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Understanding human bodys physiological
responses to work & biomechanicalevaluations.
Anatomy bodys structure includingmuscles, bones tendon, ligaments & other
structures.
Physiology bodys function includingmetabolism, muscles mechanics, oxygen &
nutrient distribution, temperature regulation,nerve transmission, cognition & otherfunctional activities.
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Anatomical PositionStanding erect the eyes looking
forward to the horizon, the arms by
the sides, the palms of the hands &
the toes directed forward.
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Reference Planes
The mid sagittal (median) plane
Vertical plane dividing the body into right &
left halves.
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A coronal (frontal) plane
Any vertical plane which divides the body
into anterior (front) & posterior (back)
portions.
A transverse (horizontal) plane
Any horizontal plane at right angles to the
sagittal & frontal (coronal) planes, dividing
the body into superior (upper) & interior(lower) parts.
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The skeletal + Muscular system of human
body > Movement Mechanism. Skeletal system provides the mechanical
levers movements -> contraction of the
muscles. Skeletal system -> bones, cartilages, joints
connective tissues
Bones -> Long, short, flat, irregular.
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Joint Articulations types based on function
Diarthroses freely movable joints
e.g. ball & socket joint, Hinge joint
Synarthroses immovable or Slightly
movable. e.g. skull joint.
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Joint movement
Flexion movement decreases the angle
between two bones. bending
Extension stretching or strengthening
movement, increases angle between twobones.
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Joint movement
Abduction moving away laterally from the
central axis of the body (median plane)
Adduction moving towards the central axis
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Circumduction
Involves all above movements in sequence
Rotation Movement of bone along its long axis.
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Pronation Medical rotation.
Supination Lateral / upward rotation.
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Muscular system and work
The muscular system provide power for
performing mechanical work. The muscle
transform chemical energy stored in the body
into physical activities.
The mechanical work is of various forms,
such as moving parts of the body, carrying
loads and manipulating objects.
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Guidelines for Muscle use
If a static effort repeated every day over a
long period, permanent aches can appear in
the limbs and may involve not only the
muscles but also the joints, tendons,
ligaments and other tissues.
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General Guidelines
The optimal use of muscle strength can beachieved by adapting the following guidelines.
Appropriate movements must be made to allow
muscles to develop as much power as possible.
Since a muscle typically generates its greatest
tension at or near its resting length, appropriate
postures (resting lengths of muscles) should be
assumed.
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Posture and movement
Posture & movement play a central role in
ergonomics.
Poor posture & movement can lead to localmechanical stress on the muscles.
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Biomechanical, Physiological &
Anthropometric background A number ofprinciples of importance to the
ergonomics of posture and movement derive
from a range of specialist fields, namelybiomechanics, physiology and
anthropometrics.
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Biomechanical background
Estimating the local mechanical stress on
muscles & joints which occurs while adopting
a posture or making a movement.
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Biomechanical principles,
Joints must be in a neutral position
Keep the work close to the body
Avoid bending forward
A twisted trunk strains the back
Sudden movements & forces produce peakstresses
Alternate postures as well as movements.
Limit the duration of any continuous muscular
effort Prevent muscular exhaustion
More frequent short breaks are better than asingle long one.
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Physiological background
Amount ofenergy which the heart & lungs
can supply to the muscles to allow posture to
be adopted or movement to be carried out.
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Physiological principles,
Limit the energy expenditure in a task
Rest is necessary after heavy tasks
Take account of differences in body size Use of anthropometric tables appropriate for
specific populations