450 GENERAL COUNCIL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION.

(Dr. Franz), Ophthalmology (Dr. Topolanski, Dr. Hanke,Dr. Gruber, and Dr. Konigstein), Laryngology (Dr,Grossmann, Dr. Rethi, Dr. Ebstein, and Dr. Koschier).Diseases of the Ear (Dr. Bing and Dr. Kaufmann), Derma-tology and Syphilis (Dr. Rille and Dr. Spiegler), Obstetricsand Gynaecology (Dr. Wertheim, Dr. Woyer, Dr. Hink,Dr. Ludwig, Dr. Knauer, and Dr. Savor). The second serieswill begin on Sept. lst and will include the followingcourses: -Anatomy (Dr. Tandler), Pathological Anatomy(Dr. Kolisko and Dr. Albrecht), Bacteriology (Dr. Ghon),Experimental Pathology (Dr. Biedl), Forensic Medicine(Dr. Haberda), Internal Medicine (Dr. Pal, Dr. Schlesinger,Dr. Eisenschitz, and Dr. Sternberg), Surgery (Dr. Fraenkel),Dr. Schnitzler, and Dr. ]friedJänder). Ophthalmology (Dr.Bernheimer, Dr. Konigstein, Dr. Sachs, and Dr. Winter-steiner), Diseases of the Ear (Dr. Bing, Dr. Pollak, Dr. Alt,and Dr. Kaufmann), Dermatology and Syphilis (Dr. Rille,Dr. Spiegler, and Dr. Zeissl), Obstetrics and Gyr2ecology(Dr. Lott, Dr. Braun, Dr. Herzfeld, Dr. Wertheim, Dr.Neumann, Dr. Woyer, Dr. Ludwig, Dr. Knauer, andDr. Savor). These courses are likely to be preferred bymedical practitioners to those delivered during the sessionfrom October to Jaly, as they are not attended by students.

ITALY.

In many Italian medical schools special courses of instruc-tion, clinical and theoretical, are now given to men who arealready engaged in practice. Those who attend are mostlyeither on the one hand dispensary practitioners or divisionalsurgeons (medici condotti) or, on the other hand, graduateswho take up special courses of study (particularly laboratorywork) in order to become eligible for public health appoint-ments under Government. For instance, at the Universityof Pavia a special series of lectures and demonstrations inhygiene has just been brought to a conclusion. The coursewas organised by Dr. Giuseppe Sormani, professor of thesubject in the University, and was attended by graduatesfrom all parts of Italy, attracted not only by the well-knownexpository power of the professor, but also by the prefer-ential claim to sanitary posts conferred on all who havepassed the examinations instituted by the Pavian school.Again, at Genoa, the post-graduate session of Dr. Maragliano,Professor of Clinical Medicine in that school, attracts anincreasing attendance from other provinces besides those ofthe Alta Italia. In this course instruction is given in therefinements of sero-therapy, particularly as applied to

pulmonary tuberculosis.

HUNGARY.

Foreign medical men who do not desire to obtain

Hungarian qualifications, but merely to increase their

knowledge by post-graduate study, will find no difficultyin pursuing their objects. They are allowed to enrol them-selves among the 11 ausserordentliche H8rer " (students inspecial subjects) at a comparatively low fee, and are givenevery facility for practical study; vivisection, for instance,is amply provided for. All the lectures are delivered in theHungarian language, but all the professors and teachersspeak German, and some of them speak French and Englislas well. The cost of living in Budapest is nearly the samEas in Vienna ; the journey between the two towns takes fiv(hours by Iailway.

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAINAND IRELAND.—At the recent July examinations the

following were the names of those candidates who passed thePractical Examination for the Associateship : James Bruce,B.Sc. Lond., Harry Burrows, Robert George Grimwood,Robert Ferris Lyle, Robert Curling Styles, Assoc. R.C. Sc.Lond., and Arthur Lee White. The following passed theIntermediate Examination : William Bowen, Harry ThorntonCalvert, B. Sc. Vict., Alexander Hugh Dewar, AlbertLucas Entwistle, and Bertram William John Warren.In the Final Examination for the Associateship the suc-cessful candidates were as follows :-Reginald Arthur Berry,James Hembrough, Assoc. R.C.Sc. Lond., Robert Dexter

Littlefield, Charles Alfred West, Assoc. R C.So. Lond.,Frederick John Bolt (Fellowship), John Alfred Foster, AlbertEdward Parkes, James Darnell Granger, Ph D. Berlin (Fellow-ship), Gilbert Thomas Morgan, B.Sc. Lond., John HenrySugden, B.Sc. Vict. and Frederic William Richardson

(Fellowship).

SESSION 1897-98.

GENERAL COUNCIL OF MEDICAL EDUCA-TION AND REGISTRATION OF THE

UNITED KINGDOM.

Registration of Medical Students.-The following are theGeneral Medical Council’s Regulations in reference to theregistration of students in medicine :-Every medical student shall be registered in the manner

prescribed by the General Medical Council. No medicalstudent shall be registered until he has passed a preliminaryexamination as required by the General Medical Council, andhas produced evidence that he has commenced medicalstudy. The commencement of the course of professionalstudy recognised by any of the qualifying bodies shall notbe reckoned as dating earlier than fifteen days before thedate of registration. The registration of medical studentsshall be placed under the charge of the branch registrars.Every person desirous of being registered as a medical studentshall apply to the branch registrar of the division of theUnited Kingdom in which he is residing ; and shall produceor forward to the branch registrar a certificate of his havingpassed a preliminary examination as required by the GeneralMedical Council, and evidence that he has commenced medicalstudy. The branch registrar shall enter the applicant’s nameand other particulars in the Students’ Register, and shallgive him a certificate of such registration. Each of thebranch registrars shall supply to the several qualifying bodies,medical schools, and hospitals, in that part of the UnitedKingdom of which he is registrar, a sufficient number of blankforms of application for the registration of medical students.Applications for special exceptions are dealt with by theStudents’ Registration Committee, which reports all suchcases to the Council.The Preliminary Examination in General Education,

required to be passed previously to registration as a MedicalStudent, shall be as follows :-

" 1. English language, including grammar and composition. 2. Latin,including grammar, translation from specified authors, and translation.of easy passages not taken from such authors. 3. Mathematics, com-prising (a) arithmetic, (b) algebra, as far as simple equations, inclusive.(c) geometry, the subject matter of Euclid, Books I., II., and III., witheasy deductions. 4. One of the following optional subjects : (a) Greek,(b) French, (c) German, (d) Italian, (e) any other modern language, (j)logic."The Council will not in future accept any certificate of pass in Pre-

liminary Examination in General Education unless the whole of thesubjects included in the Preliminary Examination required by theCouncil for Registration of Students of Medicine have been passed at.the same time.

Professional Education.-For those who commenced studyafter Jan. 1st, 1892, the course of professional studyafter registration shall occupy at least five years. TheFinal examination in Medicine, Surgery, and Midwiferymust not be passed before the close of the fifth academicyear of medical study.H. E. Allen, LL.B., Registrar of the General Council

and of the Branch Council for England, 299, Oxford-street,London, W.-James Robertson, Registrar of the Branch.Council for Scotland, 48, George-equare, Edinburgh.-S. W.Wilson, Registrar of the Branch Council for Ireland,35. Dawson-street, Dublin.The following is a list of Examining Bodies whose exa-

minations in general education are recognised by theGeneral Medical Council as qualifying for registration as amedical or dental student the applicant producing satis-factory evidence that he has passed chem :-

UNIVERSITIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

University of Oxford.-Junior Local Examinations. SeniorLocal Examinations. Responsions. Moderations. Examina-tion for a degree in Arts.

Unit’enity of Cambridge.-Jnnior Local Examinations.Senior Local Examinations. Higher Local Examinations.Previous Examination. General Examination. Examinationfor a degree in Arts.

University of Durham.-Examination for Certificate ofPronciency. Preliminary Examination in Arts for Gradna-

, tion in Medicine and Science. Examination for a degree in. Arts.’ University of London.-Matriculation Examination. Ega-L mination for a degree in Arts or Science.

Victoria University.-Preliminary Examination. Entrance

451UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.

Examination in Arts. Final Examination for a degree inArts or Science.

LViversity of jTrales.-Matrienlation Examination. FinalExamination for a degree in Arts.

University of Edinbxrgla.-L cal Examinations (Senior andJanior). Preliminary Examination for Graduation in Artsor Science or Medicine and Surgery. Examination for adegree in Arts or Science.

University of Aberdee7t.-Local Ex:aminatioDs (Senior andJnnior). Preliminary Examination for Graduation in Arts orScience or Medicine or Surgery. Examination for a degreein Arts or Science.

University of Glasgow. - Preliminary Examination forGraduation in Arts or Science or Medicine and Surgery.Examination for a degree in Arts or Science.

University of St. Andrews.-Preliminary Examination forGraduation in Arts or Science or Medicine and Surgery.Examination for a degree in Arcs or Science. Final Examina-tion for the diploma of L L.A.

University of Dublin. - Public Entrance Examination.Examination for the first, second, third, or fonrth year inArts. Examination for a degree in Arts.Royal University of Ireland.-Matriculation Examination.

Examination for a degree in Arts or Science.Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board.-

Lower certificate (to include all the required subjects at onetime). Higher certificate (to include the required subjects).

II.-MEDICAL LICENSING BODIES.

Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons in Ireland.-Preliminary Examination (Certificate to include all the

required subjects at one time).1III.-EDUCATIONAL BODIES OTHER THAN UNIVERSITIES.

College of Preceptors.-Examination for a First ClassCertificate or Second Class Certificate of First or SecondDivision. Preliminary Examination for Medical Students.Intermediate Education Board of Ireland.-Junior Grade

EKamination; Middle Grade Examination; Senior GradeExamination (Certificate in each case to include all the sub-jects required).Educational Institute of Scotland. - Preliminary Medical

Examination.Scotch Education Department. -Leaving Certificates in

Lower and Higher Grades and in Honours.

IV. - INDIAN, COLONIAL, AND FOREIGN UNIVERSITIESAND COLLEGES.

The Certificates from Indian, Colonial, and ForeignUniversities and Colleges must contain evidence "that theExamination has been conducted by or under the authorityof the Body granting it, includes all the subjects requiredby the General Medical Council, and states that all the sub-jects of Examination have been passed in at one time; andcopies of the form of the required Certificate will be suppliedby the Registrar of the Council for the purpose. In the caseof Natives of India or other Oriental countries, whose ver-macniar is other than English, an Examination in a ClassicOriental Language may be accepted instead of an Examina-tion in Latin."

REGULATIONSOF THE

MEDICAL EXAMINING BODIES IN THEUNITED KINGDOM.

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.

THERE are two degrees in Medicine, B.M. and D.M., andtwo degrees in Surgery, B.Ch. and M.Ch.The B.M. and B Ch. degrees are granted to those

members of the University who have passed the SecondExamination. Graduates in Arts (B.A. or M.A.) are aloneeligible for these two degrees. In order to obtain thedegrees of B.M. and B.Ch. the following examinations mustbe passed : 1. Preliminary subjects : Mechanics and Physics,Chemistry, Animal Morphology and Botany. 2. Profes-sional. (a) First Examination: Subjects -Organic Che-mistry, unless the candidate has obtained a first or secondclass in Chemistry in the Natural Science School ; Human1 The Council has recommended that this examination be dis-

continued.

Physiology unless he has obtained a first or second class inAnimal Physiology in the Natural Science School; HumanAnatomy, and Materia Medica with Pharmacy. (b) SecondExamination : Subjects- Medicine, Surgery, Midwifery,Pathology, Forensic Medicine with Hygiene. The approxi-mate dates of the examinations are as follows :-Prelimi-naries-Mechanics, Physics and Chemistry, December andJane ; Animal Morphology and Botany, December andMarch ; Professional (First and Second B.M.), Jane andDecember.The degree of D.M. is granted to Bachelors of Medicine of

the University-(l) who took the degree of B.M. previouslyto the end of Trinity Term, 1886, provided they have spentthree years in the practice of Medicine after taking thatdegree, and have composed a dissertation on some medicalsubject approved by the Regius Professor of Medicine, beforewhom it must be read in public ; (2) who took the degree ofB.M. subsequently to the end of Trinity Term, 1886, providedthey have entered their thirty-ninth term and have com-posed on some medical subject a dissertation which is

approved by the professors in the Faculty of Medicine andexaminers for the degree of B.M. whose subject is dealtwith. A book published within two years of the candidate’sapplication for the degree may be substituted for a disserta-tion. The degree of M.Ch. is granted to Bachelors of Surgeryof the University who have entered their twenty-seventhterm, who are members of the surgical staff of a recognisedhospital, or have acted as Dresser or House Surgeon in sucha hospital for six months, and who have passed an examina-tion in Surgery, Surgical Anatomy, and Surgical Operations.This examination is held annually, in Jnrie, at the end of theSecond B.M. Examination.The First Examination for the degrees of B.M. and B. Ch.

may be passed as soon as the Preliminary Scientific E Kami-nations have been completed. The subjects of this examina-tion may be presented separately or in any combination orin any order, provided Anatomy and Physiology be passedtogether.The Second Examination may be passed after the com-

pletion of the first. Before admission to the Second Exa-mination candidates must present Certificates of instructionin Infectious and Mental Diseases, and of attendance onLaboars, and of proficiency in the practice of Vaccination.

Scholarships, -c. -Scholarships in some branch of NaturalScience (Chemistry, Physics, Biology) of the averagevalue of E80 per annum, tenable for four years andrenewable under certain conditions for a fifth year, as

well as Exhibitions of a less annual value, are awardedafter competitive examination every year by some of theColleges. Notices of vacancy, &c., are published in theUniversity Gazette. In February there is competed forannnally, by those who, having obtained a first-class in

any school (Moderations or final), or a Scholarship or Prizeopen to general competition in the University, have passedall the examinations for the degree of B.A., one Radclifta aTravelling Fellowship. It is tenable for three years, and isof the annual value of 200. The examination is partlyscientific, partly medical. The holder must travel abroadfor the purpose of medical study. A Rolleston MemorialPrize is awarded once in two years to members of theUniversities of Oxford and Cambridge of not more than tenyears’ standing for an original research in some Biologicalsubject including Physiology or PathologyMore detailed information may be obtained from the

University Calendar ; from the Examination Statutes, 1894,which contain the official schedules of the several subjectsof examination in both Arts and Medicine; from theStudent’s Handbook to the University; from the RegiusProfessor of Medicine; and from the Professors in theseveral departments of science.The Lecturers for the various subjects are as follows :—

Regius Professor of Medicine: J. S. Burdon Sanderson, D.M.Pathological Histology and Practical Bacteriology : TheLecturer on Pathology, J. Ritchie, D.M EJin. Professor ofHuman Anatomy : A. Thomson, M.A. Waynflete Professor ofPhysiology: F. Gotch, M.A. ; Advanced Course: the Lectureron Physiology, J. S. Haldane, M.A. Practical Physiologyand Histology : G. Mann, D. M. Edin. Licbn"ld Lecturer inClinical Medicine: G. J. Wilson. M.A., D.M.Dub. LichfieldLecturer in Clinical Surgery : W. L. Morgan, M.A. OrganicChemistry in Relation to Medicine, &c., followed by PracticalWork: Aldrichian Demonstrator, W. W. Fisher, M.A.,and J. E. Marsh, M.A Lecturer in Materia Medica,J. E. Marsh, M A. Linaore Professor of Comparative