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Climate Change and Climate Change and Agroforestry Management Agroforestry Management
in Sri Lanka: in Sri Lanka: Adverse Impacts, Adverse Impacts,
Adaptation Strategies and Adaptation Strategies and Policy ImplicationsPolicy Implications
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Mangala De ZoysaUniversity of Ruhuna
Sri Lanka
and
Makoto InoueThe University of Tokyo
Japan
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Background
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Increased rainfall intensity, amount per day and average per spell
Mean rainfall projected decrease by 4% in quantity and distribution
Increase mean air temperature by 0.9 to 4 0C by 2100
Projected sea level rise Sri Lanka falls under ‘vulnerable’
small island nations
Farming and forestry threatened by weather-related phenomena
Agroforestry adapt climate change through:
– Diversified land-use practices, livelihoods and sources of income
– Enhancement of agricultural productivity
– Buffering weather-related production losses
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Agroforestry are numerous and found in all climatic zones in Sri Lanka
The paper reviewed literature and discusses:
– Impacts of climate change on forest and agriculture in Sri Lanka
– Agroforestry adaptation to climate changes and
– policy implications required to promote the agroforestry adaptation
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Adverse Impacts of Climate Change on
Forest and Agriculture
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Endangering Natural Assets 3.5 m drought affected people
given emergency supply 2000 and 2005
Drought in 2001 worst hit water for agricultural and domestic needs
Irrigation sector affected by drought Forests reduced 36% to 29% (1990
~ 2006) affecting water for agriculture, power generation and drinking
Sea level rise affected coastal ecosystems
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Prevalence of Pests and Diseases
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RRDI urgently producing rice resistant to pests and diseases
Increased pest and disease on coconut increased investment in pest control
Invasive Alien Species affecting agricultural lands
Livestock with increased temperature more vulnerable to pests and diseases
Famers susceptibility to dehydration, fatigue, hepatitis, typhoid etc
Crop Failures and Affect Livestock
Monsoonal change fall paddy production by 20-30% in 20 to 30 years
Reduction of rainfall by 100 mm reduce productivity of ‘made’ tea by 30-80 kg per ha
Dry spells and cloudiness loss coconut production
Increased sea water affect agricultural lands Livestock under pressure with competition
over land and water10
High Levels of Food Insecurity Decrease agricultural productivity in 15% by
2080 Dry Zone highly vulnerable to drought while
Wet Zone at risk of recurrent floods Production in major and minor irrigation
schemes has frequent shortfalls Sea water intrusion in coastal areas affect
agriculture Farmers in vulnerable areas have lower
adaptive capacity with:– Poor infrastructure and socioeconomic assets
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Risk of Migration into Forest Areas
Prolong droughts push chena (Slash and burn) into forest reserve to find livelihood
Farmers affected by Tsunami south, north and east have moved to forest lands
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Adaptation of Agroforestry to Climate
Changes Impacts
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Increase Tree Cover Outside Forests
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Homegardens in 22% of land increase forest cover and connectivity
Kandyan Home Gardens cover 40% of District
PFP established 9,000 ha homegardens, 4,000 ha FWL, 1,500 ha PWT and 250 ha miscellaneous plantings
Gliricidia as fourth plantation increase forest cover
Green villages and Dayata Sevena promote agroforestry enhanced canopy cover
Enhance Forest Carbon Stocks 2 m ha of forest store 21 tons of CO2 per
ha Homegarden is important carbon sinks for
REDD+ Program– Tree density from 338 in DZ to 2108 per
ha in WZ Agroforestry ensure fertile soil in long-run
reduce emissions Biomass Energy comes from agricultural
lands, and woodlots is cheap and less emissions
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Conserve Biodiversity Most species in homegardends are
indigenous with multi-purpose uses Kandyan Home Gardens contain
more than 30 different crops, perennial trees, shrubs etc.
Beverage crops successfully cultivate under leguminous and shade trees
Perennial spices are cultivated in agroforestry farming systems
Watersheds and wetland biodiversity adapt to climate change
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Reduce Risk and Intensity of Damage
“Let us grow, and uplift the nation” and “Livelihood Development program” established homegardens– Reduce living costs, enhanced
food security, and environmentally friendly agriculture
Dendro plantations in tea and coconut lands:– Reduce soil temperature 10oC– Maintain soil moisture 60 cm– Produced wood 15-30 mt per ha
Strip vegetation reduce salinity in agriculture lands
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Maintain Health and Vitality UWMP apply soil conservation with
homegardens Agroforestry in steep slopes
increase climate resiliency, and reduce land erosion
Kandyan Home Gardens prevent erosion and floods and increase carbon sequestration
Gliricidia under Coconut– Leaf litter reduces soil
temperature– Prevent soil erosion and enhance
fertility18
Scale Up ‘Multiple Benefit’ Homegardens provide alternative
livelihoods Farmers select crops considering
profitability, marketing and convenience
PFP created employment, reduced poverty and rehabilitated degraded lands
Gliricidia in mixed systems enhance soil, provide animal fodder, grass and biogas
Wood-based production meet energy, alleviate poverty, save foreign exchange 19
Policy Implications
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Amend Policy and LegislationMeeting REDD+ Expectations REDD+ based on lost opportunities Legislation on agroforestry:
– Reduce unequal treatment for forests or crops
– Compete with other forms of land useDealing with market influences Forests disappeared conversing to valued crops Legislation for agroforestry management :
– Incorporate forests and trees in production plans
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Market relations and Social responsibility Buyers looking for products meeting specific
environmental and social standards Participatory and consultative processes of
designing and implementing
Property rights Rights and tenure protected by legislation Well-defined land, tree and carbon rights:
– Prevent dispute under defined rights
– Provide poor people with legal access to land
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Awareness and Capacity Building
Improve community understanding:
– Climate change and risk
– Effectively manage agroforestry
– Improve livelihoods on sustainable basis Advisory and training programs:
– Help farmers to prepare for challenges
– Adopt innovation and technologies
– Communicate outcomes from research23
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Strengthening Capacity of Lands
Revitalize degraded and fragmented forest and farm lands
Improve capacity of species and ecosystems Strengthen agroforests to:
– Maintain, restore and enhance forest and farm area, biodiversity, health and vitality
Integrate crop and forest a hardy system:
– Capable of coping with climate change
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Planning for Climate-smart Agroforest Landscapes
Rooted in agriculture, forestry and rural development
Contribute agroforestry for Millennium Development Goals:– Reduce hunger and improved
environmental management– Support food security and boost incomes– Increase productivity and resilience of
agricultural landscapes Develop agroforestry strategies to sequester
carbon and reduce GHG emission25
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Introduce ‘No-regret’ Options Maintain benefits with or without climate
change:– Promoting crop diversity and biodiversity– Using integrated farming and forestry systems– Improving post-harvest management
Priority for options:– Providing economic and environmental
benefits simultaneously Incentives given for measures:
– Reduce GHG emissions simultaneously26
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Appropriate Technology Development
Needed for: – Monitoring and research– Adaptation to climate change
Vary according to:– Geographic area– Objectives of management activity– Scale and intensity of operation– Local human and financial resources
Complement conservation and sustainable use of:– Trees within agricultural landscapes 27
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Create Climate Change Adjustment Programs
Professional advice and training Agroforestry adjust to climate change:
– Access business and management practices Adjust advice and training to producers,
adversely impacted, or likely to be impacted– Set goals and develop action plans to
improve financial circumstancesIncrease smallholders’ resilience to shocks Transitional income support for agroforestry
businesses adjust to climate change New start allowance for participants of programs
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Form Agroforestry Network Formulate and implement agroforestry at
landscape scale:– Work on environmental services– Implement community agreements
Foster local governance and collaboration:– Voluntary participation of local
stakeholders Tree planting in agricultural landscape:
– Rehabilitate degraded lands– Increase yields of small holder farmers– Contribute CO2 sequestration 29
Conclusions and Recommendations
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Climate change impacts by complexity and magnitude have threatened agricultural and forest ecosystems in Sri Lanka
Agroforestry in Sri Lanka play important role in climate change adaptation and enhancing resilience
Agroforestry management with cross-sectoral and landscape approaches can help local communities adapt to new conditions caused by climate change
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