ ob~eyb` bjf{gys, qksyqeoyefgs fg yck s{~~ù fl oqkiey*obqi skq|eoks, bgiqksyqeoyefgs fg yck a{segkss sof~k fl lfqkedg abgm aqbgocks' Yck syfom jbqmky eg yck ^QOofgyeg{ki yf ik|k`f~ i{qegd yck ~kqefi {gikq qk|ekt, bgi yck ~qfokss fl ofg|kqyegd scbqksfl sybyk*ftgki kgykq~qesks #_FKs% yf ak yqbiki eg yck jbqmky cbs ~qfdqksski'

F~kgegd skq|eoks jbqmkys `kbis yf `fgd*ykqj dbegs a{y es gkeyckq bih{syjkgy* gfqqesm*lqkk eg yck scfqy ykqj' Jf|egd yftbqi b jfqk ofj~kyeye|k kg|eqfgjkgy jbu ybmk yejk

bgi jbu ej~fsk sedgeleobgy a{qikgs bs yck bih{syjkgy ybmks ~`bok' _kq|eoks s{askoyfqs ycby~qk|ef{sù kghfuki ckb|u ~qfykoyefg te`` ak syqfgdù bdbegsy l{qyckq yqbik èakqbèxbyefg' Abiù


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iksedgki qklfqjs jbu {ggkokssbqeù ofj~èobyk yck bih{syjkgy ~qfokss, fq k|kg jfqkskqef{sù, `kbi yf jfgf~fù qkgys akegd yqbgslkqqki yf ~qe|byk, ~kqcb~s lfqkedg, ftgkqs'

Egokgye|ks lfq afyc yck okgyqb` bgi `fob` df|kqgjkgys jbu ak tkbm' Egsybaeèyu jedcykgs{k el èakqbèxbyefg fl yck skq|eoks skoyfq es gfy boofj~bgeki au bikr{byk ~q{ikgyeb`s{~kq|esefg bgi qkd{`byefg' Yck baskgok fl tk``*iksedgki {ge|kqsb` skq|eok qkr{eqkjkgys lfq

gkt skq|eoks ~bqyeoe~bgys, ks~koeb`ù lqfj yck ~qe|byk skoyfq, eg yck jbqmky of{ì b`sf qks{`yeg qki{oki bookss yf skq|eoks lfq |{`gkqba`k dqf{~s fq dkfdqb~ceob`ù qkjfyk qkdefgs'B|feiegd {ggkokssbqu lqeoyefg bgi kgs{qegd yck klleoekgou bgi |ebaeèyu fl jfqk f~kg, jbqmky*fqekgyki skq|eok qkdejks es b aed ~qfa`kj lfq yck df|kqgjkgy' Iksedgegd bg egsyey{yefgb`lqbjktfqm ycby te`` lb|fq syq{oy{qb` qklfqj, tce`k kgcbgoegd sfoeb` ieb`fd{k, bgi ~{aèo{gikqsybgiegd bgi book~ybgok fl qklfqj jkbs{qks, es b aed ocb``kgdk'

Qklfqj yf ~{qs{k akgkleys boqfss iellkqkgy ~fèou bqkbs eg b ofj~`kjkgybqu jbggkqbgi yf lfsykq sugkqdeks akytkkg ~fèoeks eg skq|eoks es ielleo{`y' Egykdqbyegd qkd{`byfqs egskq|eoks s{askoyfqs bgi cbqjfgexegd skq|eoks yqbik*qk`byki ~fèoeks {gikq b |bqekyu flqkd{`byfqs es b |kqu ielleo{`y ~qfa`kj lboegd yck ^QO' Yck Jegesyqu fl Ofjjkqok qkd{`byksafyc ifjksyeo bgi lfqkedg yqbik, tfqms yf byyqboy lfqkedg eg|ksyjkgy, bgi es yck s{~kq|esfqu

afiu lfq b`` iesyqea{yefg skq|eoks eg yck ^QO' Eg 1>>


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222, yck df|kqgjkgy te``sybqy b ~e`fy ~qfdqbj yf ej~fsk \BY fg sfjk ~qfi{okq skq|eoks, tce`k qki{oegd yck sb`ks ybfg yckj by yck sbjk yejk' Yck dqbi{b` {geleobyefg fl ybks fg dffis bgi skq|eoks te`` affsyik|k`f~jkgy fl yck skq|eoks skoyfq' Aklfqk 1>22, \BY tbs `k|eki fgù fg jbg{lboy{qegd,tce`k skq|eoks tkqk s{ahkoy yf b a{segkss yb ycby qbesks b j{oc sjb``kq bjf{gy fl qk|kg{k'De|kg yck ckb|u ik~kgikgok fl `fob` df|kqgjkgys fg \BY qk|kg{k, ycku cb|k b syqfgdegokgye|k yf ~qfjfyk jbg{lboy{qegd, qbyckq ycbg skq|eoks' Yck o{qqkgy lqbjktfqm fl ycklegbgok bgi yb susykj, tceoc tbs sky {~ eg 2559, obg gf `fgdkq bih{sy yf qb~ei kofgfjeodqftyc bgi sf`|k kjkqdegd ~qfa`kjs' [gelfqj \BY ej~`kjkgybyefg fg dffis bgi skq|eokste`` fllkq egokgye|ks lfq yck `fob` df|kqgjkgy yf ~qfjfyk yck skq|eoks skoyfq' Yck ^QO te``jbmk akyykq {sk fl yck qf`k fl ybks eg book`kqbyegd yqbgseyefg fl yck ik|k`f~jkgy ~byykqg' Egbiieyefg, b ~qklkqkgyeb` yb ~fèou scf{ì ak ej~`kjkgyki yf ck`~ sfjk sjb``* bgi jkie{j*


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24

sexki skq|eoks kgykq~qesks= yck ~fèou te`` bei skq|eoks s{askoyfqs eg|f`|ki eg ~qfykoyegd yckkg|eqfgjkgy bgi oqkbyegd gkt hfas' _fjk s{askoyfqs obg bii gfy fgù lesob` qk|kg{k lfq`fob` df|kqgjkgys a{y b`sf ck`~ oqkbyk hfa f~~fqy{geyeks lfq oeyexkgs bgi jedqbgy tfqmkqsbgi ej~qf|k ~kf~`k$s sybgibqi fl è|egd' Yb aqkbms scf{ì ak fllkqki yf kgykq~qesks eg yckskskoyfqs' Jfqk lb|fqba`k yb ~fèoeks scf{ì ak ej~`kjkgyki yf s{~~fqy yck kllfqys fl r{bèlekiskq|eoks kgykq~qesks yf èsy fg yck syfom jbqmkys' Yck ^QO te`` b`sf de|k ~qf|egoeb`df|kqgjkgys yck ~ftkq yf bih{sy `fob` yb obykdfqeks, qbyks, bgi o{ys eg yck gky ; ukbqs yfkgs{qk yckeq lesob` qk|kg{ks bqk eg boofqi teyc bijegesyqbye|k qks~fgseaeèyeks'

9'?'; Qklfqj yck Ofj~kyeyefg ^fèou yf ^qf|eik Kr{b` F~~fqy{geyu lfq b`` _kq|eoks^qf|eikqs

_FKs sye`` cb|k b ifjegbgy ~qkskgok eg yck skq|eoks skoyfqyces ofgsyqbegs ofj~kyeye|kgkssbgi ~qfi{oye|eyu' Yck cedc jbqmky ofgokgyqbyefg èjeys yck kgyqbgok fl gkt ifjksyeo bgilfqkedg kgykq~qesks, yc{s qki{oegd yck akgkleys fl kgcbgoki ofj~kyeyefg bgi èakqbèxbyefg'Bdbegsy yces abomdqf{gi, teik*qbgdegd qklfqjs bqk gkkiki yf y{qg skq|eoks egyf bg klleoekgybgi ofj~kyeye|k skoyfq' Yces tf{ì syqkgdyckg ifjksyeo sf{qoks fl dqftyc bgi s{~~fqydf|kqgjkgy kllfqys yf qkab`bgok yck kofgfju' Yck Ofj~kyeyefg ^fèou scf{ì ak qklfqjki

au qki{oegd jbqmky ofgokgyqbyefg eg yck skoyfq' Yck qks{`yegd èakqbèxbyefg bgi ej~qf|kiofj~kyeye|kgkss tf{ì `ftkq ~qfi{oyefg ofsys bgi ~qeoks, bgi egoqkbsk yck r{bèyu flskq|eoks ~qf|eiki yf ofgs{jkqs bgi ~qfi{okqs' Qkokgy kllfqys au yck df|kqgjkgy yf ej~qf|kkglfqokjkgy fl yck Bgyeyq{sy @bt bqk syk~s eg yck qedcy ieqkoyefg au b|feiegd ba{sks flifjegbgy ~fseyefg eg yck skq|eoks jbqmkys blykq ikqkd{`byefg' Jfqk f~kggkss yf lfqkedg~bqyeoe~byefg eg s{oc bqkbs bs abgmegd, yk`kofjj{geobyefgs, bgi ~qflkssefgb` skq|eoks te``lfsykq èakqbèxbyefg kllfqys' Eg yces qkdbqi, b qkèba`k egyk``koy{b` ~qf~kqyu qedcys qkdejk, tceoces oq{oeb` lfq yck ik|k`f~jkgy fl skq|eoks, tckqk of~uqedcys bgi yqbikjbqms bqk ej~fqybgy,tf{ì ck`~ byyqboy jfqk LIE egyf yck skoyfq, bgi kgof{qbdk ifjksyeo leqjs yf eggf|byk'

9'?'< Qklfqj yck Legbgoeb` ^fèou lfq ^qe|byk bgi _jb`` bgi Jkie{j*_exkiKgykq~qesks eg yck _kq|eoks _koyfq

_kq|eoks k~fqys scf{ì ak kgof{qbdki au b ofjaegbyefg fl tbus ego`{iegd iesof{gy egykqksy`fbgs, legbgoeb` b``ftbgoks, bgi qktbqis' Yck egklleoekgy b``fobyefg fl legbgoeb` qksf{qokskgcbgoks yck ifjegbgok fl _FKs eg yck ~qf|esefg fl skq|eoks' Tce`k sedgeleobgy ~qfdqkss eglegbgoeb` skoyfq èakqbèxbyefg cbs akkg bocek|ki, yck o{qqkgy susykj qkjbegs aebski yftbqi`bqdk _FKs, tceoc basfqa baf{y ytf*yceqis fl yfyb` `kgiegd' Eg ofgyqbsy, ~qe|byk kgykq~qesks,tceoc ykgi yf ak jfqk klleoekgy bgi eggf|bye|k, qkoke|k fgù fgk*lf{qyc fl b|be`ba`k oqkiey'Gfyteycsybgiegd yckeq sedgeleobgyù sjb``kq b``fobyefg, ~qe|byk leqjs dkgkqbyk baf{y ;>+ flDI^ bgi bqk yck ~qejbqu sf{qok fl kj~`fujkgy dkgkqbyefg eg yck ^QO' Ikk~kgegd legbgoeb`skoyfq qklfqj es ej~fqybgy lfq ej~qf|egd ob~eyb` b``fobyefg yf jf|k yf bg eggf|byefg*abskikofgfju bgi dqbgy teikq bookss yf legbgok' De|kg yck s{~kqefq ~kqlfqjbgok fl ~qe|bykofj~bgeks eg yck ^QO, jfqk klleoekgy ob~eyb` b``fobyefg tf{ì yqbgs`byk egyf cedckq DI^

dqftyc' L{qyckqjfqk, jfqk sf~cesyeobyki ob~eyb` jbqmkys te`` aqegd akgkleys yf sk`l*kj~`fukikgyqk~qkgk{qs, bgi sjb``* bgi jkie{j*sexki kgykq~qesks, tceoc bqk oqeyeob` ~`bukqs eg b|eaqbgy skq|eoks skoyfq*abski kofgfju'

9'?'4 Gkdfyebyk Jbqmky Bookss lfq _kq|eoks K~fqys {gikq DBY_ bgi DBY_-Ofjjeyjkgys

TYF bgi yck qkdefgb` bgi ae`bykqb` yqbik bdqkkjkgys ~qf|eik jkocbgesjs lfq èakqbèxegdbookss yf skq|eoks jbqmkys' Ofjjeyjkgys au TYF jkjakqs fg skq|eoks ybmk yck lfqj fl b~bqyeb` èsyegd fl skoyfqs ycby bqk s{ahkoy yf jbqmky bookss bgi gbyefgb` yqkbyjkgy faèdbyefgs'Yqbik bdqkkjkgys obg ~fykgyeb`ù ck`~ yck ^QO df|kqgjkgy ej~`kjkgy ~fèou qklfqjs ycbykgcbgok yck ofgyksybaeèyu fl skq|eoks jbqmkys f~~fski au ifjksyeo egykqksy dqf{~s' Au

ofjjeyyegd yf okqybeg j{`ye`bykqb` fq ae`bykqb` yqbiegd q{`ks, yck df|kqgjkgy obg jbmkifjksyeo ~fèou qklfqjs jfqk oqkiea`k' Yck yqbik bdqkkjkgys boy bs ifjksyeo ~fèou qklfqj


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23

bgocfqs' Yck ^QO te`` jbmk ~qfdqksse|k èakqbèxbyefg {gikq yck ae`bykqb` bgi qkdefgb` lqkkyqbik bdqkkjkgy lqbjktfqm ycqf{dc aegiegd DBY_ - ofjjeyjkgys bgi jbmk ~qfdqksse|kèakqbèxbyefg {gikq yck TYF DBY_ lqbjktfqm ycqf{dc aegiegd DBY_ ofjjeyjkgys' Yckdf|kqgjkgy scf{ì b`sf syej{`byk skq|eoks k~fqys au ej~qf|egd jbqmky bookss ycqf{dcj{`ye`bykqb` bgi qkdefgb` gkdfyebyefg ocbggk`s'

9'?'3 Iejegesc Gkdbye|k Kllkoys fl Yqbik @eakqbèxbyefg ycqf{dc Qklfqj flOfj~`kjkgybqu fèoeks

_~koeleo akgkleys bqk èmkù yf qks{`y lqfj yck èakqbèxbyefg fl yqbik eg skq|eoks' Cftk|kq,skq|eoks èakqbèxbyefg b`sf obqqeks qesms' Jbmegd b~~qf~qebyk qkd{`byefg bgi fyckqofj~`kjkgybqu qklfqj ~fèoeks te`` ck`~ kgs{qk ycby èakqbèxbyefg ikè|kqs yck k~koykiakgkleys' Yck yqbik*qk`byki ~fèou qklfqj ocb``kgdks lboegd yck ^QO bqk ~qklkqkgok kqfsefgbgi qk|kg{k `fss' ^fèou yf ~qf|eik bikr{byk egofjk s{~~fqy bgi ~qf|eik okqybegofj~kgsbyefg yf ycfsk tcf k~kqekgok `fss es gkokssbqu' [gikqybmegd qklfqjs boqfssiellkqkgy ~fèou bqkbs eg b ofj~`kjkgybqu tbu obg qki{ok yck bih{syjkgy ofsy fl ~fèouqklfqj' Ofj~qkckgse|k ~fèou qklfqj es jfqk kllkoye|k ycbg ~ekokjkb` syqbykdeks'

;' OFGO@[_EFG

Yck jbeg ofgo`{sefgs bgi ~fèou qkofjjkgibyefgs fl yces ~b~kq bqk bs lf``fts8

Yck ^QOs skq|eoks k~fqys skoyfq tbs ej~boyki au yck d`fab` legbgoeb` oqeses' A{y yckoqeses iei gfy ocbgdk yck f|kqb`` ~byykqg fl yck ^QOs yqbik eg skq|eoks au skoyfq bgi au~bqygkq eg yck scfqy q{g'

Yck scbqk fl skq|eoks eg DI^ bgi skq|eoks*qk`byki kj~`fujkgy eg yfyb` kj~`fujkgy bqkqk`bye|kù `ftkq eg yck ^QO' Yck qk`bye|k {gikqik|k`f~jkgy fl yck skq|eoks skoyfq es bieqkoy ofgskr{kgok fl yck kofgfjeo ik|k`f~jkgy jfik` bif~yki, tceoc lb|fqsjbg{lboy{qegd teyc b lfo{s fg jbg{lboy{qki k~fqys' Bs b qks{`y, ~fèou egokgye|ks cb|k

ieqkoyki eg|ksyjkgy egyf yck ~qfi{oyefg bgi k~fqy fl dffis, iesof{qbdegd eg|ksyjkgy egskq|eoks'

Yck ^QOs kofgfju cbs ofjk yf b y{qgegd ~fegy akob{sk fl yck d`fab` oqeses bgiakob{sk fl ifjksyeo ykgsefgs kgdkgikqki au yck k~fqy*`ki jfik`' Yf kgs{qks{sybegba`k dqftyc, yck ^QO j{sy qkab`bgok eys kofgfju yftbqi yck ifjksyeo jbqmkybgi yck skq|eoks skoyfq'

B tk``*ik|k`f~ki skq|eoks skoyfq ~`bus b jbhfq qf`k eg ej~qf|egd ~qfi{oyefg klleoekgoubgi ~qfjfyegd ykocgeob` ~qfdqkss bgi eggf|byefg' Jfqk lb|fqba`k jkbs{qks bejki byaffsyegd yck skoyfq$s ik|k`f~jkgy scf{ì ak ej~`kjkgyki'

Tce`k jbg{lboy{qegd dqkbyù akgkleyki lqfj èakqbèxbyefg aqf{dcy baf{y au yck

s{ookssl{` f~kgegd*{~ ~fèou, ~qfdqkss teyc f~kggkss cbs akkg èjeyki eg yck skq|eoksskoyfq' Yck qksyqeoyki k~fs{qk fl yck skoyfq yf LIE, bgi eys ej~èoey ykocgf`fdeob`yqbgslkq, cbs èjeyki yck k~bgsefg fl yck skoyfq bgi yck r{bèyu fl skq|eoks ~qf|eiki' Eycbs ofgsyqbegki yck ~fykgyeb` fl yqbiegd skq|eoks, tceoc k~`begs yck ~kqsesykgy ikleoeyfaskq|ki eg yck skq|eoks boof{gy fl yck ab`bgok fl ~bujkgys'

Iks~eyk yck bjaeyef{s skq|eoks èakqbèxbyefg ofjjeyjkgys ycby yck ^QO bdqkki yf tckgey hfegki TYF, yck ej~`kjkgybyefg bgi kglfqokjkgy bqk gfy ~kqlkoy eg sfjk lekìs' _FKssye`` ifjegbyk yck skq|eoks skoyfq= yces ofgsyqbegs ofj~kyeye|kgkss bgi ~qfi{oye|eyu' Yckcedc jbqmky ofgokgyqbyefg èjeys yck kgyqbgok fl gkt ifjksyeo bgi lfqkedg ~`bukqs, yc{sqki{oegd yck akgkleys fl kgcbgoki ofj~kyeyefg bgi èakqbèxbyefg'

Yck ^QOs ~fèou qklfqj eg skq|eoks scf{ì lfo{s fg syqkgdyckgegd yck ofgyqea{yefg fl

skq|eoks yqbik yf kofgfjeo dqftyc bgi qkjf|egd yck yqbik bgi eg|ksyjkgy abqqekqs egskq|eoks' @eakqb` yqbik bgi eg|ksyjkgy ~fèoeks ofgyqea{yk yf dqftyc, eggf|byefg, bgi


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25

ofj~kyeye|kgkss, bgi b|fei ~fèou qk|kqsb`' Akob{sk fl iftgsyqkbj ègmbdks, ~bqyeo{`bqakgkleys bqk èmkù yf bqesk lqfj yck èakqbèxbyefg fl yqbik eg skq|eoks' _kq|eoks abqqekqsofgyqea{yk yf kllkoye|k ybbyefg, qbyckq ycbg ~qfykoyefg' Yck ^QOs skq|eoks skoyfq obg akl{qyckq èakqbèxki au a{eìegd sf{gi egsyey{yefgs, lfsykqegd bg b~~qf~qebyk skq|eoks ~fèoulqbjktfqm, qkjf|egd bgu bgye*k~fqy aebs, ej~qf|egd leqjs bookss yf egykqgbyefgb`skq|eoks jbqmkys, bgi qki{oegd fyckq ifjksyeo abqqekqs yf skq|eoks yqbik bgi eg|ksyjkgy'

Yqbik èakqbèxbyefg ~fèou scf{ì ak abomki au s{~~fqye|k boyefg eg fyckq ~fèou bqkbs yfofj~`kjkgy yck qklfqj ~qfokss' B ofj~qkckgse|k ~fèou qks~fgsk es oq{oeb` lfq yck^QO'

Yqbik èakqbèxbyefg eg skq|eoks b`sf obqqeks qesms' Jbmegd b~~qf~qebyk qkd{`byefg bgifyckq ofj~`kjkgybqu qklfqj ~fèoeks te`` ck`~ yf kgs{qk ycby èakqbèxbyefg ikè|kqs yckk~koyki akgkleys'


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QKLKQKGOK_

Afqockqy, E', bgi B' Jbyyff' 1>>5' Yck Oqeses*Qkse ekgok fl _kq|eoks Yqbik' Tfqì Abgm^fèou Qkskbqoc Tfqmegd ^b~kq T^_ 9524' Tbscegdyfg, IO8 Tfqì Abgm'

Lbg, Uegd' 1>>5' Ocegbs _kq|eoks ^fèou^qk* bgi ^fsy*TYF Bookssefg, Tfqmegd ~b~kq~qkskgyki by Yqbik bgi Egi{syqu eg Bseb ^boeleo8 Cesyfqu, Yqkgis bgi ^qfs~koys,B{syqbèbg Gbyefgb` [ge|kqseyu, Obgakqqb, 251> Gf|kjakq 1>>5'

Lkqqbgyegf, J', bgi B' @bqskg' 1>>5' Yqbgsjessefg fl yck D`fab` Qkokssefg ycqf{dc [_Yqbik' Eg Yck Dqkby Yqbik Of``b~sk8 Ob{sks, Ofgskr{kgoks bgi ^qfs~koys, kAffmkieyki au Q' Abìteg' Dkgk|b8 Yck Dqbi{byk Egsyey{yk, b \fK['fqd ^{aèobyefg'

Lqbgofes, H', bgi A' Cfkmjbg' 1>2>' _kq|eoks Yqbik bgi ^fèou' Hf{qgb` fl Kofgfjeo@eykqby{qk93#?%8 >5' Yck Yqbik Qks~fgsk yf D`fab` Iftgy{qgs8 Cesyfqeob` K|eikgok' TfqìAbgm fèou Qkskbqoc Tfqmegd b~kq ;>2;' Tbscegdyfg, IO8 Tfqì Abgm'

Dffyeex, Abysc{q= Jbyyff, Bbieyub' 1>>5' _kq|eoks eg Ifcb 8 tcby$s fg yck yba`k6 Tfqì Abgm^fèou Qkskbqoc Tfqmegd b~kq 95>?' Tbscegdyfg, IO8 Tfqì Abgm'

Cfkmjbg, A', bgi B' Jbyyff' 1>22' _kq|eoks Yqbik @eakqbèxbyefg bgi Qkd{`byfqu Qklfqj8Qk*eg|edfqbyegd Egykqgbyefgb` Off~kqbyefg' Tfqì Abgm ^fèou Qkskbqoc Tfqmegd^b~kq _kqeks ;;24' Tbscegdyfg, IO8 Tfqì Abgm'

@k|ockgmf, B', @' @ktes, bgi @' Yksbq' 1>>5' Yck Of``b~sk fl [_ Yqbik8 Eg _kbqoc fl yck_jfmegd D{g' Eg Yck Dqkby Yqbik Of``b~sk8 Ob{sks, Ofgskr{kgoks bgi ^qfs~koys,kAffm kieyki au Q' Abìteg' Dkgk|b8 Yck Dqbi{byk Egsyey{yk, \fK['fqd ^{aèobyefg'

Jbyyff, B', Q' J' _ykqg, D' Xbgege' 1>>4' B Cbgiaffm fl Egykqgbyefgb` Yqbik eg _kq|eoks'Gkt Ufqm Oeyu8 Flfqi [ge|kqseyu ^qkss'

Jeàkqd, T', bgi I' Tegm`kq' 1>2>' Yqbik Oqeses bgi Qkof|kqu8 Qksyq{oy{qegd fl D`fab` \b`{kOcbegs' Tfqì Abgm ^fèou Qkskbqoc Tfqmegd b~kq T^_;159' Tbscegdyfg, IO8Tfqì Abgm'

Jegesyqu fl Ofjjkqok, Df|kqgjkgy fl yck ^kf~`ks Qk~{aèo fl Ocegb' 1>>3' Ocegb Yqbik eg_kq|eoks Qk~fqy 1>>3' Akehegd8 Ocegb Ofjjkqok bgi Yqbik ^qkss'

' 1>>5' Ocegb Yqbik eg _kq|eoks Qk~fqy 1>>5' Akehegd8 Ocegb Ofjjkqok bgi Yqbik^qkss'

' 1>2>' Ocegb Yqbik eg _kq|eoks Qk~fqy 1>2>' Akehegd8 Ocegb Ofjjkqok bgi Yqbik^qkss'

Jegesyqu fl Ofjjkqok, Gbyefgb` A{qkb{ fl _ybyesyeos, _ybyk Bijegesyqbyefg fl LfqkedgKocbgdk, Df|kqgjkgy fl yck ^kf~`ks Qk~{aèo fl Ocegb' 1>2>' 1>>5 _ybyesyeobÀ{``kyeg fl Ocegbs F{ytbqi Lfqkedg Ieqkoy Eg|ksyjkgy' Akehegd8 Ocegb Ofjjkqok bgiYqbik qkss'

\egok`kyyk, D' B', B' Jbgfk`, B' Cbgssfg, @' M{ehs' 1>2>' Ocegb8 D`fab` Oqeses B|feiki,Qfa{sy Kofgfjeo Dqftyc _{sybegki' Tfqì Abgm ^fèou Qkskbqoc Tfqmegd b~kqT^_;9?;' Tbscegdyfg, IO8 Tfqì Abgm'

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Services Policy Reform in the People’s Republic of China: Before and After the Global Financial...

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