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8/3/2019 Session 2a India
1/26
Indian strategy formanagement of spent
fuel fromNuclear Power Reactors
S.Basu, India
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Nuclear energy is to meet 25% to 50% of the
total energy requirement
Nuclear capacity will reach 20 Gwe and moreby 2020
200 Gwe and above generation capacity is
targeted by the middle of the century
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
4/26
Large nuclear energy requirement
Limited Uranium resources
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
5/26
Spent Fuel is a resource for
India
All spent fuel will be reprocessed
Storage of spent fuel is an interim
activity
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Indian three stageprogramme
envisages
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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I Stage : Pressurized Heavy
water reactor with Natural
Uranium fuel
Interim storage in spent fuel storage pools and
subsequent reprocessing
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
8/26
II Stage : U-Pu based
Fast Breeder Reactors
based on MOX/metallic fuel
Interim storage of spent fuel in
reactor/water pool & Reprocessingin fast reactor fuel cycle facilities.
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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III Stage: Th-Pu and Th-U233
(MOX) based reactors
Interim storage of above fuel and
subsequent reprocessing of
Th-Pu-U233 or Th-U233 fuel
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
10/26
Reprocessing of short cooled fuel
Aqueous reprocessing of oxide fuel
Aqueous/Pyro chemical reprocessing for
metallic fuel
Fast reactor fuel reprocessing
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Fast reactor spent fuel storage
Initial cooling in reactor
Sodium removal
Interim Storage in water pools
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Thorium fuel reprocessing
Three component reprocessing, Th Pu U233
Two component reprocessing, Th U233
U232 related issues
Thorium storage
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Recent nuclear agreements
opened up possibility for
LWRs of various types based on enriched
Uranium
Interim storage and subsequent reprocessing
of oxide spent fuel ( High burnup fuel)
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Pressurized Heavy Water Fuel using
Recycled Uranium (oxide)
Uranium in spent fuel ofLWRs is slightly enriched.
Suitable for use in PHWRs.
Interim storage and Reprocessing of
Recycled Uranium based Spent Fuel
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Other impact of nuclear agreement
is availability of Natural Uraniumfrom foreign sources
PHWRs based on natural Uraniumobtained from foreign sources
Interim storage and reprocessing of
spent fuel
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Spent fuel storage pool
Intermediate storage
Adequate cooling period
Water cooled
Buffer for the period between discharge from
reactor and reprocessing
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Storage period for spent fuel
Longer storage of spent fuel simplifies thereprocessing and waste management systems
Shorter storage period results in earlier
availability of Pu for power generation
Early reprocessing would require storage ofhigh level waste for longer period before
vitrification
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Reprocessing requirements
Natural Uranium (Indian) - PHWR
Natural Uranium (Foreign) - PHWR
Enriched Uranium- LWRs of four types
Recycled Uranium(LWR fuel repro.) - PHWR
Fast reactor MOX fuel
Fast reactor metallic fuel
Th Pu U233 fuel
Th U233 fuel
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Waste management
High level waste is vitrified and
stored in interim storage facilityCesium and Strontium recovery is
planned
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Spent fuel Transportation
All transportation will be through land
routes using transfer casks and trailers
meeting all regulatory requirements
For Coastal sites Reprocessing facilities
are co-located with power reactors . Thiswill minimize fuel transportation in public
domain
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Larger size Integrated Nuclear
Recycle Plant
* So far smaller size reprocessing plants were
co-located with waste management and fuelfabrication facilities
* Future plants will be based on integrated
facility for reprocessing and wastemanagement. Fuel fabrication facility will also
be integrated in most cases
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Challenges : construction and operation of
larger size plants
Extension of available technology; for low and
high burn up fuel
Use of newer equipment
Cost reduction
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Reprocessing and fabrication of metallic fuel
Pyro chemical technique for reprocessing
Electro reduction technique for conversion
from oxide to metal Metallic fuel fabrication
Commercial scale operation
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Present activities in the back end
Operation of small size plants
Construction and commissioning of two more
reprocessing plants and associated facilities(augmentation activities)
Design and construction two large size
integrated plants, one for PHWR and the other
for fast reactor spent fuel
Plant designs aim at significant reduction in
discharges & improvement in safety & security
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Safety Guides
Comprehensive safety codes and guides are
required for the back end of fuel cycle
Should cover reprocessing ,waste
management and repository
8/3/2019 Session 2a India
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Conclusion
Uranium Resource constraint ; Countries
aiming large and sustained nuclear generation
has to opt for closed fuel cycle
Waste volume; Significant reduction in waste
volume is possible only through closed fuel
cycle route
Indian nuclear recycle programme is poised
for major expansion, matching the enhanced
power generation plans