Sess 8 & 11-History of China.ppsx

8/9/2019 Sess 8 & 11-History of China.ppsx

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HISTORY of CHINASess 8 dtd 21.1.15

1


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REVIEWBetween 1861-1895, during the Qing dynasty,

________ ________ Movement was administeredby scholar-generals to adot moderninstitutions, develo basic industries,communications, transortation ! moderni"e the

military based on western technology #• Self-Strengthening Movement

$n %ebruary 1&, _____, the last _________ emeror,

the child 'uyi had to relin(uish his throne#• 1912, Manchu

*he sring o+ 191& saw the birth o+ the new _______ __________ #

• Chinese repu!i"


3/47

REVIEW

n ugust 191& a new olitical arty was

+ounded by .ong /iaoren 0188&-1912# *hearty was the 3ationalist 'arty or ____________

•

Guomindang (Kuomintang) or KMT .*he other arty was the _____ _______ ______

established in .hanghai in /uly 19&1#

•

Chinese Communist art! (CC )• *he 4M* ed to _______on _______ when Mao

edong roclaimed the 'eole7s eublic o+hina#

• Tai"an, 1 #ct 19$9


4/47

REVIEW

$n May :, 1919, there were massive

student demonstrations against thegovernment called _____ _______ Re#o!ution.

• Ma! %ourth

;uring the May %ourth revolution and social

change therea+ter, _____ _______ came tooccuy a critical lace in the story o+ thecountry7s resurgence#

• Mao &edong


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REVIEWMao edong was born on ;ec# &6 189 in .haoshan,

_______ rovince and died on .et# 9, 19


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REVIEW%rom 1958-6E, in an attemt aimed to introduce

a more FhineseF +orm o+ communism, massmobilisation o+ labour to imrove agricultural! industrial roduction, Mao launched the ______ ______ ________#

• $re%t &e%p 'or(%rdBetween 1966-


7/47

REVIEW

• $ne o+ the chie+ oonents o+ Mao7s

olicies during H*he ultural evolutionIwas a moderate ______ _______#

• eng iao.ing

;eng Jiaoing 0&& ug 19E: - 19 %eb199


8/47

REVIEW

;eng Jiaoing was the son o+ a landowner,

who studied in _______ 019&EK&:2 ! the _____ ______ 019&5K&62#

• %rance, Soviet /nion

;eng Jiaoing oerated throughconsensus, _______ and _________#

• com.romise, .ersuasion0


9/47

)eop!e*s Repu!i" of Chin%

+en, -i%opin,

• ?is most imortant social re+orm wasthe one-child .olic! introduced in199 to alleviate social, economic !

environmental roblems in hina#• ?e decentrali"ed economic

management#• hina7s +armers were given

individual control and resonsibility+or their roduction ! roLts, a olicy

that resulted in greatly increased 9


10/47

)eop!e*s Repu!i" of Chin%

;eng Jiaoing called +or re+orms in

every art o+ hinese society#e+orms began in 19


11/47

The %our Moderni3ations (199-52)

)o!iti"%! E"onoi" So"i%! 3

Cu!tur%! re+orms stressed ndividual resonsibility in the

maing o+ economic decisions#

Material incentives as the reward +orindustry ! initiative#%ormation o+ cadres o+ silled, well-

educated technicians ! managers tosearhead hina7s develoment#%reedom o+ many industrial

enter rises +rom the control ! e#11


12/47

+en, -i%opin,

Gave +actory managers the authorityto determine roduction levels andto ursue roLts +or their

enterrises#.trengthened hina7s trade !

cultural ties with the Nest andoened u hinese enterrises to+oreign investment#

;esite ;engFs death in 199


13/47

Chinese E"onoi" Refors 416 on(%rds19


14/47

Refors in !%st /< de"%des

Openin, tr%de to the outside

world#nstituting HContr%"t

Responsii!ities Sste= in

agriculture, by which +armers couldsell their cros in the maret#

.tate monooly gave way to pri#%teusiness 3 forei,n "%pit%!.

By the end o+ the 198Es hina had

almost solved its food short%,e e#1:

f i ! d d


15/47

.@ set-u in Jiamen 0%u=ian2#

@ntire rovince o+ ?ainan declared.@#

.hanghai 'udong "one became thedragonhead o+ the hinese economy#

n 198:, 1: coastal cities oened to

overseas investment 0;alian,Qinhuangdao, *ian=in, Oantai,Qingdao, Dianyungang, 3antong,.han hai, 3in bo, Nen"hou, e#15


f i ! d d


16/47

.tate monooly gave way to pri#%teusiness 3 forei,n "%pit%!.

losing unroLtable enterrises

;ealing with insolvency in thebaning system#

1n 1989, sto"; %r;ets opened in.hanghai ! .hen"hen#

n &EE1, hina becomes member o+

N*$# e#16



17/47

Sour"ehttPPuload#wiimedia#orgPwiiediaPcommonsPbPbP'rc195&-&EE5gd#gi+

R f i ! t / d d

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Prc1952-2005gdp.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Prc1952-2005gdp.gif


18/47

By start o+ &1st century, hina

increased +ocus on ga between therich and the oor#

e#18



19/47

Chinese Entrepreneurs

Chinese entrepreneurs "oe fro

four ;inds of enterprises.

1. St%te?o(ned enterprises

@SOE*s- entrereneurs aredesignated by Govt# *hey are notshareholders but receive a salary

deending on their er+ormance#

Many elite who have studied in@uroe ! >#.# hold imortant

-e#19


20/47

Chinese Entrepreneurs

2. St%te?o(ned "op%nies

"on#erted to Sto"; "op%nies -@nterrises with some ercentage

o+ shares retained by the Govt# *he

leaders who manage theseenterrises usually ossess someshares#

/# )ri#%te usiness - maret-oriented enterrises#

0. 'orei,n fund enterprise - e#&E


21/47

HISTORY of CHINASess 11 dtd 28.1.15

&1


22/47

REVIEW;eng Jiaoing7s most imortant social re+orm was the _____ _______ policy introduced in ______ to alleviate

social, economic ! environmental roblems in hina#• One?"hi!dB 16

Between 19


23/47

REVIEW*he goal o+ ;eng Jiaoing7s economic re+orms

was stated very clearly as H *o generatesucient _______ value to Lnance the _____________ o+ the hinese economy#

• Surp!usB oderni:%tion

%rom 19


24/47

REVIEWhina7s Lrst .@7s were set-u in .hen"hen,

huhai ! .hantou in ___________ 'rovince in198E#

• $u%n,don,

3eAt .@ was set-u in Jiamen in _______ rovince#

• 'ui%n

3eAt the entire rovince o+ ________ was declared.@#

• H%in%n_________ __________ "one became the dragonhead

o+ the hinese economy#

•

Sh%n,h%i )udon,

REVIEW


25/47

REVIEWn 198:, ____coastal cities oened to

overseas investment#• 10

.toc marets oened in .hanghai !

.hen"hen in _____#• 18

hina becomes member o+ N*$ in ______#

• 2DD1

REVIEW


26/47

REVIEW %our inds o+ enterrises in hina

1. St%te?o(ned enterprises @SOE*s2. St%te?o(ned "op%nies "on#erted

to Sto";

/.)ri#%te usiness0. 'orei,n fund enterprise


27/47

httPPen#wiiedia#orgPwiiP.ecial_@conomic_ones_o+_the_'eoleFs_eubli

Rur%! e"onoi" oo in 18Ds

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Economic_Zones_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Economic_Zones_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China


28/47


• *he hina miracle started in the

198Es#

• Diberal ! rogressive olicies o+ the

198Es laid the +oundation +or thehina miracle - i#e# raid overtyreduction ! +ast income growth#

• Nhile hina came to world attentionas an economic ower only in the199EsR the real miracle in hineseeconomic histor started with the e#&8



29/47


• n the 198Es, small and oor rural

entrereneurs started businesses easily

oerated their stalls in urban areas with

+reedomaccessed ban credits and

had growing conLdence in the security

o+ their assets#• %inancial liberali"ation and some

rivati"ation was introduced#e#&9



30/47


• 'rivate entrereneurshi was

develoing most vibrantly in theoorest and the most agriculturalregions o+ the country#

• @ntrereneurshi o+ the 198Es waseAclusively a rural henomenonbecause hina was a redominantly

rural society, with 8ES o+ oulationliving in the rural areas#

• 'rivate entrereneurshi had a hugee#E



31/47


Globali"ation was the story o+ hina7s

miracle in 199Es but rural re+ormswas the miracle o+ the 198Es#

1. A,ri"u!tur%! su""ess - was the

result o+ Househo!d Contr%"tResponsii!it Sste#

2. Rur%! industri%!i:%tion ? was theresult o+ To(nship %nd Vi!!%,eEnterprises 0*C@2, ma=ority o+

which was rural ! rivate in nature#e#1



32/47


Househo!d Responsii!it sste

• ractice, Lrst adotedin agriculture in 1981#

• Dater eAtended to other sectors o+the economy#

• Docal managers were made

resonsible +or the roLts ! losses o+an enterrise#

• t relaced the egalitarian

distribution method, wherein thee#&



33/47



• n Mao7s era, +armers were given a(uota o+ goods to roduce by thegovernment#

• *hey received comensation +ormeeting the (uota#

•

'roducing beyond the (uota did notlead to higher economic reward#

• n early 198Es, +armers were given

drastically reduced (uotas#e#



34/47



• Nhatever +ood they grew beyond the(uota was sold in the +ree maret atunregulated rices#

• %armland was still owned by the

Govt# but roduction ! managementwas given to individual +arminghouseholds through !on,?ter

"ontr%"ts.e#:



35/47



• ;uring the contract eriod, the+armers aid taAes to the state,collective reserves to the local

governments and et all the otherroduce +or themselves#

•

*his system became an instantsuccess#

• Dead to largest increasesin standard-o+-livin +or such a lar e

e#5

)rodu"tion of (he%t in etri" tons


36/47

)rodu"tion of (he%t in etri" tons1F1 ? 2DD0

Sour"e 7 httPPen#wiiedia#orgPwiiPhinese_economic_re+orm



37/47

To(nship %nd Vi!!%,e Enterprise

@TVE• *he term Lrst used in March 1, 198:#

• t relaced the revious term,Hcommune and brigade enterrise#I

• *he Hcommune and brigade

enterrise,I was used to re+er to thecollective rural Lrms +rom the GreatDea %orward era#

•

*he new term was necessarye#<



38/47

To(nship %nd Vi!!%,e Enterprise

@TVE• *C@s were enterrises sonsored by

townshis and villages, an alliance

enterrise +ormed by easants !individual enterrises#

• large number o+ rivate businessesentered into hina7s rural cororate

landscae and starting giving7e#8


39/47



40/47

• hinese easants eAerienced the

most raid income gains in history#• 'er caita rural income between

19rbanPrural urchase o+

consumer goods was 1E 1 in 19


41/47

• eal rural er caita consumtion

increased by 51S between 19


42/47

• n Bei=ing, the nternational ?otel and

the Ban o+ hina buildings wereawarded to a rural constructioncomany based in ?enan rovince#

• n the 199Es there was larger scaleo+ rural labor migration to urban

cities#

e#:&


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44/47

• s industry develoed, hinarogressed +rom an agrarian societyto industrial ! service society#

In 2D1/7 griculture - T

–1ES

ndustry - T – ::S.ervices - T

– :6Se#::


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*he@nd

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Sess 8 & 11-History of China.ppsx

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