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Vandana A. Kumar and Atul KumarG.B.PANT UNIVERSITY OF AG.&TECH.,INDIA
Currently, India : the third‐largest producer in the world. The production level hovers around 25‐28 million tonnes. Produces around 8% of the world’s total produce. The productivity level is nearly 17‐20 tonnes/ha.By 2020 : 1.3 billion population of India will need 49
million tonnes of potato: certainly a challenging task ???
Production of healthy seed potato - accounts for about 40-50% of total cost of cultivation.
Breeder’ seed : Reaches the farmers : 7-8 field exposures : For raising a ware crop (only 30% of ‘Breeder’ seed requirement of country met through FORMAL system).
Requirement of quality potato seed growing farmers: not fully met through ‘Formal seed supply chain’
Indian scenario……..
The INFORMAL system‐more important and prevalent than FORMAL system in most potato growing countries. FORMAL systems are, as a rule, unable to provide the quantities
needed for majority of potato growing farmers. But…
INFORMAL system ‐ *widespread informal exchange of potato seed and *based on mutual trust & obligation for promised quality/variety
Depends on FORMAL system: needs , now and then, *fresh clean material or *new varieties to continue.
Hence, in more and more potato growing countries, the govt. authorities/agricultural institutions have begun to realize the role of INFORMAL sector and have started supporting it actively.
Production of clonal disease free quality seed material–Through in vitro multiplication methods using nodal segments of disease free mother plants of latest released / recommended varieties.–Field planting of in vitro propagated planting material (hardened microplants/microtuber-raised plats) for developing mini tuber seed material.
Enabling farmers by generating awareness amongst them for using this hi‐tech (clonal, disease free) planting material in form of hardened microplants/microtuber‐raised plants/mini tubers.*Testing of this hi‐tech. material at farmers field and recording of yield data, quality of potato tubers produced and tracking the farmers/ planting material and produce to study the adoption pattern and continuation.Imparting “ON‐FARM/OFF‐FARM” training towards handling and storage of produce, *to develop CONSORTIUM of potato growers and *to develop confidence regarding this INFORMAL seed production chain and exchange of this material amongst them.
Horticulture Technology Mini‐Mission Mandate with a BROAD OBJECTIVE of INTEGRATION OF IN VITRO TECHNIQUES IN INFORMAL SEED
PRODUCTION SYSTEMS OF POTATO
FORMAL / INFORMAL SEED PRODUCTION SYSTEM
*Alternate methods of potato seed production Need be incorporated in seed chain Both at in vitro and in vivo level, particularly in Uttarakhandwhere-
•Quality Seed- always a scarcity
*Off season crop is grown
• Proper Storage facility lacks
*Farmers to be trained to become part of Integrated seed production system
•
*Alternate methods of potato seed production Need be incorporated in seed chain Both at in vitro and in vivo level, particularly in Uttarakhandwhere-
•Quality Seed- always a scarcity
*Off season crop is grown
• Proper Storage facility lacks
*Farmers to be trained to become part of Integrated seed production system
•
Q u a l i t y s e e d p r o d u c t i o n a s s u r e s I n c r e a s e i n p r o d u c t i v i t y
Uttarakhand State
PRODUCTION : 3rd Highest 28 million tonnes ≈ 8% of world total
AREA : 4th Highest : 18 lakh Ha
BRIEF OUTLINE….
Starting year : August – 2006 Year up to (Aug.) 2012.
Objectives : (i) Awareness generation amongst farmers, and (ii) Production, distribution and monitoring of quality potato seed material to farmers
Technical program (2006-2012) :
(a) Perpetual in vitro propagation : (G 0) : Nucleus seed
MP (Micro-plants) & MTP (Microt-uber –raised plants)
(b) G I, G II, G III, G IV, G V Tuber seed production
(c ) Trainings, Enabling Farmers for bulk seed production
(d) Standardization of crop timings (Hills-Summer, Plains-Winter)
(e) Collaboration with Research Centers for seed production (G1, G2…)
A modern seed potato program must have in vitro capabilities and human resources competent in use of these techniques. Thus virus‐infested material is cleaned up, can be maintained in vitro indefinitely with no danger of re‐infection.Rapid clonal multiplication of clean material possible all the year round with latest in vitro/vivotechnologies.Material multiplied in vitro need be suitably transplanted to produce clean mini‐tubers (poly‐houses/aeroponic unit).
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Nodal segment / sprout as explant
Established & proliferated for 4-5 times in MS semisolid medium with
NAA & GA3
‐‐ Tuberization Medium -- MicroplantMS with BA & high sucrose
-- Microtuber induction -- Hardening in Polyhouse
-- Harvest, Storage
-- Germination, sowing -- To the fieldin polyhouse
-- Transplanted in field
Shoot propagules shifted to liquid medium
Stage –I (1st year)
Stage –II (2nd year)
Stage –III (3rd year)
Stage –IV (4th year)
FS-I (5th year)
FS-II (6th year)
Certified (7th year)
Certified I (8th year)
Certified II(9th year)
Breeder seed
(Basic seed)
Foundation seed
Certified seed
Tuber selection and indexing (Nucleus seed)
SEED PRODUCTION-ConventionalINTEGRATED TECHNIQUE
Nucleus seed : 8‐9 months
Indexed mother plant
2‐6 months
2‐3 months
MICROTUBERS from lab to field
1.Improvement of in vitro methods for MT & MP productionA. Single- vs. Double- Node cultures: for shoot proliferation
No. of propagules in different subcultures Multi.Ratio
%Lost
SNC S7 S8 S8 S9 S9195 1841
76.9% + 15.8%Pre LostTubern.
133 132747.0% + 32.7%Pre LostTubern
268 1:9.6 22.8
DNC 210 81232.5% + 0.49%Pre LostTubern.
544 218682.3% + 8.7%Pre LostTubern
195 1: 3.9 6.5
After correction of losses, The multiplicity was 1 : 7.3 in SNC and 1 : 3.7 in DNC
SNC improved efficiency for shoot proliferation in vitro
B. Comparison of semisolid and liquid medium forrooted MP production
Medium Starting Culture
Subcultured& placed into
Grew as No. of branches at the time of Hardening in polyhouse
Time taken
Semi solid
1 20 Tubes Long shoots
20 1 month
Liquid 1 1 Bottle Several shoot bunches
5 bunches x 4 branches = 20
20 days
Proliferation in liquid medium required less time, material, glassware & manual operations
but was more prone to contamination.
2. Improvement of in vivo methods : 4 methods
A. Use of MTP and MP as alternate to seed
Tuber / plant for MTP = 4.01, Range 3‐9 Tuber / plant for MP = 2.18, Range 2‐4
*MTP can be regenerated, stored year round* MP can be produced and hardened during peak demand season
both in Hills and Plains.
B. Multiple harvest for increasing tuber seed yield /plantComparison done for one time (H1), two time(H2) and three time(H3) harvests in field from in vitro developed Micro‐plants
No. of harvests H3 H2 H1
Av. No. (10 plants) 116.22 91.66 42.11
Av. Wt. (10 plants) 1927.48 gm 1690.46 gm 1721.97 gm
C. Use of Sprouts ‐New way of large scale / low cost seed tuber production‐Additional high‐grade, virus‐free, seed potato stock ‐New source of income to small farmers- Tuber yield = 29.19 Kg from 166 sprouts- No. of tubers = 666- Tuber / plant = 4.12
D. Use of stem cuttingswhen crop is delayed and aerial growth is high,photosynthates are directed towards storage
- Field grown plant : Cut and transplanted- Age of ~ 2 months- Segments obtained from 1 plant = upto 10- Survival in field = upto 25%- Tuber yield per plant = 2-3 at axillary bud
+ 1-3 at stem base
Gradation of tubers
Size Wt. range in gm
Total No.
%
V. big 80-140 447 5.36Big 50-79.9 661 7.92Medium 25-49.9 1247 14.94Small 15-24.9 1356 16.25V.small 7-14.9 1908 22.86V.v.small < 7.0 2726 32.67Total 8345 100
Harvested at research fields from MTP and MP for 3 years
Parameters LIT HITTuber size 10-20 gm 40-45
gmMultiplication rate
12 times 6 times
Tuber yield 191q/ha 210q/ha
Cost of cultivation
Rs. 31,100
Rs.47,700
Net profit per Re. 0.84 0.31
Low input technology (LIT) vs. High Input technology (HIT)
CPRI Station, Gwalior, MP
Suitable tuber size needed for efficiency improvement
Trainings & Demonstrations (2011-12)…..Trainings31. 3.11 - Hill Campus :- 2028. 4.11 - village :- 39
8. 9.11 - Hill Campus :- 17923.12.11 - village :- 7 24.12.11 –Res.Stn:- 12
= 275 Farmers
8.9.11 Training8 villages - 179 farmers304 Kg seed - 142 farmers
11 Demonstrations for MTP & MP : 3 varieties (H, GH, HS)
MTP and MP at Res. Stn.= 2792 :- 175 KgMTP at 3 farmers fields = 5105 :- yield awaited
Total MTP ( 7195) + MP (882) = 8077 Area at Res.Stn. (222.75m 2) + farmers’ fields (382.85 m2 )
27 field visits in 15 villages
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SEED PRODUCTION IN LESS TIME : SUCCESS
STORY -1
Chaupariyal Satyon Bageshwar Bageshwar 3 Years2007 2008 2009 2009‐10 4 Generations
209(MP)G0 :19Kg 90Kg (G II) 110Kg (G III) 260Kg (G IV)
(G I) 8Kg 7Kg 40 Kg
938 (MP) G0 75Kg (G I) 350Kg (G II) 577Kg (G III)
85Kg 575Kg 4750Kg 2600Kg
2008 2009 2009‐10 2010
Chaupariyal Chaupariyal Dhanori Dhanori
SEED PRODUCTION IN LESS TIME : SUCCESS
STORY 2
2 years3 Generations
Saud village : Success story - 3
High yields : 20 ‐37 times 18 farmers :49 Kg 681 G II in 2011
1 year saved : 2 crops in 2010 -11 4 farmers : G I G II G III 160 Kg G III 2100 Kg G IV in 2011
Seed saved from last year7 Farmers : G I G II in 2010125 Kg 705 Kg G III in 2011
Earning in 1 year
Sushil Chand :
In 2010 : G I G II G III1000 Kg produced, 880 Kg sold, Rs.22000/‐ earned
In 2011 : 2 Kg 80 Kg G II
For 2012: 120 + 80 Kg seed available
Khushi Ram ‐2008: 938MTP ‐ 85 Kg
2009: 1335MTP ‐ 104 Kg + 575Kg from his previous seed350 Kg sold ‐ Rs.7700/‐
2010 : 577Kg seed from previous year Sale for Rs.4000/‐
2011 : 125 GII + 280 Kg GIII seed stock + earned Rs. 11700/‐ in 2 years
3Chaupariyal village : Success story -4In 2011
Produced G III = 800 KgG IV = 2200 Kg (H)G IV = 250 Kg (S)
Sold as seed 35 Kg to Hem SinghWorth Rs.900/‐
Sold in market Worth Rs. 30,000/‐
Demanding for 2012 20,000 MP
Anil Goswami : use of MTP2007 -08 : 50 MTP - 7Kg, 2008-09 : 1200MTP - 60 Kg2011-12 : 2100 MTP
Madan Giri2009-10 : 1.8 Q - 35 Q : 25 Q sold 2010-1 1: 8.5 Q - 23 Q : 10 Q sold 2011-12 : 10 Q - 37Q
5Daulatpur village : Success story - 5
Narendra Giri2009-10 : 1.3 Q - 12.5 Q : 5 Q sold to 2 farmers 2010-11 : 4.5 Q - 60 Q :11.5 Q sold to 4 farmers2011-12 : 4.5 Q - 90 Q
Maun village : Success story - 6
14 Farmers : purchased 43 Kg G I = 201011 Farmers : produced 531 Kg GII
20 times yield*Guddi Devi*Siddheshwar Prasad*Bachni Devi
*Trilok Singh2010 = 4 Kg G I 79 Kg G II2011 = 35 Kg G II 300 Kg G III Rs.3600/-2011 = 4 Kg G I 65 Kg G II As Seed for 2012
Seed Acceptability of farmers during 5 years’ work
Year Villages Material given to
Farmers
Farmers under
observation
2007 06 22 102008 03 18 62009 03 11 82010 09 51 342011 21 150 134Total 42 252 192
Total 192 farmers given seed materialas MP, MTP, G1,G2 G3 seed
21 villages under observation in 2011
G 0 PRODUCTION (IN VITRO) 2011-12
Shoot propagules: H : > 1200 in S9 GH : > 990 in S9 HS :> 400 in S9
MicroplantsTill Feb, 2012K.Himalini=1400
MicrotubersH : 2485, HS :692, GH :2365Total till Dec, 2011= 5542
Future scenario…….Domestic Aeroponic unit: for uniform and repeated harvests of tubers……gaining momentum in India…..
As small as 1x1x1 m size of equipment can be made
10 cm spacing of MP in 1m2 area,
10 day old MP from in vitro growth
Minimized water usage
Minimized nutrient requirement
-Harvest of minitubers every 10-15 days interval-Tuber size maintained between 5-10 gm-8-10 harvests per plant
Module proposed for increasing efficiency of seed production…
1. Integration of in vitro methods : MP and MT production2. Efficiency increase of MP production in vitro : Single Node Cutting
(SNC) + delayed sub‐culturing3. More efficiency in vitro : SNC + formation of large sized MT which
would replace the mini‐tuber seed (up to 2 gm)4. Integrating in vitro + in vivo methods : MP + aeroponic system ‐
Harvesting small & uniform sized seeds.5. Seed Number increase : Multiple harvests (3) in field 6. More alternate in vivo methods : sprouts and stem segments in
poly‐house followed by field transfer. 7. Regulating crop timings : summer and winter crops in a year8. Minimizing water usage9. Farmers encouraged for producing their own seed of as early
generations as possible10.Farmers trained to become part of informal seed production system through
COSORTIUM for uninterrupted availability of quality potato seed.
Main potato growing seasons in Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia
Kenya: the majority of sampled farmers cultivated potato twice a year, during the main rainy seasons. Uganda, the majority of sampled farmers grew potato twice a year, dedicating 24‐32% of their arable land to potato depending on the season and district. In Ethiopia the main potato growing season depended on the zone.
…..I have seen in vitro facilities in private houses and kitchens & bed rooms in Vietnam, where farmers had recognized the enormous value of clean material and where they have experimented successfully with its production in their houses…….
Peter Schmiediche : Former Senior Breeder at International Potato Center, CIP, Peru.
Presently, International Agricultural Consultant andChief Trainer at Wageningen International , The Netherland's, on Potato Seed Production, Certification Systems
Suggested points in reference to African crop growing seasons
1. Kenyan crop season matches with Indian seasonApril – July matches with off season of Indian hill summer crop Sept – December matches with Major crop of Indian plains in winters
2. Use Tissue culture facility:‐Propagate year round in vitro: use of 70 – 80% propagules for MT production , multiply 20‐30% for next subculture (SNC/DNC),and
1‐2 months before crop season : Liquid culture for large quantity production of microplants (for aeroponics also).
3. Harden microplants and transplant in Poly‐house/field
4. Delay the transplanting by 1 month and harvest at scheduled time for obtaining small sized mini‐tubers
Contd…
Uganda and Ethiopia have three crop seasons 1. Harvest from 1st crop season can be used as seed for 3rd crop
season2. For the 2nd crop, use of microplant is feasible.
Awareness generation amongst farmers and regular training/monitoring is key to success.
5. From overmature minitubers, use sprouts as separate propagules6 If aeroponics available : Harvest microtubers , store them and sprout when needed8. From delayed crop : use 2‐3 node long stem segments as cuttingsfor quick harvest of aerial minitubers/underground minitubers9. Over maturation of tubers to be avoided10. Delay mini tuber germination during storage by *manipulating light intensity and *reducing temperature, if possible.
Acknowledgement s…….
African Potato Association for granting scholarship facilitating participation in this conference
Horticulture Technology Mission for North‐East Himalayas, Mini‐Mission‐1 for financial support
GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology for permitting me to attend this conferencePrinciple Investigator‐Dr. Vandana A. Kumar and all
co‐workers.
Thanks !!!