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Gregg Warshaw, M.D.Professor of Family and Community Medicine
Semmons Professor of Geriatric Medicine University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Health Care Disciplines and the Older Adult Dentists
Health Educators
Nurses
Occupational Therapists
Physicians
Physician Assistants
Physical Therapists
Speech Therapists
Social Workers Pharmacists Other
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Primary Care Family MedicineFamily Medicine
General Internal Medicine
Geriatric Medicine
Advanced Practice Nurses (clinical nurse specialists, nurse practitioners)
Physician assistantsPhysician assistants
Some practitioners derive much of their fee schedule payments from primary care services
P titi d i lt P t f h f Practitioner and specialty Percent of charges from primary care services
Nurse practitioner 65.4%Geriatric medicine 65.0 Family medicine 62.5Internal medicine 44.4Physician assistant 34.8All other 13.4.Source: MedPAC analysis of 2006 claims data for 100 percent of Medicare beneficiaries.
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Summary Considerable progress achieved over past 30 years to p g p 3 yprepare health care providers to provide optimal care to older adults Facilitated by: geriatrics clinical research, development of geriatrics and palliative care specialties, accreditation and certifying bodies, professional societies, foundations, and dedicated clinician educators
Barriers: Reimbursement, care system, and ageism , y , g
Pace of change needs to accelerate in the training of health professionals, care system innovation, and reimbursement reform to ensure quality care and control health care expenditures
Case: Susan and Her Father
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Four Simultaneous Initiatives
I i h kf f PCP d h Increasing the workforce of PCP and other health team providers
Preparing PCPs and other health team providers to provide expert geriatrics chronic care
Paying adequately for quality chronic care Cost‐effective models of chronic care
Health Affairs 29, 811‐818, 2010
Questions
Why are well trained primary care and health team providers essential to addressing the medical care needs of older adults?
How well are we doing preparing current and future practitioners to care for a rapidly growing older population?older population?
What more can be done to improve the capabilities of current and future providers to care for older adults?
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AGING OF THE US POPULATION
8290
Num
ber
of p
eopl
e 6
5 yr
, in
m
illio
ns
36.8
3 120
30
40
50
60
70
80
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3.1
0
10
1900 2005 2050
LIFE EXPECTANCY IN 2004 (Mean)
All RAll Races
All Male Female
At birth 77.8 75.2 80.4
Age 65 18.7 17.1 20.0
A 85 6 8 6 1 7 2
Slide 10
Age 85 6.8 6.1 7.2
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Projected Total Number of People With Chronic Conditions
180 (in millions)
118125
133141
149157
164171
120
140
160
118
100
120
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Sources: Partnership for Solutions. “Multiple Chronic Conditions: Complications in Care and Treatment”; RAND Corporation, 2000.
Medicare Spending on Beneficiaries with Chronic Conditions
4 Chronic Conditions
12%12%
5+ Chronic Conditions
68%
3 Chronic Conditions
10%
2 Chronic Conditions
6%1 Chronic Condition
3%0 Chronic Conditions
1%
6%
Source: G. Anderson, “Hospitals and Chronic Care”, PowerPoint Presentation to the American Hospital Association. Partnership for Solutions. 16 June 2004.
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Annual Prescriptions by Number of Chronic Conditions
5033 3
49.2
10
20
30
40
Ave
rage
Ann
ual
Pres
crip
tions
*
3.7
10.4
17.9
24.1
33.3
00 1 2 3 4 5
Number of Chronic Conditions*Includes Refills
Sources: Partnership for Solutions, “Multiple Chronic Conditions: Complications in Care and Treatment,” May 2002; MEPS, 1996.
Hospitalizations for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions
261300
261236
219
9562
3618
169
131
50
100
150
200
250
ospi
taliz
atio
ns p
er 1
000
Med
icar
e B
enef
icia
ries
18700
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+Number of Chronic Conditions
Ho M
Sources: Partnership for Solutions. “Multiple Chronic Conditions: Complications in Care and Treatment,” May 2002; Medicare Standard Analytic File, 1999.
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Ambulatory Care Visits to Primary Care and Specialist Physicians, United States, Patients Age 65 and over
1980 1990 2006
SpecialistPrimary
Care SpecialistPrimary
Care SpecialistPrimary
Care
38% 62% 47% 53% 59% 41%38% 62% 47% 53% 59% 41%
Source: CDC, NCHS, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
Utilization of Physician Services by Number of Chronic Conditions 37.1
Unique Physicians
1 34.0 5.2 6.5 8.1
13.8
2.07.8
11.314.9
19.5
Physician Visits
1.3
0 1 2 3 4 5+
Number of Chronic Conditions
Sources: R. Berenson and J. Horvath, “The Clinical Characteristics of Medicare Beneficiaries and Implications for Medicare Reform,” prepared for the Partnership for Solutions, March, 2002; Medicare SAF 1999.
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Questions
Why are well trained primary care and health team providers essential to addressing the medical care needs of older adults?
How well are we doing preparing current and future practitionerss to care for a rapidly growing older population?
What more can be done to improve the capabilities of current and future to care for older adults?
Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Community‐Dwelling Older Patients (I) Assessed quality in two managed care organizations Assessed quality in two managed care organizations (1998‐99)
Observational cohort study of care processes of 22 conditions; 420 vulnerable older adults
General medical: CHF, pneumonia, etc.
Geriatrics: Dementia, incontinence, etc.
Chart reviews and patient interviews
Mean age: 80.6 years; 64% female
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Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Community‐Dwelling Older Patients (II) Overall quality indicators passedOverall quality indicators passed
General medical 52%
Geriatric 47%
Chronic care quality indicators passed
General medical 51%
Geriatric 29%9
Least well managed: falls and mobility, urinary incontinence, cognitive impairment, end‐of‐life care
Quality of Care Provided to Vulnerable Community‐Dwelling Older Patients (III) Possible reasons why geriatric conditions may receive y g yinadequate attention in primary care Skills not well taught during training
Skills may not be maintained if conditions seen infrequently
Assessment tasks may be perceived as too time consuming
Conditions may not be recognized
Little feedback from third parties
Inadeqaute team‐care
Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:740‐747
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Medical student geriatrics curriculum (2008)
23% of medical schools require a geriatric 23% of medical schools require a geriatric clerkship
56% of medical schools integrated geriatrics into a required clinical rotation
Schools could report more than one type of experience
Geriatrics Workforce Policy Studies Center Surveys of Geriatric Academic Leaders in US Medical Schools 2005 & 2008.
Geriatric Physician Workforce Pipeline
9,666 MDs graduated from FM & GIM 9 gresidency programs in 2008
Only 3% entered a Geriatric Medicine fellowship program in 2009
Source: AMA and AAMC data from the National Survey of GME Programs 2008/2009 & 2009/2010.
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Required Time devoted to clinical instruction in Geriatric Medicine
D i I t l M di i d F il During 3 year Internal Medicine and Family Medicine Residency program
20 days (Median) Internal Medicine
12 days (Median) Family Medicine
Geriatrics Workforce Policy Studies Center. Surveys of Program Directors in Internal Medicine (2008), Family Medicine Residency Programs (2008)
Geriatric Medicine Training inFM and IM Residency Programsas rated by Program Directorsas rated by Program Directors
Geriatrics rated second most important curriculum area by IM and FM
ICU/CCU first for IM
Ambulatory Adult Medicine first for FM
Curriculum conflicts #1 obstacle to implementing GM curriculum
Geriatrics Workforce Policy Studies Center. Surveys of Program Directors in Internal Medicine (2008), Family Medicine Residency Programs (2008) .
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Other Disciplines Training in Geriatrics
PHARMACISTS • There are 1,219 certified geriatric pharmacists and
269,900 staffed pharmacy positions. • Less than half of all pharmacy schools have a full‐time
geriatric pharmacy specialist.
Elizabeth Bragg, Jennie Chin Hansen. A Revelation of Numbers: Will America’s Eldercare Workforce be Ready to Care for an Aging America? Generations ; 2011; 34(4):11‐19
SOCIAL WORKERS • In 2006, 12 percent of licensed social workers (38,400)
identified their practice areas as “aging”.
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Other Disciplines Training in GeriatricsPSYCHOLOGISTS • 70% of practicing psychologists provide some services to • 70% of practicing psychologists provide some services to
older adults.• A sample of the American Psychological Association
found that most respondents lacked formal training in geropsychology and perceived themselves as needing additional training.
PHYSICAL THERAPISTS PHYSICAL THERAPISTS • From 1992 through 2010, 1,109 physical therapists have
been certified in geriatrics by the American Physical Therapy Association (nearly 200,000 PT positions).
Elizabeth Bragg, Jennie Chin Hansen. A Revelation of Numbers: Will America’s Eldercare Workforce be Ready to Care for an Aging America? Generations ; 2011; 34(4):11‐19
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Nursing 43% of nursing schools have full‐time geriatrics faculty43% of nursing schools have full time geriatrics faculty
92% of B.S. nursing programs integrate geriatrics into the curriculum
In 2008, 1.9% (4,963) of advanced practice nurses were certified in gerontology
In 2009, 3% of nurse practitioners are certified in 9 3 pgerontology; 13% have long‐term care privileges
In 2009, 28 nursing schools offered master’s level gerontological clinical nurse specialist degrees, down from 36 in 2007.
228
193
182
197
184
196200
250
Number of GNP and G‐CNS Newly Certified 2005‐2010 (2.7 million RNs in US)
3731
26 25
50
100
150
Numbers
1321 25
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
Gerontological NP Gerontological CNS
Source: American Nurses Credentialing Center. Data compiled by GWPS Center
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571
710
6
700
800
Number of Newly Certified Gerontological Nurses 2005 ‐ 2010
244 231
333 319
571
100
200
300
400
500
600
Numbers
0
100
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
Gerontological Nurses
Source: American Nurses Credentialing Center. Data compiled by GWPS Center
Settings of Care Home CareHome Care
Adult Day Care
Program of All‐Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE)
Group Homes, Adult Foster Care, Sheltered Housing
Assisted Living
Nursing Homes Chronic Care Nursing Homes – Chronic Care
Nursing Homes – Sub Acute Care
Continuing Care Retirement Communities
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PCP Resident Training in LTC SettingsMost family medicine residency programs provide Most family medicine residency programs provide training experiences in nursing home and home care settings
In 2005, IM residency program directors reported:
65% nursing home experience
33% home care experience 33% home care experience
Nursing Homes As a Site of Care
Large need for geriatrics care
15,850 homes
1.7 million beds
2.5 million discharges
1.3 million residents
Diverse population
Sub acute care Sub‐acute care
Chronic care of patients with dementia and multiple chronic illnesses
Hospice and palliative care
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HOME CARE OF THE FUTURE
Community‐based care to play a pivotal role inCommunity based care to play a pivotal role in health care system reform
Increased integration into accountable care organizations
Helping to avoid hospitalization and d i ireadmissions
Bundling of payment for episodes of care with hospitals and nursing homes
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Questions
Why are well trained primary care providers essential to addressing the medical care needs of older adults?
How well are we doing preparing current and future PCPs to care for a rapidly growing older population?
What more can be done to improve the capabilities of p pcurrent and future providers to care for older adults?
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NIA Funding for Models of Care N=69 (1999‐2008)
Interdisciplinary team care
Care Management
Chronic‐disease self management
Medication management
Preventive home visits
Proactive rehabilitation
Transitional care
J Am Geriatr Soc 58:2345‐2349, 2010
Geriatrics in Primary Care:Enhanced Primary Care
GRACE Model (Geriatric Resources for Assessment and Care of Elders)
Guided Care
ACOVE (Ambulatory Care of the Vulnerable Elderly)
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Geriatric Resources for Assessment and Care of Elders (GRACE) Model (I)
NP and social worker (employed by the PCP) provide h b d d lhome‐based CGA and long‐term care management
Interdisciplinary team led by a geriatrician
Individualized care planning during weekly team meetings is guided by 12 protocols for common geriatric conditions
NP and social worker continuously implement the care NP and social worker continuously implement the care plan in collaboration with the PCP
The NP and social worker coordinate care among all providers and sites of care (electronic medical record and Web‐based tracking system )
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Geriatric Resources for Assessment and Care of Elders (GRACE) Model (II)
• Low‐income seniors enrolled in a trial of the GRACE inter ention compared ith usual careintervention, compared with usual care:
• Better quality of care for the geriatric conditions and general health processes targeted
• Improvements in health‐related quality‐of‐life measures
• Fewer emergency department visits over 2 years
• Hospital admissions were significantly reduced in the second year among high risk patients
JAMA 2007;298:2623‐2633
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Guided Care (I) Guided Care Nurse works in partnership with PCPsGuided Care Nurse works in partnership with PCPs
Nurse is based in PCPs office; EHR
Supports the ongoing care of 50 – 60 patients with multiple chronic illnesses
Provides intensive transitional care
Expands on care management; disease managementExpands on care management; disease management
Promotes self‐management; family support
J Gen Intern Med 2010; 25: 235‐42
Guided Care (II)At 8 months Guided Care patients had: At 8 months Guided Care patients had:
24% fewer hospitals days,
37% fewer skilled nursing facility days
15% fewer emergency department visits
29% fewer home health care episodes 29% fewer home health care episodes
9% more specialist visits
Arch Intern Med 2011 (in press)
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ACOVE Intervention Trial Two community‐based medical groupsy g p
Controlled trial
644 patients, age 75 years or older, with falls, incontinence, or cognitive impairment
Intervention: Case finding, physician and staff training to assess and treat conditions
Outcomes: Outcomes: Screening tripled condition identification
Intervention group patients received better care for falls and incontinence; not dementia
J Am Geriatr Soc 57:547‐555, 2009
PCP Competencies Specific to Practicing in Interdisciplinary Geriatrics Models of Care Geriatric medicine clinical skillsGeriatric medicine clinical skills
Motivational interviewing
Team care
Care coordination
Information technology
Continuous quality improvement Continuous quality improvement
Health Affairs 29, 2010: 811‐818
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Patient Centered Medical Home Access to Care and InformationAccess to Care and Information
Practice‐based services
Care management
Care coordination
Practice‐based team care
Quality and Safety Quality and Safety
Health Information Technology
Practice management
Recommended Geriatrics Competencies for IM and FM Residents (I) Twenty‐six competencies in 7 domainsTwenty six competencies in 7 domains
Medication management
Cognitive, Affective, Behavioral Health
Complex chronic illnesses in older adults
Palliative and end‐of‐life care
Hospital patient safety
Transitions of care
Ambulatory care of older adults
J of Grad Med Ed 373‐382 September 2010
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Recommended Geriatrics Competencies for IM and FM Residents (II)Example competenciesp p
Review and re‐evaluate patient medications
Administer and interpret screening tools for dementia, delirium, depression, etc.
Plan of care incorporate the patient’s and family’s goals of care, preserves function, and relieves symptoms
Detect evaluate and initiate management of bowel Detect, evaluate, and initiate management of bowel and bladder dysfunction
Identify older adults at high safety risk (driving, abuse/neglect) and assess or refer
Partnership for Health in AgingA collaboration of multiple health profession organizations A collaboration of multiple health profession organizations under the leadership of the American Geriatrics Society
Published in 2010
Multidisciplinary Competencies in the
Care of Older Adults at the Completion of the Care of Older Adults at the Completion of the
Entry‐Level Health Professional Degree
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Multidisciplinary Competencies in the Care of Older Adults at the Completion of the Entry‐Level Health Professional Degree
Intentionally broadIntentionally broad
Each discipline may individually implement
Each competency should be considered in the context of the unique needs of older adults
The competencies should be implemented taking account of the individual preferences and ethnic pbackgrounds of the older adult
Multidisciplinary Competencies in the Care of Older Adults at the Completion of the Entry‐Level Health Professional Degree
Six Domains/23 CompetenciesSix Domains/23 Competencies
Health Promotion and Safety
Evaluation and Assessment
Care Planning and Coordination
Interdisciplinary and Team Care
Caregiver support
Healthcare Systems and Insurance Benefits
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Multidisciplinary Competencies in the Care of Older Adults at the Completion of the Entry‐Level Health Professional Degree
Examples;Examples;
Advocate to older adults and their caregivers interventions and behaviors that promote physical and mental health, nutrition, safety, social interactions, independence, and quality of life.
Choose, administer, and interpret a validated and reliable tool/instrument appropriate for use with a given older adults to assess: a) cognition, b) mood, c) physical function, d) nutrition, and e) pain.
Elements of Successful Geriatrics Training Experiences
Modeling excellent care for older adults in the hospital, office, and community‐based settings
Caring for patients across sites and through transitions
Experiences with interprofessional teams in all settingsg
Longitudinal experiences
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IoM 2008 Geriatrics Workforce ReportSelected Recommendations:Selected Recommendations:
Training in all settings where older adults receive care
Incorporate competence in the care of the older adult into licensure, certification, and maintenance of certification
Payers should include a specific enhancement of reimbursement for clinical services delivered to older adults by practitioners with a certification of special expertise in y p p pgeriatrics
Institute of Medicine. Retooling for an Aging America. Building the Health Care Workforce. Washington DC: The National Academies Press, 2008.
Case: Susan and Her Father
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Conclusions Considerable progress achieved over past 30 years to p g p 3 yprepare health care providers to provide optimal care to older adults Facilitated by: geriatrics clinical research, development of geriatrics and palliative care specialties, accreditation and certifying bodies, professional societies, foundations, and dedicated clinician educators
Barriers: Reimbursement, care system, and ageism , y , g
Pace of change needs to accelerate in the training of health professionals, care system innovation, and reimbursement reform to ensure quality care and control health care expenditures